Lehmer的扩展GCD算法实现

时间:2013-06-07 17:21:19

标签: algorithm discrete-mathematics greatest-common-divisor computability

在进行我自己的BigInteger实现时,我遇到了扩展的GCD算法,这是寻找模乘法逆的基础。由于众所周知的欧几里德方法执行速度太慢,混合和二进制算法的速度只有5-10倍,因此选择Lehmer对经典算法的修改。但困难在于,当谈到描述Lehmer时,我发现的所有书籍(Knuth,应用密码学手册,互联网等)都有同样的缺点:

  1. 解释基于几个技巧:
    • 输入数字始终具有相同的长度;
    • 抽象CPU有签名寄存器,可以同时包含数字和符号;
    • 抽象CPU有半无限寄存器,i。即它永远不会溢出。
  2. 仅提供基本的GCD算法,而不关注反向辅助因子。
  3. 至于第一个问题,我最初感到惊讶的是无法找到任何实际的实现(不要指向我的GNU MP库 - 它不是学习的源),但最后通过反编译获得灵感微软从.Net 4.0的实施,显然是基于Jebelean的论文“A double-digit Lehmer-Euclid algorithm for finding the GCD of long integers”的想法。由此产生的功能很大,看起来很可怕,但效果很好。

    但是Microsoft的库仅提供基本功能,不计算任何辅助因子。好吧,确切地说,在速记步骤中计算了一些辅助因子 ,并且在第一步中,那些辅助因子只是 初始的那些,但是在执行了长手步骤之后然后他们就不再匹配了。我目前的解决方案是将“真实”辅助因子与“替代”辅助因子并行更新(第一步除外),但它使性能降至零以下:此功能现在仅比二进制文件快25-50%完成基本模式下的方法。因此,问题在于,虽然输入数字仅在长手步骤中完全更新,但辅助因子也会在每个简写步骤的迭代中更新,从而破坏了Lehmer方法的几乎任何好处。

    为了加速一点,我实现了一个“融合乘法 - 加法”函数,因为“融合乘法 - 乘法 - 减法”确实有助于更新输入数字,但这次影响可以忽略不计。另一个改进是基于这样的事实,即通常只需要一个辅助因子,因此另一个辅助因子根本就不能计算。这应该减少开销(或者更多,因为第二个数字通常明显小于第一个数字),但实际上开销只会减少预期的25%到50%。

    因此,我的问题归结为:

    1. 是否有对Lehmer算法的全面解释,与实际硬件上的实际实现相关( 有限大小的无符号字)?
    2. 与上述相同,但关于扩展 GCD计算。
    3. 因此,尽管我对基本算法的性能感到满意,但是相反的情况适用于扩展操作模式,这在我的情况下是主要的。

1 个答案:

答案 0 :(得分:5)

最后,我咨询了一位数学家,他很快找到了正确的公式 - 非常类似于我自己尝试的公式,但仍然略有不同。这允许仅在输入数字完全更新的同时在长手步骤上更新辅助因子。

然而,令我惊讶的是,仅这一措施对绩效产生了轻微影响。只有当我将其重新实现为“融合(A×X + B×Y)”时,速度提升才变得明显。在计算两种辅助因子时,与纯Lehmer GCD算法相比,它现在以5位数字运行56%,32K位运行34%。对于单一辅助因子,该比率分别为70%和52%。通过之前的实施,两种辅助因子仅为33%至7%,单一辅助因子为47%至14%,因此我的不满显而易见。

至于将论文写为 andy256 ,以便其他实施者不会遇到同样的问题,这并不容易。在向数学家解释我当前的实现时,我已经写了一篇“小”论文,它很快就超过了三张A4大小的纸张 - 虽然只包含基本的想法,没有详细的解释,溢出检查,分支,展开等等。现在我部分理解为什么Knuth和其他人使用肮脏的技巧来保持简短的故事。目前,我不知道如何在不失去彻底性的同时达到同样的简洁程度;也许,它需要几个大的流程图和评论。


<强>更新即可。看起来我将无法在不久的将来完成和发布该库(仍然没有理解Newton-Raphson分部和蒙哥马利减少),所以我只是简单地为那些感兴趣的人发布结果函数。 / p>

