Question

现在我总是听说二进制搜索树比随机选择的数据更快地构建，而不是有序数据，因为有序数据需要显式重新平衡以保持树高最小。

最近我实现了一个不可变的treap，一种特殊的二叉搜索树，它使用随机化来保持自身相对平衡。与我的预期相反，我发现我可以一直建立一个快速约2倍的treap，并且通常比有序数据更好地平衡 - 而且我不知道为什么。

这是我的treap实现：

http://pastebin.com/VAfSJRwZ

这是一个测试程序：

using System;
using System.Collections.Generic;
using System.Linq;
using System.Diagnostics;

namespace ConsoleApplication1
{

    class Program
    {
        static Random rnd = new Random();
        const int ITERATION_COUNT = 20;

        static void Main(string[] args)
        {
            List<double> rndTimes = new List<double>();
            List<double> orderedTimes = new List<double>();

            rndTimes.Add(TimeIt(50, RandomInsert));
            rndTimes.Add(TimeIt(100, RandomInsert));
            rndTimes.Add(TimeIt(200, RandomInsert));
            rndTimes.Add(TimeIt(400, RandomInsert));
            rndTimes.Add(TimeIt(800, RandomInsert));
            rndTimes.Add(TimeIt(1000, RandomInsert));
            rndTimes.Add(TimeIt(2000, RandomInsert));
            rndTimes.Add(TimeIt(4000, RandomInsert));
            rndTimes.Add(TimeIt(8000, RandomInsert));
            rndTimes.Add(TimeIt(16000, RandomInsert));
            rndTimes.Add(TimeIt(32000, RandomInsert));
            rndTimes.Add(TimeIt(64000, RandomInsert));
            rndTimes.Add(TimeIt(128000, RandomInsert));
            string rndTimesAsString = string.Join("\n", rndTimes.Select(x => x.ToString()).ToArray());

            orderedTimes.Add(TimeIt(50, OrderedInsert));
            orderedTimes.Add(TimeIt(100, OrderedInsert));
            orderedTimes.Add(TimeIt(200, OrderedInsert));
            orderedTimes.Add(TimeIt(400, OrderedInsert));
            orderedTimes.Add(TimeIt(800, OrderedInsert));
            orderedTimes.Add(TimeIt(1000, OrderedInsert));
            orderedTimes.Add(TimeIt(2000, OrderedInsert));
            orderedTimes.Add(TimeIt(4000, OrderedInsert));
            orderedTimes.Add(TimeIt(8000, OrderedInsert));
            orderedTimes.Add(TimeIt(16000, OrderedInsert));
            orderedTimes.Add(TimeIt(32000, OrderedInsert));
            orderedTimes.Add(TimeIt(64000, OrderedInsert));
            orderedTimes.Add(TimeIt(128000, OrderedInsert));
            string orderedTimesAsString = string.Join("\n", orderedTimes.Select(x => x.ToString()).ToArray());

            Console.WriteLine("Done");
        }

        static double TimeIt(int insertCount, Action<int> f)
        {
            Console.WriteLine("TimeIt({0}, {1})", insertCount, f.Method.Name);

            List<double> times = new List<double>();
            for (int i = 0; i < ITERATION_COUNT; i++)
            {
                Stopwatch sw = Stopwatch.StartNew();
                f(insertCount);
                sw.Stop();
                times.Add(sw.Elapsed.TotalMilliseconds);
            }

            return times.Average();
        }

        static void RandomInsert(int insertCount)
        {
            Treap<double> tree = new Treap<double>((x, y) => x.CompareTo(y));
            for (int i = 0; i < insertCount; i++)
            {
                tree = tree.Insert(rnd.NextDouble());
            }
        }

        static void OrderedInsert(int insertCount)
        {
            Treap<double> tree = new Treap<double>((x, y) => x.CompareTo(y));
            for(int i = 0; i < insertCount; i++)
            {
                tree = tree.Insert(i + rnd.NextDouble());
            }
        }
    }
}

