这是我在这里发布的第一个问题,所以我希望我不会做错任何事。
我的问题涉及现代风格的C ++ 11循环(基于范围的std::for_each
)与旧式C ++循环(for (...; ...; ...)
)的性能。根据我的理解,在我看来,现代C ++的座右铭是“表现力而不会影响性能”。现代C ++风格带来了安全,干净和快速的代码,几乎没有性能损失,并且可能比旧式C ++的性能提升。
现在我做了一点测试来评估这个增益对循环的影响有多大。首先,我写了以下三个函数:
using namespace std;
void foo(vector<double>& v)
{
for (size_t i = 0; i < v.size(); i++)
{
v[i] /= 42;
}
}
void bar(vector<double>& v)
{
for (auto& x : v)
{
x /= 42;
}
}
void wee(vector<double>& v)
{
for_each(begin(v), end(v), [] (double& x)
{
x /= 42;
});
}
然后我通过这种方式调用它们来比较它们的性能(正确评论/取消注释main()
循环中的三行:
vector<double> make_vector()
{
vector<double> v;
for (int i = 0; i < 30000; i++) { v.push_back(i); }
return v;
}
int main()
{
time_t start = clock();
auto v = make_vector();
for (int i = 0; i <= 50000; i++)
{
// UNCOMMENT THE FUNCTION CALL TO BE TESTED, COMMENT THE OTHERS
foo(v);
// bar(v);
// wee(v);
}
time_t end = clock();
cout << (end - start) << endl;
return 0;
}
通过对main()
的循环中的行进行注释/取消注释,并使用旧式循环作为基线,对每个版本的程序执行平均超过10次执行,基于范围的for循环执行~1.9更糟糕的是,基于std::for_each
和lambdas的循环表现差了大约2.3倍。
我使用Clang 3.2来编译它,我没有尝试过MS VC11(我正在使用WinXP)。
考虑到我期望获得可比较的执行时间,我的问题是:
我想说的是,我确实认为用现代C ++风格编写的代码的清晰度和安全性可能会导致性能损失,但我完全不同意清晰度之间没有权衡的说法/一方是安全,另一方是表现。
我错过了什么吗?
答案 0 :(得分:12)
看起来只有在编译器中没有启用优化时才会显示差异。
使用Clang,您可以使用-O[0-3]
标志启用优化。
答案 1 :(得分:5)
Mankarse是对的 - 很可能你没有启用优化。
实际上在Clang上他们在主循环中产生几乎相同的结果ASM代码,并且在前/后代码中产生很小的差异。
我测试了四个版本:hand_loop_index
,hand_loop_iterator
,range_based_for
,for_each_algorithm
hand_loop_iterator
,range_based_for
和for_each_algorithm
- 这三个确实为完整的函数体生成完全相同的结果ASM ,唯一的区别在于标签的名称。< / p>
即。用迭代器为循环编写的手与基于范围的for和std :: for_each完全相同的ASM代码。
循环与索引和循环与迭代器版本之间存在一些差异。
两种情况下的主循环几乎相同。唯一的小区别是,使用迭代器版本rdx
寄存器而不是rsi
。
.LBB0_7: # %vector.body
# =>This Inner Loop Header: Depth=1
movupd -48(%rsi), %xmm1
movupd -32(%rsi), %xmm2
divpd %xmm0, %xmm1
divpd %xmm0, %xmm2
movupd %xmm1, -48(%rsi)
movupd %xmm2, -32(%rsi)
movupd -16(%rsi), %xmm1
movupd (%rsi), %xmm2
divpd %xmm0, %xmm1
divpd %xmm0, %xmm2
movupd %xmm1, -16(%rsi)
movupd %xmm2, (%rsi)
addq $64, %rsi
addq $-8, %rdi
jne .LBB0_7
.LBB1_6: # %vector.body
# =>This Inner Loop Header: Depth=1
movupd -48(%rdx), %xmm1
movupd -32(%rdx), %xmm2
divpd %xmm0, %xmm1
divpd %xmm0, %xmm2
movupd %xmm1, -48(%rdx)
movupd %xmm2, -32(%rdx)
movupd -16(%rdx), %xmm1
movupd (%rdx), %xmm2
divpd %xmm0, %xmm1
divpd %xmm0, %xmm2
movupd %xmm1, -16(%rdx)
movupd %xmm2, (%rdx)
addq $64, %rdx
addq $-8, %rsi
jne .LBB1_6
索引与迭代器版本的前/后代码有很多不同之处,但它不应该对足够大的数组的总结果时间有很大的影响。
#include <algorithm>