代码不包含明显的函数,如ComputeGCD_Euclid和通用例程,如ComputeDivisionLonghand。代码也缺少任何评论(除了少数例外) - 如果您想了解它并将其集成到您自己的库中,您应该已经熟悉Lehmer的一般概念和上面提到的两位数速记技术。

我库中数字表示的概述。数字是32位无符号整数,因此可以在需要时使用64位无符号和带符号算术。数字存储在从最低到最高有效(LSB)的普通数组(ValueDigits)中,实际大小明确存储(ValueLength),i。即函数尝试预测结果大小,但不会在计算后优化内存消耗。对象具有类型(.Net中为struct),但它们引用数字数组;因此,物体是不变的,i。即a = a + 1创建一个新对象,而不是更改现有对象。

Public Shared Function ComputeGCD(ByVal uLeft As BigUInteger, ByVal uRight As BigUInteger,
        ByRef uLeftInverse As BigUInteger, ByRef uRightInverse As BigUInteger, ByVal fComputeLeftInverse As Boolean, ByVal fComputeRightInverse As Boolean) As BigUInteger

    Dim fSwap As Boolean = False
    Select Case uLeft.CompareTo(uRight)
        Case 0
            uLeftInverse = Instance.Zero : uRightInverse = Instance.One : Return uRight
        Case Is < 0
            fSwap = fComputeLeftInverse : fComputeLeftInverse = fComputeRightInverse : fComputeRightInverse = fSwap
            fSwap = True : Swap(uLeft, uRight)
    End Select

    Dim uResult As BigUInteger
    If (uLeft.ValueLength = 1) AndAlso (uRight.ValueLength = 1) Then
        Dim wLeftInverse As UInt32, wRightInverse As UInt32
        uResult = ComputeGCD_Euclid(uLeft.DigitLowest, uRight.DigitLowest, wLeftInverse, wRightInverse)
        uLeftInverse = wLeftInverse : uRightInverse = wRightInverse
    ElseIf uLeft.ValueLength <= 2 Then
        uResult = ComputeGCD_Euclid(uLeft, uRight, uLeftInverse, uRightInverse)
    Else
        uResult = ComputeGCD_Lehmer(uLeft, uRight, uLeftInverse, uRightInverse, fComputeLeftInverse, fComputeRightInverse)
    End If

    If fSwap Then Swap(uLeftInverse, uRightInverse)

    Return uResult
End Function

Private Shared Function ComputeGCD_Lehmer(ByVal uLeft As BigUInteger, ByVal uRight As BigUInteger,
        ByRef uLeftInverse As BigUInteger, ByRef uRightInverse As BigUInteger, ByVal fComputeLeftInverse As Boolean, ByVal fComputeRightInverse As Boolean) As BigUInteger


    Dim uLeftCur As BigUInteger = uLeft, uRightCur As BigUInteger = uRight
    Dim uLeftInvPrev As BigUInteger = Instance.One, uRightInvPrev As BigUInteger = Instance.Zero,
        uLeftInvCur As BigUInteger = uRightInvPrev, uRightInvCur As BigUInteger = uLeftInvPrev,
        fInvInit As Boolean = False, fIterationIsEven As Boolean = True

    Dim dwLeftCur, dwRightCur As UInt64
    Dim wLeftInvPrev, wRightInvPrev, wLeftInvCur, wRightInvCur As UInt32
    Dim dwNumeratorMore, dwNumeratorLess, dwDenominatorMore, dwDenominatorLess, dwQuotientMore, dwQuotientLess As UInt64,
        wQuotient As UInt32
    Const nSubtractionThresholdBits As Byte = (5 - 1)

    Dim ndxDigitMax As Integer, fRightIsShorter As Boolean

    Dim fResultFound As Boolean = False
    Dim uRemainder As BigUInteger = uRightCur, uQuotient As BigUInteger
    Dim uTemp As BigUInteger = Nothing, dwTemp, dwTemp2 As UInt64

    Do While uLeftCur.ValueLength > 2

        ndxDigitMax = uLeftCur.ValueLength - 1 : fRightIsShorter = (uRightCur.ValueLength < uLeftCur.ValueLength)

        Dim fShorthandStep As Boolean = True, fShorthandIterationIsEven As Boolean
        If fRightIsShorter AndAlso (uLeftCur.ValueLength - uRightCur.ValueLength > 1) Then fShorthandStep = False