这是一个比较随机和有序插入时间的图表，以毫秒为单位：

Insertions         Random          Ordered         RandomTime / OrderedTime
50                 1.031665        0.261585        3.94
100                0.544345        1.377155        0.4
200                1.268320        0.734570        1.73
400                2.765555        1.639150        1.69
800                6.089700        3.558350        1.71
1000               7.855150        4.704190        1.67
2000               17.852000       12.554065       1.42
4000               40.157340       22.474445       1.79
8000               88.375430       48.364265       1.83
16000              197.524000      109.082200      1.81
32000              459.277050      238.154405      1.93
64000              1055.508875     512.020310      2.06
128000             2481.694230     1107.980425     2.24

我没有在代码中看到任何使有序输入渐近比无序输入更快的输入，所以我无法解释其中的差异。

为什么从有序输入构建treap比使用随机输入快得多？

Answer 1

我运行了你的代码，我认为它与旋转次数有关。在有序输入期间，旋转次数是最佳的，树将永远不必旋转。

在随机输入期间，树必须执行更多旋转，因为它可能必须来回旋转。

要真正找到答案，我必须为每次运行添加左右旋转数量的计数器。你可以自己做。

更新：

我在rotateleft和rotateright上设置了断点。在有序输入期间，从不使用rotateright。在随机输入期间，两者都被击中，在我看来它们被更频繁地使用。

更新2：

我在50项有序运行中添加了一些输出（为了清晰起见，用整数代替），以了解更多信息：

TimeIt(50, OrderedInsert)
LastValue = 0, Top.Value = 0, Right.Count = 0, Left.Count = 0
RotateLeft @value=0
LastValue = 1, Top.Value = 1, Right.Count = 0, Left.Count = 1
LastValue = 2, Top.Value = 1, Right.Count = 1, Left.Count = 1
LastValue = 3, Top.Value = 1, Right.Count = 2, Left.Count = 1
RotateLeft @value=3
RotateLeft @value=2
RotateLeft @value=1
LastValue = 4, Top.Value = 4, Right.Count = 0, Left.Count = 4
LastValue = 5, Top.Value = 4, Right.Count = 1, Left.Count = 4
LastValue = 6, Top.Value = 4, Right.Count = 2, Left.Count = 4
RotateLeft @value=6
LastValue = 7, Top.Value = 4, Right.Count = 3, Left.Count = 4
LastValue = 8, Top.Value = 4, Right.Count = 4, Left.Count = 4
RotateLeft @value=8
RotateLeft @value=7
LastValue = 9, Top.Value = 4, Right.Count = 5, Left.Count = 4
LastValue = 10, Top.Value = 4, Right.Count = 6, Left.Count = 4
RotateLeft @value=10
RotateLeft @value=9
RotateLeft @value=5
RotateLeft @value=4
LastValue = 11, Top.Value = 11, Right.Count = 0, Left.Count = 11
LastValue = 12, Top.Value = 11, Right.Count = 1, Left.Count = 11
RotateLeft @value=12
LastValue = 13, Top.Value = 11, Right.Count = 2, Left.Count = 11
RotateLeft @value=13
LastValue = 14, Top.Value = 11, Right.Count = 3, Left.Count = 11
LastValue = 15, Top.Value = 11, Right.Count = 4, Left.Count = 11
RotateLeft @value=15
RotateLeft @value=14
LastValue = 16, Top.Value = 11, Right.Count = 5, Left.Count = 11
LastValue = 17, Top.Value = 11, Right.Count = 6, Left.Count = 11
RotateLeft @value=17