#include <iterator>
#include <vector>
using namespace std;
void hand_loop_index(vector<double> &v)
{
for (size_t i = 0; i < v.size(); ++i)
{
v[i] /= 42;
}
}
void hand_loop_iterator(vector<double> &v)
{
for (auto first = begin(v), last = end(v); first!=last; ++first)
{
*first /= 42;
}
}
void range_based_for(vector<double> &v)
{
for (auto &x : v)
{
x /= 42;
}
}
void for_each_algorithm(vector<double> &v)
{
for_each(begin(v), end(v), [] (double &x)
{
x /= 42;
});
}
# clang++ -std=c++1z -O3 -Wall -pedantic -pthread main.cpp -S
.text
.file "main.cpp"
.section .rodata.cst16,"aM",@progbits,16
.align 16
.LCPI0_0:
.quad 4631107791820423168 # double 4.200000e+01
.quad 4631107791820423168 # double 4.200000e+01
.section .rodata.cst8,"aM",@progbits,8
.align 8
.LCPI0_1:
.quad 4631107791820423168 # double 42
.text
.globl _Z15hand_loop_indexRSt6vectorIdSaIdEE
.align 16, 0x90
.type _Z15hand_loop_indexRSt6vectorIdSaIdEE,@function
_Z15hand_loop_indexRSt6vectorIdSaIdEE: # @_Z15hand_loop_indexRSt6vectorIdSaIdEE
.cfi_startproc
# BB#0:
movq (%rdi), %rax
movq 8(%rdi), %rcx
subq %rax, %rcx
je .LBB0_11
# BB#1: # %.lr.ph
sarq $3, %rcx
cmpq $1, %rcx
movl $1, %edx
cmovaq %rcx, %rdx
xorl %edi, %edi
testq %rdx, %rdx
je .LBB0_10
# BB#2: # %overflow.checked
xorl %edi, %edi
movq %rdx, %r8
andq $-4, %r8
je .LBB0_9
# BB#3: # %vector.body.preheader
cmpq $1, %rcx
movl $1, %edi
cmovaq %rcx, %rdi
addq $-4, %rdi
movq %rdi, %rsi
shrq $2, %rsi
xorl %r9d, %r9d
btq $2, %rdi
jb .LBB0_5
# BB#4: # %vector.body.prol
movupd (%rax), %xmm0
movupd 16(%rax), %xmm1
movapd .LCPI0_0(%rip), %xmm2 # xmm2 = [4.200000e+01,4.200000e+01]
divpd %xmm2, %xmm0
divpd %xmm2, %xmm1
movupd %xmm0, (%rax)
movupd %xmm1, 16(%rax)
movl $4, %r9d
.LBB0_5: # %vector.body.preheader.split
testq %rsi, %rsi
je .LBB0_8
# BB#6: # %vector.body.preheader.split.split
cmpq $1, %rcx
movl $1, %edi
cmovaq %rcx, %rdi
andq $-4, %rdi
subq %r9, %rdi
leaq 48(%rax,%r9,8), %rsi
movapd .LCPI0_0(%rip), %xmm0 # xmm0 = [4.200000e+01,4.200000e+01]
.align 16, 0x90
.LBB0_7: # %vector.body
# =>This Inner Loop Header: Depth=1
movupd -48(%rsi), %xmm1
movupd -32(%rsi), %xmm2
divpd %xmm0, %xmm1
divpd %xmm0, %xmm2
movupd %xmm1, -48(%rsi)
movupd %xmm2, -32(%rsi)
movupd -16(%rsi), %xmm1
movupd (%rsi), %xmm2
divpd %xmm0, %xmm1
divpd %xmm0, %xmm2
movupd %xmm1, -16(%rsi)
movupd %xmm2, (%rsi)
addq $64, %rsi
addq $-8, %rdi
jne .LBB0_7
.LBB0_8:
movq %r8, %rdi
.LBB0_9: # %middle.block
cmpq %rdi, %rdx
je .LBB0_11
.align 16, 0x90