        If fShorthandStep Then

            dwLeftCur = uLeftCur.ValueDigits(ndxDigitMax - 1) Or (CULng(uLeftCur.ValueDigits(ndxDigitMax)) << DigitSize.Bits)
            dwRightCur = uRightCur.ValueDigits(ndxDigitMax - 1) Or If(fRightIsShorter, DigitValue.Zero, CULng(uRightCur.ValueDigits(ndxDigitMax)) << DigitSize.Bits)
            If ndxDigitMax >= 2 Then
                Dim nNormHead As Byte = GetNormalizationHead(uLeftCur.ValueDigits(ndxDigitMax))
                If nNormHead <> ByteValue.Zero Then
                    dwLeftCur = (dwLeftCur << nNormHead) Or (uLeftCur.ValueDigits(ndxDigitMax - 2) >> (DigitSize.Bits - nNormHead))
                    dwRightCur = (dwRightCur << nNormHead) Or (uRightCur.ValueDigits(ndxDigitMax - 2) >> (DigitSize.Bits - nNormHead))
                End If
            End If

            If CUInt(dwRightCur >> DigitSize.Bits) = DigitValue.Zero Then fShorthandStep = False

        End If

        If fShorthandStep Then

            ' First iteration, where overflow may occur in general formulae.

            If dwLeftCur = dwRightCur Then
                fShorthandStep = False
            Else
                If dwLeftCur = DoubleValue.Full Then dwLeftCur >>= 1 : dwRightCur >>= 1
                dwDenominatorMore = dwRightCur : dwDenominatorLess = dwRightCur + DigitValue.One
                dwNumeratorMore = dwLeftCur + DigitValue.One : dwNumeratorLess = dwLeftCur

                If (dwNumeratorMore >> nSubtractionThresholdBits) <= dwDenominatorMore Then
                    wQuotient = DigitValue.Zero
                    Do
                        wQuotient += DigitValue.One : dwNumeratorMore -= dwDenominatorMore
                    Loop While dwNumeratorMore >= dwDenominatorMore
                    dwQuotientMore = wQuotient
                Else
                    dwQuotientMore = dwNumeratorMore \ dwDenominatorMore
                    If dwQuotientMore >= DigitValue.BitHi Then fShorthandStep = False
                    wQuotient = CUInt(dwQuotientMore)
                End If

                If fShorthandStep Then
                    If (dwNumeratorLess >> nSubtractionThresholdBits) <= dwDenominatorLess Then
                        wQuotient = DigitValue.Zero
                        Do
                            wQuotient += DigitValue.One : dwNumeratorLess -= dwDenominatorLess
                        Loop While dwNumeratorLess >= dwDenominatorLess
                        dwQuotientLess = wQuotient
                    Else
                        dwQuotientLess = dwNumeratorLess \ dwDenominatorLess
                    End If
                    If dwQuotientMore <> dwQuotientLess Then fShorthandStep = False
                End If

            End If

        End If

        If fShorthandStep Then

            ' Prepare for the second iteration.
            wLeftInvPrev = DigitValue.Zero : wLeftInvCur = DigitValue.One
            wRightInvPrev = DigitValue.One : wRightInvCur = wQuotient
            dwTemp = dwLeftCur - wQuotient * dwRightCur : dwLeftCur = dwRightCur : dwRightCur = dwTemp
            fShorthandIterationIsEven = True

            fIterationIsEven = Not fIterationIsEven

            ' Other iterations, no overflow possible(?).
            Do

                If fShorthandIterationIsEven Then
                    If dwRightCur = wRightInvCur Then Exit Do
                    dwDenominatorMore = dwRightCur - wRightInvCur : dwDenominatorLess = dwRightCur + wLeftInvCur
                    dwNumeratorMore = dwLeftCur + wRightInvPrev : dwNumeratorLess = dwLeftCur - wLeftInvPrev
                Else
                    If dwRightCur = wLeftInvCur Then Exit Do
                    dwDenominatorMore = dwRightCur - wLeftInvCur : dwDenominatorLess = dwRightCur + wRightInvCur
                    dwNumeratorMore = dwLeftCur + wLeftInvPrev : dwNumeratorLess = dwLeftCur - wRightInvPrev
                End If