LastValue = 18, Top.Value = 11, Right.Count = 7, Left.Count = 11
LastValue = 19, Top.Value = 11, Right.Count = 8, Left.Count = 11
RotateLeft @value=19
LastValue = 20, Top.Value = 11, Right.Count = 9, Left.Count = 11
LastValue = 21, Top.Value = 11, Right.Count = 10, Left.Count = 11
RotateLeft @value=21
LastValue = 22, Top.Value = 11, Right.Count = 11, Left.Count = 11
RotateLeft @value=22
RotateLeft @value=20
RotateLeft @value=18
LastValue = 23, Top.Value = 11, Right.Count = 12, Left.Count = 11
LastValue = 24, Top.Value = 11, Right.Count = 13, Left.Count = 11
LastValue = 25, Top.Value = 11, Right.Count = 14, Left.Count = 11
RotateLeft @value=25
RotateLeft @value=24
LastValue = 26, Top.Value = 11, Right.Count = 15, Left.Count = 11
LastValue = 27, Top.Value = 11, Right.Count = 16, Left.Count = 11
RotateLeft @value=27
LastValue = 28, Top.Value = 11, Right.Count = 17, Left.Count = 11
RotateLeft @value=28
RotateLeft @value=26
RotateLeft @value=23
RotateLeft @value=16
RotateLeft @value=11
LastValue = 29, Top.Value = 29, Right.Count = 0, Left.Count = 29
LastValue = 30, Top.Value = 29, Right.Count = 1, Left.Count = 29
LastValue = 31, Top.Value = 29, Right.Count = 2, Left.Count = 29
LastValue = 32, Top.Value = 29, Right.Count = 3, Left.Count = 29
RotateLeft @value=32
RotateLeft @value=31
LastValue = 33, Top.Value = 29, Right.Count = 4, Left.Count = 29
RotateLeft @value=33
RotateLeft @value=30
LastValue = 34, Top.Value = 29, Right.Count = 5, Left.Count = 29
RotateLeft @value=34
LastValue = 35, Top.Value = 29, Right.Count = 6, Left.Count = 29
LastValue = 36, Top.Value = 29, Right.Count = 7, Left.Count = 29
LastValue = 37, Top.Value = 29, Right.Count = 8, Left.Count = 29
RotateLeft @value=37
LastValue = 38, Top.Value = 29, Right.Count = 9, Left.Count = 29
LastValue = 39, Top.Value = 29, Right.Count = 10, Left.Count = 29
RotateLeft @value=39
LastValue = 40, Top.Value = 29, Right.Count = 11, Left.Count = 29
RotateLeft @value=40
RotateLeft @value=38
RotateLeft @value=36
LastValue = 41, Top.Value = 29, Right.Count = 12, Left.Count = 29
LastValue = 42, Top.Value = 29, Right.Count = 13, Left.Count = 29
RotateLeft @value=42
LastValue = 43, Top.Value = 29, Right.Count = 14, Left.Count = 29
LastValue = 44, Top.Value = 29, Right.Count = 15, Left.Count = 29
RotateLeft @value=44
LastValue = 45, Top.Value = 29, Right.Count = 16, Left.Count = 29
LastValue = 46, Top.Value = 29, Right.Count = 17, Left.Count = 29
RotateLeft @value=46
RotateLeft @value=45
LastValue = 47, Top.Value = 29, Right.Count = 18, Left.Count = 29
LastValue = 48, Top.Value = 29, Right.Count = 19, Left.Count = 29
LastValue = 49, Top.Value = 29, Right.Count = 20, Left.Count = 29