.LBB0_10: # %scalar.ph
# =>This Inner Loop Header: Depth=1
movsd (%rax,%rdi,8), %xmm0 # xmm0 = mem[0],zero
divsd .LCPI0_1(%rip), %xmm0
movsd %xmm0, (%rax,%rdi,8)
incq %rdi
cmpq %rcx, %rdi
jb .LBB0_10
.LBB0_11: # %._crit_edge
retq
.Lfunc_end0:
.size _Z15hand_loop_indexRSt6vectorIdSaIdEE, .Lfunc_end0-_Z15hand_loop_indexRSt6vectorIdSaIdEE
.cfi_endproc
.section .rodata.cst16,"aM",@progbits,16
.align 16
.LCPI1_0:
.quad 4631107791820423168 # double 4.200000e+01
.quad 4631107791820423168 # double 4.200000e+01
.section .rodata.cst8,"aM",@progbits,8
.align 8
.LCPI1_1:
.quad 4631107791820423168 # double 42
.text
.globl _Z18hand_loop_iteratorRSt6vectorIdSaIdEE
.align 16, 0x90
.type _Z18hand_loop_iteratorRSt6vectorIdSaIdEE,@function
_Z18hand_loop_iteratorRSt6vectorIdSaIdEE: # @_Z18hand_loop_iteratorRSt6vectorIdSaIdEE
.cfi_startproc
# BB#0:
movq (%rdi), %rdx
movq 8(%rdi), %rax
cmpq %rax, %rdx
je .LBB1_11
# BB#1: # %.lr.ph.preheader
movabsq $4611686018427387900, %rsi # imm = 0x3FFFFFFFFFFFFFFC
leaq -8(%rax), %rcx
subq %rdx, %rcx
shrq $3, %rcx
incq %rcx
xorl %edi, %edi
movq %rcx, %r9
andq %rsi, %r9
je .LBB1_8
# BB#2: # %vector.body.preheader
andq %rcx, %rsi
leaq -4(%rsi), %rdi
movq %rdi, %r11
shrq $2, %r11
xorl %r10d, %r10d
btq $2, %rdi
jb .LBB1_4
# BB#3: # %vector.body.prol
movupd (%rdx), %xmm0
movupd 16(%rdx), %xmm1
movapd .LCPI1_0(%rip), %xmm2 # xmm2 = [4.200000e+01,4.200000e+01]
divpd %xmm2, %xmm0
divpd %xmm2, %xmm1
movupd %xmm0, (%rdx)
movupd %xmm1, 16(%rdx)
movl $4, %r10d
.LBB1_4: # %vector.body.preheader.split
leaq (%rdx,%r9,8), %r8
testq %r11, %r11
je .LBB1_7
# BB#5: # %vector.body.preheader.split.split
subq %r10, %rsi
leaq 48(%rdx,%r10,8), %rdx
movapd .LCPI1_0(%rip), %xmm0 # xmm0 = [4.200000e+01,4.200000e+01]
.align 16, 0x90
.LBB1_6: # %vector.body
# =>This Inner Loop Header: Depth=1
movupd -48(%rdx), %xmm1
movupd -32(%rdx), %xmm2
divpd %xmm0, %xmm1
divpd %xmm0, %xmm2
movupd %xmm1, -48(%rdx)
movupd %xmm2, -32(%rdx)
movupd -16(%rdx), %xmm1
movupd (%rdx), %xmm2
divpd %xmm0, %xmm1
divpd %xmm0, %xmm2
movupd %xmm1, -16(%rdx)
movupd %xmm2, (%rdx)
addq $64, %rdx
addq $-8, %rsi
jne .LBB1_6
.LBB1_7:
movq %r8, %rdx
movq %r9, %rdi
.LBB1_8: # %middle.block
cmpq %rdi, %rcx
je .LBB1_11
# BB#9:
movsd .LCPI1_1(%rip), %xmm0 # xmm0 = mem[0],zero
.align 16, 0x90
.LBB1_10: # %.lr.ph
# =>This Inner Loop Header: Depth=1
movsd (%rdx), %xmm1 # xmm1 = mem[0],zero
divsd %xmm0, %xmm1
movsd %xmm1, (%rdx)
addq $8, %rdx
cmpq %rdx, %rax