                If (dwNumeratorMore >> nSubtractionThresholdBits) <= dwDenominatorMore Then
                    wQuotient = DigitValue.Zero
                    Do
                        wQuotient += DigitValue.One : dwNumeratorMore -= dwDenominatorMore
                    Loop While dwNumeratorMore >= dwDenominatorMore
                    dwQuotientMore = wQuotient
                Else
                    dwQuotientMore = dwNumeratorMore \ dwDenominatorMore
                    If dwQuotientMore >= DigitValue.BitHi Then Exit Do
                    wQuotient = CUInt(dwQuotientMore)
                End If

                If (dwNumeratorLess >> nSubtractionThresholdBits) <= dwDenominatorLess Then
                    wQuotient = DigitValue.Zero
                    Do
                        wQuotient += DigitValue.One : dwNumeratorLess -= dwDenominatorLess
                    Loop While dwNumeratorLess >= dwDenominatorLess
                    dwQuotientLess = wQuotient
                Else
                    dwQuotientLess = dwNumeratorLess \ dwDenominatorLess
                End If
                If dwQuotientMore <> dwQuotientLess Then Exit Do

                dwTemp = wLeftInvPrev + wQuotient * wLeftInvCur : dwTemp2 = wRightInvPrev + wQuotient * wRightInvCur
                If (dwTemp >= DigitValue.BitHi) OrElse (dwTemp2 >= DigitValue.BitHi) Then Exit Do
                wLeftInvPrev = wLeftInvCur : wLeftInvCur = CUInt(dwTemp)
                wRightInvPrev = wRightInvCur : wRightInvCur = CUInt(dwTemp2)
                dwTemp = dwLeftCur - wQuotient * dwRightCur : dwLeftCur = dwRightCur : dwRightCur = dwTemp
                fShorthandIterationIsEven = Not fShorthandIterationIsEven

                fIterationIsEven = Not fIterationIsEven

            Loop

        End If

        If (Not fShorthandStep) OrElse (wRightInvPrev = DigitValue.Zero) Then
            ' Longhand step.

            uQuotient = ComputeDivisionLonghand(uLeftCur, uRightCur, uTemp) : If uTemp.IsZero Then fResultFound = True : Exit Do
            uRemainder = uTemp

            fIterationIsEven = Not fIterationIsEven
            If fComputeLeftInverse Then
                uTemp = uLeftInvPrev + uQuotient * uLeftInvCur : uLeftInvPrev = uLeftInvCur : uLeftInvCur = uTemp
            End If
            If fComputeRightInverse Then
                uTemp = uRightInvPrev + uQuotient * uRightInvCur : uRightInvPrev = uRightInvCur : uRightInvCur = uTemp
            End If
            fInvInit = True

            uLeftCur = uRightCur : uRightCur = uRemainder

        Else
            ' Shorthand step finalization.

            If Not fInvInit Then
                If fComputeLeftInverse Then uLeftInvPrev = wLeftInvPrev : uLeftInvCur = wLeftInvCur
                If fComputeRightInverse Then uRightInvPrev = wRightInvPrev : uRightInvCur = wRightInvCur
                fInvInit = True
            Else
                If fComputeLeftInverse Then ComputeFusedMulMulAdd(uLeftInvPrev, uLeftInvCur, wLeftInvPrev, wLeftInvCur, wRightInvPrev, wRightInvCur)
                If fComputeRightInverse Then ComputeFusedMulMulAdd(uRightInvPrev, uRightInvCur, wLeftInvPrev, wLeftInvCur, wRightInvPrev, wRightInvCur)
            End If

            ComputeFusedMulMulSub(uLeftCur, uRightCur, wLeftInvPrev, wLeftInvCur, wRightInvPrev, wRightInvCur, fShorthandIterationIsEven)

        End If

    Loop

    ' Final rounds: numbers are quite short now.
    If Not fResultFound Then

        ndxDigitMax = uLeftCur.ValueLength - 1 : fRightIsShorter = (uRightCur.ValueLength < uLeftCur.ValueLength)
        If ndxDigitMax = 0 Then
            dwLeftCur = uLeftCur.ValueDigits(0)
            dwRightCur = uRightCur.ValueDigits(0)
        Else
            dwLeftCur = uLeftCur.ValueDigits(0) Or (CULng(uLeftCur.ValueDigits(1)) << DigitSize.Bits)
            dwRightCur = uRightCur.ValueDigits(0) Or If(fRightIsShorter, DigitValue.Zero, CULng(uRightCur.ValueDigits(1)) << DigitSize.Bits)
        End If