订购的商品总是自然地添加到树的右侧。当右侧比左侧大时，会发生旋转左侧。 Rotateright永远不会发生。每次树加倍时，大致选择一个新的顶级节点。优先级值的随机性会稍微抖动它，因此在此次运行中它会变为0,1,4,11,29。

随机运行揭示了一些有趣的东西：

TimeIt(50, RandomInsert)
LastValue = 0,748661640914465, Top.Value = 0,748661640914465, Right.Count = 0, Left.Count = 0
LastValue = 0,669427539533669, Top.Value = 0,748661640914465, Right.Count = 0, Left.Count = 1
RotateRight @value=0,669427539533669
LastValue = 0,318363281115127, Top.Value = 0,748661640914465, Right.Count = 0, Left.Count = 2
RotateRight @value=0,669427539533669
LastValue = 0,33133987678743, Top.Value = 0,748661640914465, Right.Count = 0, Left.Count = 3
RotateLeft @value=0,748661640914465
LastValue = 0,955126694382693, Top.Value = 0,955126694382693, Right.Count = 0, Left.Count = 4
RotateRight @value=0,669427539533669
RotateLeft @value=0,33133987678743
RotateLeft @value=0,318363281115127
RotateRight @value=0,748661640914465
RotateRight @value=0,955126694382693
LastValue = 0,641024029180884, Top.Value = 0,641024029180884, Right.Count = 3, Left.Count = 2
LastValue = 0,20709771951991, Top.Value = 0,641024029180884, Right.Count = 3, Left.Count = 3
LastValue = 0,830862050331599, Top.Value = 0,641024029180884, Right.Count = 4, Left.Count = 3
RotateRight @value=0,20709771951991
RotateRight @value=0,318363281115127
LastValue = 0,203250563798123, Top.Value = 0,641024029180884, Right.Count = 4, Left.Count = 4
RotateLeft @value=0,669427539533669
RotateRight @value=0,748661640914465
RotateRight @value=0,955126694382693
LastValue = 0,701743399585478, Top.Value = 0,641024029180884, Right.Count = 5, Left.Count = 4
RotateLeft @value=0,669427539533669
RotateRight @value=0,701743399585478
RotateLeft @value=0,641024029180884
LastValue = 0,675667521858433, Top.Value = 0,675667521858433, Right.Count = 4, Left.Count = 6
RotateLeft @value=0,33133987678743
RotateLeft @value=0,318363281115127
RotateLeft @value=0,203250563798123
LastValue = 0,531275219531392, Top.Value = 0,675667521858433, Right.Count = 4, Left.Count = 7
RotateRight @value=0,748661640914465
RotateRight @value=0,955126694382693
RotateLeft @value=0,701743399585478
LastValue = 0,704049674190604, Top.Value = 0,675667521858433, Right.Count = 5, Left.Count = 7
RotateRight @value=0,203250563798123
RotateRight @value=0,531275219531392
RotateRight @value=0,641024029180884
RotateRight @value=0,675667521858433
LastValue = 0,161392807104342, Top.Value = 0,161392807104342, Right.Count = 13, Left.Count = 0
RotateRight @value=0,203250563798123
RotateRight @value=0,531275219531392
RotateRight @value=0,641024029180884
RotateRight @value=0,675667521858433
RotateLeft @value=0,161392807104342
LastValue = 0,167598206162266, Top.Value = 0,167598206162266, Right.Count = 13, Left.Count = 1
LastValue = 0,154996359793002, Top.Value = 0,167598206162266, Right.Count = 13, Left.Count = 2
RotateLeft @value=0,33133987678743
LastValue = 0,431767346538495, Top.Value = 0,167598206162266, Right.Count = 14, Left.Count = 2
RotateRight @value=0,203250563798123
RotateRight @value=0,531275219531392
RotateRight @value=0,641024029180884
RotateRight @value=0,675667521858433
RotateLeft @value=0,167598206162266
LastValue = 0,173774613614089, Top.Value = 0,173774613614089, Right.Count = 14, Left.Count = 3
RotateRight @value=0,830862050331599
LastValue = 0,76559642412029, Top.Value = 0,173774613614089, Right.Count = 15, Left.Count = 3
RotateRight @value=0,76559642412029
RotateLeft @value=0,748661640914465
RotateRight @value=0,955126694382693
RotateLeft @value=0,704049674190604
RotateLeft @value=0,675667521858433
LastValue = 0,75742144871383, Top.Value = 0,173774613614089, Right.Count = 16, Left.Count = 3
LastValue = 0,346844367844446, Top.Value = 0,173774613614089, Right.Count = 17, Left.Count = 3
RotateRight @value=0,830862050331599
LastValue = 0,787565814232251, Top.Value = 0,173774613614089, Right.Count = 18, Left.Count = 3
LastValue = 0,734950566540915, Top.Value = 0,173774613614089, Right.Count = 19, Left.Count = 3
RotateLeft @value=0,20709771951991
RotateRight @value=0,318363281115127
RotateLeft @value=0,203250563798123
RotateRight @value=0,531275219531392
RotateRight @value=0,641024029180884