jne .LBB1_10
.LBB1_11: # %._crit_edge
retq
.Lfunc_end1:
.size _Z18hand_loop_iteratorRSt6vectorIdSaIdEE, .Lfunc_end1-_Z18hand_loop_iteratorRSt6vectorIdSaIdEE
.cfi_endproc
.section .rodata.cst16,"aM",@progbits,16
.align 16
.LCPI2_0:
.quad 4631107791820423168 # double 4.200000e+01
.quad 4631107791820423168 # double 4.200000e+01
.section .rodata.cst8,"aM",@progbits,8
.align 8
.LCPI2_1:
.quad 4631107791820423168 # double 42
.text
.globl _Z15range_based_forRSt6vectorIdSaIdEE
.align 16, 0x90
.type _Z15range_based_forRSt6vectorIdSaIdEE,@function
_Z15range_based_forRSt6vectorIdSaIdEE: # @_Z15range_based_forRSt6vectorIdSaIdEE
.cfi_startproc
# BB#0:
movq (%rdi), %rdx
movq 8(%rdi), %rax
cmpq %rax, %rdx
je .LBB2_11
# BB#1: # %.lr.ph.preheader
movabsq $4611686018427387900, %rsi # imm = 0x3FFFFFFFFFFFFFFC
leaq -8(%rax), %rcx
subq %rdx, %rcx
shrq $3, %rcx
incq %rcx
xorl %edi, %edi
movq %rcx, %r9
andq %rsi, %r9
je .LBB2_8
# BB#2: # %vector.body.preheader
andq %rcx, %rsi
leaq -4(%rsi), %rdi
movq %rdi, %r11
shrq $2, %r11
xorl %r10d, %r10d
btq $2, %rdi
jb .LBB2_4
# BB#3: # %vector.body.prol
movupd (%rdx), %xmm0
movupd 16(%rdx), %xmm1
movapd .LCPI2_0(%rip), %xmm2 # xmm2 = [4.200000e+01,4.200000e+01]
divpd %xmm2, %xmm0
divpd %xmm2, %xmm1
movupd %xmm0, (%rdx)
movupd %xmm1, 16(%rdx)
movl $4, %r10d
.LBB2_4: # %vector.body.preheader.split
leaq (%rdx,%r9,8), %r8
testq %r11, %r11
je .LBB2_7
# BB#5: # %vector.body.preheader.split.split
subq %r10, %rsi
leaq 48(%rdx,%r10,8), %rdx
movapd .LCPI2_0(%rip), %xmm0 # xmm0 = [4.200000e+01,4.200000e+01]
.align 16, 0x90
.LBB2_6: # %vector.body
# =>This Inner Loop Header: Depth=1
movupd -48(%rdx), %xmm1
movupd -32(%rdx), %xmm2
divpd %xmm0, %xmm1
divpd %xmm0, %xmm2
movupd %xmm1, -48(%rdx)
movupd %xmm2, -32(%rdx)
movupd -16(%rdx), %xmm1
movupd (%rdx), %xmm2
divpd %xmm0, %xmm1
divpd %xmm0, %xmm2
movupd %xmm1, -16(%rdx)
movupd %xmm2, (%rdx)
addq $64, %rdx
addq $-8, %rsi
jne .LBB2_6
.LBB2_7:
movq %r8, %rdx
movq %r9, %rdi
.LBB2_8: # %middle.block
cmpq %rdi, %rcx
je .LBB2_11
# BB#9:
movsd .LCPI2_1(%rip), %xmm0 # xmm0 = mem[0],zero
.align 16, 0x90
.LBB2_10: # %.lr.ph
# =>This Inner Loop Header: Depth=1
movsd (%rdx), %xmm1 # xmm1 = mem[0],zero
divsd %xmm0, %xmm1
movsd %xmm1, (%rdx)
addq $8, %rdx
cmpq %rdx, %rax
jne .LBB2_10
.LBB2_11: # %._crit_edge
retq
.Lfunc_end2:
.size _Z15range_based_forRSt6vectorIdSaIdEE, .Lfunc_end2-_Z15range_based_forRSt6vectorIdSaIdEE
.cfi_endproc
.section .rodata.cst16,"aM",@progbits,16
