Python：从ISO-8859-1 / latin1转换为UTF-8

Question

我已经使用电子邮件模块将此字符串从Quoted-printable解码为ISO-8859-1。这给了我像“\ xC4pple”这样的字符串，它们对应于“Äpple”（瑞典语中的Apple）。 但是，我无法将这些字符串转换为UTF-8。

>>> apple = "\xC4pple"
>>> apple
'\xc4pple'
>>> apple.encode("UTF-8")
Traceback (most recent call last):
  File "<stdin>", line 1, in <module>
UnicodeDecodeError: 'ascii' codec can't decode byte 0xc4 in position 0: ordinal not in     range(128)

我该怎么办？

Answer 1

这是一个常见的问题，所以这是一个相对彻底的例子。

对于非unicode字符串（即那些没有u前缀的字符串u'\xc4pple'），必须从本机编码（iso8859-1 / latin1解码，除非{{3函数）到modified with the enigmatic sys.setdefaultencoding，然后编码为一个可以显示你想要的字符的字符集，在这种情况下我建议unicode。

首先，这是一个方便的实用程序函数，它将帮助阐明Python 2.7字符串和unicode的模式：

>>> def tell_me_about(s): return (type(s), s)

普通字符串

>>> v = "\xC4pple" # iso-8859-1 aka latin1 encoded string

>>> tell_me_about(v)
(<type 'str'>, '\xc4pple')

>>> v
'\xc4pple'        # representation in memory

>>> print v
?pple             # map the iso-8859-1 in-memory to iso-8859-1 chars
                  # note that '\xc4' has no representation in iso-8859-1, 
                  # so is printed as "?".

解码iso8859-1字符串 - 将纯字符串转换为unicode

>>> uv = v.decode("iso-8859-1")
>>> uv
u'\xc4pple'       # decoding iso-8859-1 becomes unicode, in memory

>>> tell_me_about(uv)
(<type 'unicode'>, u'\xc4pple')

>>> print v.decode("iso-8859-1")
Äpple             # convert unicode to the default character set
                  # (utf-8, based on sys.stdout.encoding)

>>> v.decode('iso-8859-1') == u'\xc4pple'
True              # one could have just used a unicode representation 
                  # from the start

再说一点 - 用“Ä”

>>> u"Ä" == u"\xc4"
True              # the native unicode char and escaped versions are the same

>>> "Ä" == u"\xc4"  
False             # the native unicode char is '\xc3\x84' in latin1

>>> "Ä".decode('utf8') == u"\xc4"
True              # one can decode the string to get unicode

>>> "Ä" == "\xc4"
False             # the native character and the escaped string are
                  # of course not equal ('\xc3\x84' != '\xc4').

编码为UTF

>>> u8 = v.decode("iso-8859-1").encode("utf-8")
>>> u8
'\xc3\x84pple'    # convert iso-8859-1 to unicode to utf-8

>>> tell_me_about(u8)
(<type 'str'>, '\xc3\x84pple')

>>> u16 = v.decode('iso-8859-1').encode('utf-16')
>>> tell_me_about(u16)
(<type 'str'>, '\xff\xfe\xc4\x00p\x00p\x00l\x00e\x00')

>>> tell_me_about(u8.decode('utf8'))
(<type 'unicode'>, u'\xc4pple')

>>> tell_me_about(u16.decode('utf16'))
(<type 'unicode'>, u'\xc4pple')

unicode与UTF和latin1

之间的关系

>>> print u8
Äpple             # printing utf-8 - because of the encoding we now know
                  # how to print the characters

>>> print u8.decode('utf-8') # printing unicode
Äpple

>>> print u16     # printing 'bytes' of u16
���pple

>>> print u16.decode('utf16')
Äpple             # printing unicode

>>> v == u8
False             # v is a iso8859-1 string; u8 is a utf-8 string

>>> v.decode('iso8859-1') == u8
False             # v.decode(...) returns unicode

>>> u8.decode('utf-8') == v.decode('latin1') == u16.decode('utf-16')
True              # all decode to the same unicode memory representation
                  # (latin1 is iso-8859-1)

Unicode异常

 >>> u8.encode('iso8859-1')
Traceback (most recent call last):
  File "<stdin>", line 1, in <module>
UnicodeDecodeError: 'ascii' codec can't decode byte 0xc3 in position 0:
  ordinal not in range(128)

>>> u16.encode('iso8859-1')
Traceback (most recent call last):
  File "<stdin>", line 1, in <module>
UnicodeDecodeError: 'ascii' codec can't decode byte 0xff in position 0:
  ordinal not in range(128)

>>> v.encode('iso8859-1')
Traceback (most recent call last):
  File "<stdin>", line 1, in <module>
UnicodeDecodeError: 'ascii' codec can't decode byte 0xc4 in position 0:
  ordinal not in range(128)

通过从特定编码（latin-1，utf8，utf16）转换为unicode，可以解决这些问题。 u8.decode('utf8').encode('latin1')。

所以也许人们可以得出以下原则和概括：

• 类型str是一组字节，可能有多种编码之一，如Latin-1，UTF-8和UTF-16
• 类型unicode是一组字节，可以转换为任意数量的编码，最常见的是UTF-8和latin-1（iso8859-1）
• print命令UTF-8，设置为sys.stdout.encoding，默认为UTF-8
• 在转换为其他编码之前，必须先将str解码为unicode。

当然，所有这些都在Python 3.x中发生了变化。

希望这很有启发性。

进一步阅读

• its own logic for encoding，Tim Bray。

Armin Ronacher的非常具有说服力的咆哮：

• Characters vs. Bytes
• The Updated Guide to Unicode on Python (July 2, 2013)
• More About Unicode in Python 2 and 3 (January 5, 2014)
• UCS vs UTF-8 as Internal String Encoding (January 9, 2014)

Answer 2

首先尝试解码，然后编码：

apple.decode('iso-8859-1').encode('utf8')

Answer 3

对于Python 3：

bytes(apple,'iso-8859-1').decode('utf-8')

我用这个文本错误地编码为iso-8859-1（显示像VeÅ\x99ejné这样的单词）而不是utf-8。此代码生成正确的版本Veřejné。

Answer 4

解码为Unicode，将结果编码为UTF8。

apple.decode('latin1').encode('utf8')

Answer 5

concept = concept.encode('ascii', 'ignore') 
concept = MySQLdb.escape_string(concept.decode('latin1').encode('utf8').rstrip())

我这样做，我不确定这是否是一个好方法，但它每次都有效!!