        Do While dwLeftCur >= DigitValue.BitHi

            Dim dwRemainder As UInt64 = dwLeftCur

            If (dwRemainder >> nSubtractionThresholdBits) <= dwRightCur Then
                wQuotient = DigitValue.Zero
                Do
                    wQuotient += DigitValue.One : dwRemainder -= dwRightCur
                Loop While dwRemainder >= dwRightCur
                dwQuotientMore = wQuotient
            Else
                dwQuotientMore = dwLeftCur \ dwRightCur
                dwRemainder = dwLeftCur - dwQuotientMore * dwRightCur
            End If

            If dwRemainder = DigitValue.Zero Then fResultFound = True : Exit Do


            fIterationIsEven = Not fIterationIsEven
            If dwQuotientMore < DigitValue.BitHi Then
                wQuotient = CUInt(dwQuotientMore)
                If fComputeLeftInverse Then ComputeFusedMulAdd(uLeftInvPrev, uLeftInvCur, wQuotient)
                If fComputeRightInverse Then ComputeFusedMulAdd(uRightInvPrev, uRightInvCur, wQuotient)
            Else
                If fComputeLeftInverse Then
                    uTemp = uLeftInvPrev + dwQuotientMore * uLeftInvCur : uLeftInvPrev = uLeftInvCur : uLeftInvCur = uTemp
                End If
                If fComputeRightInverse Then
                    uTemp = uRightInvPrev + dwQuotientMore * uRightInvCur : uRightInvPrev = uRightInvCur : uRightInvCur = uTemp
                End If
            End If

            dwLeftCur = dwRightCur : dwRightCur = dwRemainder

        Loop

        If fResultFound Then

            uRightCur = dwRightCur

        Else

            ' Final rounds: both numbers have only one digit now, and this digit has MS-bit unset.
            Dim wLeftCur As UInt32 = CUInt(dwLeftCur), wRightCur As UInt32 = CUInt(dwRightCur)

            Do

                Dim wRemainder As UInt32 = wLeftCur

                If (wRemainder >> nSubtractionThresholdBits) <= wRightCur Then
                    wQuotient = DigitValue.Zero
                    Do
                        wQuotient += DigitValue.One : wRemainder -= wRightCur
                    Loop While wRemainder >= wRightCur
                Else
                    wQuotient = wLeftCur \ wRightCur
                    wRemainder = wLeftCur - wQuotient * wRightCur
                End If

                If wRemainder = DigitValue.Zero Then fResultFound = True : Exit Do

                fIterationIsEven = Not fIterationIsEven
                If fComputeLeftInverse Then ComputeFusedMulAdd(uLeftInvPrev, uLeftInvCur, wQuotient)
                If fComputeRightInverse Then ComputeFusedMulAdd(uRightInvPrev, uRightInvCur, wQuotient)

                wLeftCur = wRightCur : wRightCur = wRemainder

            Loop

            uRightCur = wRightCur

        End If


    End If

    If fComputeLeftInverse Then
        uLeftInverse = If(fIterationIsEven, uRight - uLeftInvCur, uLeftInvCur)
    End If
    If fComputeRightInverse Then
        uRightInverse = If(fIterationIsEven, uRightInvCur, uLeft - uRightInvCur)
    End If

    Return uRightCur
End Function

''' <remarks>All word-sized parameters must have their most-significant bit unset.</remarks>
Private Shared Sub ComputeFusedMulMulAdd(
        ByRef uLeftInvPrev As BigUInteger, ByRef uLeftInvCur As BigUInteger,
        ByVal wLeftInvPrev As UInt32, ByVal wLeftInvCur As UInt32, ByVal wRightInvPrev As UInt32, ByVal wRightInvCur As UInt32)

    Dim ndxDigitMaxPrev As Integer = uLeftInvPrev.ValueLength - 1, ndxDigitMaxCur As Integer = uLeftInvCur.ValueLength - 1,
        ndxDigitMaxNew As Integer = ndxDigitMaxCur + 1