.align 16
.LCPI3_0:
.quad 4631107791820423168 # double 4.200000e+01
.quad 4631107791820423168 # double 4.200000e+01
.section .rodata.cst8,"aM",@progbits,8
.align 8
.LCPI3_1:
.quad 4631107791820423168 # double 42
.text
.globl _Z18for_each_algorithmRSt6vectorIdSaIdEE
.align 16, 0x90
.type _Z18for_each_algorithmRSt6vectorIdSaIdEE,@function
_Z18for_each_algorithmRSt6vectorIdSaIdEE: # @_Z18for_each_algorithmRSt6vectorIdSaIdEE
.cfi_startproc
# BB#0:
movq (%rdi), %rdx
movq 8(%rdi), %rax
cmpq %rax, %rdx
je .LBB3_11
# BB#1: # %.lr.ph.i.preheader
movabsq $4611686018427387900, %rsi # imm = 0x3FFFFFFFFFFFFFFC
leaq -8(%rax), %rcx
subq %rdx, %rcx
shrq $3, %rcx
incq %rcx
xorl %edi, %edi
movq %rcx, %r9
andq %rsi, %r9
je .LBB3_8
# BB#2: # %vector.body.preheader
andq %rcx, %rsi
leaq -4(%rsi), %rdi
movq %rdi, %r11
shrq $2, %r11
xorl %r10d, %r10d
btq $2, %rdi
jb .LBB3_4
# BB#3: # %vector.body.prol
movupd (%rdx), %xmm0
movupd 16(%rdx), %xmm1
movapd .LCPI3_0(%rip), %xmm2 # xmm2 = [4.200000e+01,4.200000e+01]
divpd %xmm2, %xmm0
divpd %xmm2, %xmm1
movupd %xmm0, (%rdx)
movupd %xmm1, 16(%rdx)
movl $4, %r10d
.LBB3_4: # %vector.body.preheader.split
leaq (%rdx,%r9,8), %r8
testq %r11, %r11
je .LBB3_7
# BB#5: # %vector.body.preheader.split.split
subq %r10, %rsi
leaq 48(%rdx,%r10,8), %rdx
movapd .LCPI3_0(%rip), %xmm0 # xmm0 = [4.200000e+01,4.200000e+01]
.align 16, 0x90
.LBB3_6: # %vector.body
# =>This Inner Loop Header: Depth=1
movupd -48(%rdx), %xmm1
movupd -32(%rdx), %xmm2
divpd %xmm0, %xmm1
divpd %xmm0, %xmm2
movupd %xmm1, -48(%rdx)
movupd %xmm2, -32(%rdx)
movupd -16(%rdx), %xmm1
movupd (%rdx), %xmm2
divpd %xmm0, %xmm1
divpd %xmm0, %xmm2
movupd %xmm1, -16(%rdx)
movupd %xmm2, (%rdx)
addq $64, %rdx
addq $-8, %rsi
jne .LBB3_6
.LBB3_7:
movq %r8, %rdx
movq %r9, %rdi
.LBB3_8: # %middle.block
cmpq %rdi, %rcx
je .LBB3_11
# BB#9:
movsd .LCPI3_1(%rip), %xmm0 # xmm0 = mem[0],zero
.align 16, 0x90
.LBB3_10: # %.lr.ph.i
# =>This Inner Loop Header: Depth=1
movsd (%rdx), %xmm1 # xmm1 = mem[0],zero
divsd %xmm0, %xmm1
movsd %xmm1, (%rdx)
addq $8, %rdx
cmpq %rdx, %rax
jne .LBB3_10
.LBB3_11: # %_ZSt8for_eachIN9__gnu_cxx17__normal_iteratorIPdSt6vectorIdSaIdEEEEZ18for_each_algorithmR5_E3$_0ET0_T_SA_S9_.exit
retq
.Lfunc_end3:
.size _Z18for_each_algorithmRSt6vectorIdSaIdEE, .Lfunc_end3-_Z18for_each_algorithmRSt6vectorIdSaIdEE
.cfi_endproc
.ident "clang version 3.7.0 (tags/RELEASE_370/final 246979)"
.section ".note.GNU-stack","",@progbits