RotateRight @value=0,675667521858433
RotateRight @value=0,75742144871383
RotateLeft @value=0,173774613614089
LastValue = 0,236504829598826, Top.Value = 0,236504829598826, Right.Count = 17, Left.Count = 6
RotateLeft @value=0,830862050331599
RotateLeft @value=0,787565814232251
RotateLeft @value=0,76559642412029
RotateRight @value=0,955126694382693
LastValue = 0,895606500048007, Top.Value = 0,236504829598826, Right.Count = 18, Left.Count = 6
LastValue = 0,599106418713511, Top.Value = 0,236504829598826, Right.Count = 19, Left.Count = 6
LastValue = 0,8182332901369, Top.Value = 0,236504829598826, Right.Count = 20, Left.Count = 6
RotateRight @value=0,734950566540915
LastValue = 0,704216948572647, Top.Value = 0,236504829598826, Right.Count = 21, Left.Count = 6
RotateLeft @value=0,346844367844446
RotateLeft @value=0,33133987678743
RotateRight @value=0,431767346538495
RotateLeft @value=0,318363281115127
RotateRight @value=0,531275219531392
RotateRight @value=0,641024029180884
RotateRight @value=0,675667521858433
RotateRight @value=0,75742144871383
LastValue = 0,379157059536854, Top.Value = 0,236504829598826, Right.Count = 22, Left.Count = 6
RotateLeft @value=0,431767346538495
LastValue = 0,46832062046431, Top.Value = 0,236504829598826, Right.Count = 23, Left.Count = 6
RotateRight @value=0,154996359793002
LastValue = 0,0999000217299443, Top.Value = 0,236504829598826, Right.Count = 23, Left.Count = 7
RotateLeft @value=0,20709771951991
LastValue = 0,229543754006524, Top.Value = 0,236504829598826, Right.Count = 23, Left.Count = 8
RotateRight @value=0,8182332901369
LastValue = 0,80358425984326, Top.Value = 0,236504829598826, Right.Count = 24, Left.Count = 8
RotateRight @value=0,318363281115127
LastValue = 0,259324726769386, Top.Value = 0,236504829598826, Right.Count = 25, Left.Count = 8
RotateRight @value=0,318363281115127
LastValue = 0,307835293145774, Top.Value = 0,236504829598826, Right.Count = 26, Left.Count = 8
RotateLeft @value=0,431767346538495
LastValue = 0,453910283024381, Top.Value = 0,236504829598826, Right.Count = 27, Left.Count = 8
RotateLeft @value=0,830862050331599
LastValue = 0,868997387527021, Top.Value = 0,236504829598826, Right.Count = 28, Left.Count = 8
RotateLeft @value=0,20709771951991
RotateRight @value=0,229543754006524
RotateLeft @value=0,203250563798123
LastValue = 0,218358597354199, Top.Value = 0,236504829598826, Right.Count = 28, Left.Count = 9
RotateRight @value=0,0999000217299443
RotateRight @value=0,161392807104342
LastValue = 0,0642934488431986, Top.Value = 0,236504829598826, Right.Count = 28, Left.Count = 10
RotateRight @value=0,154996359793002
RotateLeft @value=0,0999000217299443
LastValue = 0,148295871982489, Top.Value = 0,236504829598826, Right.Count = 28, Left.Count = 11
LastValue = 0,217621828065078, Top.Value = 0,236504829598826, Right.Count = 28, Left.Count = 12
RotateRight @value=0,599106418713511
LastValue = 0,553135806020878, Top.Value = 0,236504829598826, Right.Count = 29, Left.Count = 12
LastValue = 0,982277666210326, Top.Value = 0,236504829598826, Right.Count = 30, Left.Count = 12
RotateRight @value=0,8182332901369
LastValue = 0,803671114520948, Top.Value = 0,236504829598826, Right.Count = 31, Left.Count = 12
RotateRight @value=0,203250563798123
RotateRight @value=0,218358597354199
LastValue = 0,19310415405459, Top.Value = 0,236504829598826, Right.Count = 31, Left.Count = 13
LastValue = 0,0133136604043253, Top.Value = 0,236504829598826, Right.Count = 31, Left.Count = 14
RotateLeft @value=0,46832062046431
RotateRight @value=0,531275219531392
RotateRight @value=0,641024029180884
RotateRight @value=0,675667521858433
RotateRight @value=0,75742144871383
LastValue = 0,483394719419719, Top.Value = 0,236504829598826, Right.Count = 32, Left.Count = 14
RotateLeft @value=0,431767346538495
RotateRight @value=0,453910283024381
LastValue = 0,453370328738061, Top.Value = 0,236504829598826, Right.Count = 33, Left.Count = 14
LastValue = 0,762330518459124, Top.Value = 0,236504829598826, Right.Count = 34, Left.Count = 14
LastValue = 0,699010426969738, Top.Value = 0,236504829598826, Right.Count = 35, Left.Count = 14

