实现一种算法,以打印n对括号的所有有效(也称为正确打开和关闭)组合。
(顺便说一句,这是<Cracking coding interview>
第8章,问题8.9中的问题)
这是解决方案:
ParenthesesCombination.java :
import java.util.LinkedList;
import java.util.List;
public class ParenthesesCombination {
/**
* Find all combinations with n pairs.
*
* @param n
* @return
*/
public static List<String> getAll(int n) {
if (n < 1) throw new IllegalArgumentException("n should >= 1, but get: " + n);
List<String> list = new LinkedList<>();
getAll(n, n, 0, new char[n * 2], list);
return list;
}
/**
* Find cases with given buffer & index.
*
* @param leftRemaining left remain count,
* @param rightRemaining right remain count,
* @param curIdx current index in buffer,
* @param buf buffer,
* @param list result list,
*/
protected static void getAll(int leftRemaining, int rightRemaining, int curIdx, char[] buf, List<String> list) {
if (leftRemaining < 0 || rightRemaining < leftRemaining) return; // invalid, discard it,
if (leftRemaining == 0 && rightRemaining == 0) {
list.add(String.valueOf(buf)); // found, make a copy, and add,
return;
}
// try to add '(',
buf[curIdx] = '(';
getAll(leftRemaining - 1, rightRemaining, curIdx + 1, buf, list);
// try to add ')',
buf[curIdx] = ')';
getAll(leftRemaining, rightRemaining - 1, curIdx + 1, buf, list);
}
}
样本组合:
pair count: 4, combination count: 14
0: (((())))
1: ((()()))
2: ((())())
3: ((()))()
4: (()(()))
5: (()()())
6: (()())()
7: (())(())
8: (())()()
9: ()((()))
10: ()(()())
11: ()(())()
12: ()()(())
13: ()()()()
样本对数和组合数为:
1 -> 1
2 -> 2
3 -> 5
4 -> 14
5 -> 42
6 -> 132
7 -> 429
根据算法,它应该介于:
O(2^n)
和O(4^n)
但是,有没有办法获得更准确的时间复杂度?
答案 0 :(得分:5)
输出线的精确数量等于加泰罗尼亚语的数字:https://en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Catalan_number。第n个加泰罗尼亚数字为Theta(4 ^ n / n ^(3/2)),因此运行时间为Theta(4 ^ n /√n)。