    Dim awLeftInvPrev() As UInt32 = uLeftInvPrev.ValueDigits, awLeftInvCur() As UInt32 = uLeftInvCur.ValueDigits
    Dim awLeftInvPrevNew(0 To ndxDigitMaxNew) As UInt32, awLeftInvCurNew(0 To ndxDigitMaxNew) As UInt32
    Dim dwResult As UInt64, wCarryLeftPrev As UInt32 = DigitValue.Zero, wCarryLeftCur As UInt32 = DigitValue.Zero
    Dim wDigitLeftInvPrev, wDigitLeftInvCur As UInt32

    For ndxDigit As Integer = 0 To ndxDigitMaxPrev
        wDigitLeftInvPrev = awLeftInvPrev(ndxDigit) : wDigitLeftInvCur = awLeftInvCur(ndxDigit)

        dwResult = wCarryLeftPrev + wLeftInvPrev * CULng(wDigitLeftInvPrev) + wRightInvPrev * CULng(wDigitLeftInvCur)
        awLeftInvPrevNew(ndxDigit) = CUInt(dwResult And DigitValue.Full) : wCarryLeftPrev = CUInt(dwResult >> DigitSize.Bits)

        dwResult = wCarryLeftCur + wLeftInvCur * CULng(wDigitLeftInvPrev) + wRightInvCur * CULng(wDigitLeftInvCur)
        awLeftInvCurNew(ndxDigit) = CUInt(dwResult And DigitValue.Full) : wCarryLeftCur = CUInt(dwResult >> DigitSize.Bits)

    Next

    If ndxDigitMaxCur > ndxDigitMaxPrev Then

        For ndxDigit As Integer = ndxDigitMaxPrev + 1 To ndxDigitMaxCur
            wDigitLeftInvCur = awLeftInvCur(ndxDigit)

            dwResult = wCarryLeftPrev + wRightInvPrev * CULng(wDigitLeftInvCur)
            awLeftInvPrevNew(ndxDigit) = CUInt(dwResult And DigitValue.Full) : wCarryLeftPrev = CUInt(dwResult >> DigitSize.Bits)

            dwResult = wCarryLeftCur + wRightInvCur * CULng(wDigitLeftInvCur)
            awLeftInvCurNew(ndxDigit) = CUInt(dwResult And DigitValue.Full) : wCarryLeftCur = CUInt(dwResult >> DigitSize.Bits)

        Next

    End If

    If wCarryLeftPrev <> DigitValue.Zero Then awLeftInvPrevNew(ndxDigitMaxNew) = wCarryLeftPrev
    If wCarryLeftCur <> DigitValue.Zero Then awLeftInvCurNew(ndxDigitMaxNew) = wCarryLeftCur

    uLeftInvPrev = New BigUInteger(awLeftInvPrevNew) : uLeftInvCur = New BigUInteger(awLeftInvCurNew)

End Sub

''' <remarks>All word-sized parameters must have their most-significant bit unset.</remarks>
Private Shared Sub ComputeFusedMulMulSub(
        ByRef uLeftCur As BigUInteger, ByRef uRightCur As BigUInteger,
        ByVal wLeftInvPrev As UInt32, ByVal wLeftInvCur As UInt32, ByVal wRightInvPrev As UInt32, ByVal wRightInvCur As UInt32,
        ByVal fShorthandIterationIsEven As Boolean)

    Dim ndxDigitMax As Integer = uLeftCur.ValueLength - 1,
        fRightIsShorter As Boolean = (uRightCur.ValueLength < uLeftCur.ValueLength),
        ndxDigitStop As Integer = If(fRightIsShorter, ndxDigitMax - 1, ndxDigitMax)

    Dim awLeftCur() As UInt32 = uLeftCur.ValueDigits, awRightCur() As UInt32 = uRightCur.ValueDigits
    Dim awLeftNew(0 To ndxDigitMax) As UInt32, awRightNew(0 To ndxDigitStop) As UInt32
    Dim iTemp As Int64, wCarryLeft As Int32 = 0I, wCarryRight As Int32 = 0I
    Dim wDigitLeftCur, wDigitRightCur As UInt32