旋转发生的次数不是很多，因为树是不平衡的，而是因为优先级随机选择。例如，我们在第13次插入时获得4次旋转。我们有一棵5/7平衡的树（很好），但是到了13/0！似乎随机优先事项的使用值得进一步调查。无论如何，很明显看到随机插入比有序插入引起更多的旋转。

Answer 2

存在自我平衡树以修复与非随机分布数据相关的问题。根据定义，它们会牺牲一些最佳案例性能来大大改善与非平衡BST相关的最坏情况性能，特别是排序输入。

您实际上已经过度思考这个问题，因为随机数据与有序数据的较慢插入是任何平衡树的特征。在AVL上试一试，你会看到相同的结果。

Cameron有正确的想法，删除优先级检查以强制最坏的情况。如果你这样做并检测你的树，这样你就可以看到每个插入物发生了多少次重新平衡，它实际上变得非常明显正在发生什么。插入已排序的数据时，树始终向左旋转，而根的右子项始终为空。插入总是导致一个重新平衡，因为插入节点没有子节点并且不发生递归。另一方面，当您在随机数据上运行它时，几乎立即开始看到每个插入上发生多个重新平衡，在最小的情况下多达5或6个（50个插入），因为它发生在子树上好。

重新启用优先级检查后，不仅重新平衡通常更便宜，因为更多节点被推入左子树（由于没有插入，因此它们永远不会出现），但是不太可能发生。为什么？因为在treap中，高优先级节点浮动到顶部，并且恒定的左旋转（不伴随右旋）开始将所有高优先级节点推送到左子树。结果是，由于概率分布不均，重新平衡的发生频率较低。

如果您使用重新平衡代码，您会发现这是真的;对于排序和随机输入，你最终得到几乎相同数量的左旋转，但是随机输入也提供相同数量的右旋转，这使得总数的两倍。这应该不足为奇 - 高斯输入应该导致旋转的高斯分布。您还会看到排序输入的顶级重新平衡只有大约60-70％，这可能令人惊讶，而且这又是由于排序的输入混乱了自然分配优先事项。

您还可以通过检查插入循环结束时的完整树来验证这一点。随机输入，优先级往往会逐级线性降低;对于排序的输入，优先级往往会保持很高，直到从底部达到一个或两个级别。

希望我做了一个体面的工作来解释这个...让我知道是否有任何一个太模糊。

Answer 3

我添加了标准偏差的计算，并将测试更改为以最高优先级运行（尽可能减少噪声）。这是结果：

Random                                   Ordered
0,2835 (stddev 0,9946)                   0,0891 (stddev 0,2372)
0,1230 (stddev 0,0086)                   0,0780 (stddev 0,0031)
0,2498 (stddev 0,0662)                   0,1694 (stddev 0,0145)
0,5136 (stddev 0,0441)                   0,3550 (stddev 0,0658)
1,1704 (stddev 0,1072)                   0,6632 (stddev 0,0856)
1,4672 (stddev 0,1090)                   0,8343 (stddev 0,1047)
3,3330 (stddev 0,2041)                   1,9272 (stddev 0,3456)
7,9822 (stddev 0,3906)                   3,7871 (stddev 0,1459)
18,4300 (stddev 0,6112)                  10,3233 (stddev 2,0247)
44,9500 (stddev 2,2935)                  22,3870 (stddev 1,7157)
110,5275 (stddev 3,7129)                 49,4085 (stddev 2,9595)
275,4345 (stddev 10,7154)                107,8442 (stddev 8,6200)
667,7310 (stddev 20,0729)                242,9779 (stddev 14,4033)

我运行了一个采样分析器，这是结果（程序在此方法中的次数）：

Method           Random        Ordered
HeapifyRight()   1.95          5.33
get_IsEmpty()    3.16          5.49
Make()           3.28          4.92
Insert()         16.01         14.45
HeapifyLeft()    2.20          0.00

结论：随机在左右旋转之间具有相当合理的分布，而有序从不向左旋转。

这是我改进的“基准”计划：

    static void Main(string[] args)
    {
        Thread.CurrentThread.Priority = ThreadPriority.Highest;
        Process.GetCurrentProcess().PriorityClass = ProcessPriorityClass.RealTime;

        List<String> rndTimes = new List<String>();
        List<String> orderedTimes = new List<String>();

        rndTimes.Add(TimeIt(50, RandomInsert));
        rndTimes.Add(TimeIt(100, RandomInsert));
        rndTimes.Add(TimeIt(200, RandomInsert));
        rndTimes.Add(TimeIt(400, RandomInsert));
        rndTimes.Add(TimeIt(800, RandomInsert));
        rndTimes.Add(TimeIt(1000, RandomInsert));
        rndTimes.Add(TimeIt(2000, RandomInsert));
        rndTimes.Add(TimeIt(4000, RandomInsert));
        rndTimes.Add(TimeIt(8000, RandomInsert));
        rndTimes.Add(TimeIt(16000, RandomInsert));
        rndTimes.Add(TimeIt(32000, RandomInsert));
        rndTimes.Add(TimeIt(64000, RandomInsert));
        rndTimes.Add(TimeIt(128000, RandomInsert));
        orderedTimes.Add(TimeIt(50, OrderedInsert));
        orderedTimes.Add(TimeIt(100, OrderedInsert));
        orderedTimes.Add(TimeIt(200, OrderedInsert));
        orderedTimes.Add(TimeIt(400, OrderedInsert));
        orderedTimes.Add(TimeIt(800, OrderedInsert));
        orderedTimes.Add(TimeIt(1000, OrderedInsert));
        orderedTimes.Add(TimeIt(2000, OrderedInsert));
        orderedTimes.Add(TimeIt(4000, OrderedInsert));
        orderedTimes.Add(TimeIt(8000, OrderedInsert));
        orderedTimes.Add(TimeIt(16000, OrderedInsert));
        orderedTimes.Add(TimeIt(32000, OrderedInsert));
        orderedTimes.Add(TimeIt(64000, OrderedInsert));
        orderedTimes.Add(TimeIt(128000, OrderedInsert));
        var result = string.Join("\n", (from s in rndTimes
                        join s2 in orderedTimes
                            on rndTimes.IndexOf(s) equals orderedTimes.IndexOf(s2)
                        select String.Format("{0} \t\t {1}", s, s2)).ToArray());
        Console.WriteLine(result);
        Console.WriteLine("Done");
        Console.ReadLine();
    }

    static double StandardDeviation(List<double> doubleList)
    {
        double average = doubleList.Average();
        double sumOfDerivation = 0;
        foreach (double value in doubleList)
        {
            sumOfDerivation += (value) * (value);
        }
        double sumOfDerivationAverage = sumOfDerivation / doubleList.Count;
        return Math.Sqrt(sumOfDerivationAverage - (average * average));
    }
    static String TimeIt(int insertCount, Action<int> f)
    {
        Console.WriteLine("TimeIt({0}, {1})", insertCount, f.Method.Name);

        List<double> times = new List<double>();
        for (int i = 0; i < ITERATION_COUNT; i++)
        {
            Stopwatch sw = Stopwatch.StartNew();
            f(insertCount);
            sw.Stop();
            times.Add(sw.Elapsed.TotalMilliseconds);
        }

        return String.Format("{0:f4} (stddev {1:f4})", times.Average(), StandardDeviation(times));
    }

Answer 4

是的，这是造成额外时间的轮换次数。这是我做的：

删除HeapifyLeft和HeapifyRight中检查优先级的行，以便始终完成轮换。
在Console.WriteLine和RotateLeft中的if之后添加了RotateRight。
在Console.WriteLine方法的IsEmpty部分添加了Insert，以查看正在插入的内容。
测试一次，每次测试5个值。

输出：

TimeIt(5, RandomInsert)
Inserting 0.593302943554382
Inserting 0.348900582338171
RotateRight
Inserting 0.75496212381635
RotateLeft
RotateLeft
Inserting 0.438848891499848
RotateRight
RotateLeft
RotateRight
Inserting 0.357057290783644
RotateLeft
RotateRight

TimeIt(5, OrderedInsert)
Inserting 0.150707998383189
Inserting 1.58281302712057
RotateLeft
Inserting 2.23192588297274
RotateLeft
Inserting 3.30518679009061
RotateLeft
Inserting 4.32788012657682
RotateLeft

结果：随机数据的旋转次数是2倍。

Answer 5

你只看到大约2倍的差异。除非你已经从这段代码中调出了日光，否则这基本上就是噪音。大多数编写良好的程序，尤其是那些涉及数据结构的程序，都可以轻松地获得更多改进空间。 Here's an example.