    If fShorthandIterationIsEven Then

        For ndxDigit As Integer = 0 To ndxDigitStop
            wDigitLeftCur = awLeftCur(ndxDigit) : wDigitRightCur = awRightCur(ndxDigit)
            iTemp = wCarryLeft + CLng(wDigitRightCur) * wRightInvPrev - CLng(wDigitLeftCur) * wLeftInvPrev
            awLeftNew(ndxDigit) = CUInt(iTemp And DigitValue.Full) : wCarryLeft = CInt(iTemp >> DigitSize.Bits)
            iTemp = wCarryRight + CLng(wDigitLeftCur) * wLeftInvCur - CLng(wDigitRightCur) * wRightInvCur
            awRightNew(ndxDigit) = CUInt(iTemp And DigitValue.Full) : wCarryRight = CInt(iTemp >> DigitSize.Bits)
        Next
        If fRightIsShorter Then
            wDigitLeftCur = awLeftCur(ndxDigitMax)
            iTemp = wCarryLeft - CLng(wDigitLeftCur) * wLeftInvPrev
            awLeftNew(ndxDigitMax) = CUInt(iTemp And DigitValue.Full)
        End If

    Else

        For ndxDigit As Integer = 0 To ndxDigitStop
            wDigitLeftCur = awLeftCur(ndxDigit) : wDigitRightCur = awRightCur(ndxDigit)
            iTemp = wCarryLeft + CLng(wDigitLeftCur) * wLeftInvPrev - CLng(wDigitRightCur) * wRightInvPrev
            awLeftNew(ndxDigit) = CUInt(iTemp And DigitValue.Full) : wCarryLeft = CInt(iTemp >> DigitSize.Bits)
            iTemp = wCarryRight + CLng(wDigitRightCur) * wRightInvCur - CLng(wDigitLeftCur) * wLeftInvCur
            awRightNew(ndxDigit) = CUInt(iTemp And DigitValue.Full) : wCarryRight = CInt(iTemp >> DigitSize.Bits)
        Next
        If fRightIsShorter Then
            wDigitLeftCur = awLeftCur(ndxDigitMax)
            iTemp = wCarryLeft + CLng(wDigitLeftCur) * wLeftInvPrev
            awLeftNew(ndxDigitMax) = CUInt(iTemp And DigitValue.Full)
        End If

    End If

    uLeftCur = New BigUInteger(awLeftNew) : uRightCur = New BigUInteger(awRightNew)

End Sub

''' <remarks>All word-sized parameters must have their most-significant bit unset.</remarks>
Private Shared Sub ComputeFusedMulAdd(ByRef uLeftInvPrev As BigUInteger, ByRef uLeftInvCur As BigUInteger, ByVal wQuotient As UInt32)

    Dim ndxDigitPrevMax As Integer = uLeftInvPrev.ValueLength - 1, ndxDigitCurMax As Integer = uLeftInvCur.ValueLength - 1,
        ndxDigitNewMax As Integer = ndxDigitCurMax + 1
    Dim awLeftInvPrev() As UInt32 = uLeftInvPrev.ValueDigits, awLeftInvCur() As UInt32 = uLeftInvCur.ValueDigits,
        awLeftInvNew(0 To ndxDigitNewMax) As UInt32
    Dim dwResult As UInt64 = DigitValue.Zero, wCarry As UInt32 = DigitValue.Zero

    For ndxDigit As Integer = 0 To ndxDigitPrevMax
        dwResult = CULng(wCarry) + awLeftInvPrev(ndxDigit) + CULng(wQuotient) * awLeftInvCur(ndxDigit)
        awLeftInvNew(ndxDigit) = CUInt(dwResult And DigitValue.Full) : wCarry = CUInt(dwResult >> DigitSize.Bits)
    Next

    For ndxDigit As Integer = ndxDigitPrevMax + 1 To ndxDigitCurMax
        dwResult = CULng(wCarry) + CULng(wQuotient) * awLeftInvCur(ndxDigit)
        awLeftInvNew(ndxDigit) = CUInt(dwResult And DigitValue.Full) : wCarry = CUInt(dwResult >> DigitSize.Bits)
    Next

    If wCarry <> DigitValue.Zero Then awLeftInvNew(ndxDigitNewMax) = wCarry

    uLeftInvPrev = uLeftInvCur : uLeftInvCur = New BigUInteger(awLeftInvNew)

End Sub

如果你想直接使用这个代码,你可能需要一些构造的Visual Basic 2012编译器 - 我没有检查以前的版本;我也不知道最小的.Net版本(至少3.5应该足够);已知已编译的应用程序可在Mono上运行,但性能较差。我唯一确定的是,不应该尝试使用自动VB-to-C#翻译器,因为它们在这样的主题中非常糟糕;只依靠自己的头脑。