我刚刚运行了你的代码并拍了几张照片。这就是我所看到的：

随机插入：

1 Insert:64 -> HeapifyLeft:81 -> RotateRight:150
1 Insert:64 -> Make:43 ->Treap:35
1 Insert:68 -> Make:43

有序插入：

1 Insert:61
1 OrderedInsert:224
1 Insert:68 -> Make:43
1 Insert:68 -> HeapifyRight:90 -> RotateLeft:107
1 Insert:68
1 Insert:68 -> Insert:55 -> IsEmpty.get:51

这是一个非常少量的样本，但它建议在随机输入的情况下，Make（第43行）消耗更多的时间。这就是这段代码：

    private Treap<T> Make(Treap<T> left, T value, Treap<T> right, int priority)
    {
        return new Treap<T>(Comparer, left, value, right, priority);
    }

然后我拍摄了20张随机插入代码的叠印，以便更好地了解它的作用：

1 Insert:61
4 Insert:64
3 Insert:68
2 Insert:68 -> Make:43
1 Insert:64 -> Make:43
1 Insert:68 -> Insert:57 -> Make:48 -> Make:43
2 Insert:68 -> Insert:55
1 Insert:64 -> Insert:55
1 Insert:64 -> HeapifyLeft:81 -> RotateRight:150
1 Insert:64 -> Make:43 -> Treap:35
1 Insert:68 -> HeapifyRight:90 -> RotateLeft:107 -> IsEmpty.get:51
1 Insert:68 -> HeapifyRight:88
1 Insert:61 -> AnonymousMethod:214

这揭示了一些信息 25％的时间花在生产线上：43或其被监管者 15％的时间花在该行上，而不是在公认的例行程序中，换句话说，在new制作新节点。插入行中有90％的时间用于插入：64和68（调用Make和heapify 在RotateLeft和Right中花费了10％的时间 15％的时间花在Heapify或其被监护人身上。

我也做了相当多的单步（在源级别），并且怀疑由于树是不可变的，因此它花费大量时间来创建新节点，因为它不想改变旧的。然后旧的垃圾被收集，因为没有人再引用它们了。

这必须是效率低下的。

我仍然没有回答你为什么插入有序数字比随机生成的数字更快的问题，但它并不让我感到惊讶，因为树是不可变的。

我认为你不能期望任何关于树算法的性能推理能够轻易地转移到不可变树上，因为树中深处的最微小的变化导致它在返回的路上重建，但成本很高{ {1}} - 垃圾收集。

Answer 6

@Guge是对的。然而，它还有一点点。我并不是说这是这个案例中最重要的因素 - 但是它存在并且很难对此做任何事情。

对于已排序的输入，查找可能会触及缓存中较热的节点。（对于平衡树，如AVL树，红黑树，B树等，这是正确的。）

由于插入以查找开头，因此这也会影响插入/删除性能。

同样，我并未声称这是每个案例中最重要的因素。然而，它存在，并且可能导致排序的输入总是比这些数据结构中的随机输入更快。

Answer 7

Aaronaught做了一个非常体面的工作来解释这一点。

对于这两种特殊情况，我发现根据插入路径长度更容易掌握它。

对于随机输入，您的插入路径向下移动到其中一个叶子，路径的长度 - 因此旋转的数量 - 以树的高度为界。

在排序的情况下，你走在treap的right spine上，并且边界是脊柱的长度，它小于或等于高度。

由于您沿着插入路径旋转节点，并且在这种情况下您的插入路径是脊柱，这些旋转将始终缩短脊椎（这将导致下一次插入时插入路径更短，因为插入路径只是脊柱等。）

编辑：对于随机情况，插入路径长1.75倍。

Answer 8

试试这个：treap上的数据库。

http://code.google.com/p/treapdb/

为什么在排序输入上比随机输入更快地插入我的树？

8 个答案: