我使用Pygame在Python中编写了一个小玩具。它生成的生物（一个带有方向线的圆圈，而不是一个图像）在屏幕上徘徊。我有兴趣让它更复杂，但我遇到了严重的性能问题。当屏幕上的生物数量超过20时，帧速率从60fps迅速下降到11fps，屏幕上有50fps。我已经通过多种不同的方式查看了我的（非常简单的）代码，甚至使用cProfile进行分析，但没有找到任何优化方法。
为了让长篇故事不那么长，我想我已经得出结论PyGame并不是因为我要求它做的事情。因此，我正在寻求转换为其他东西。 C ++是一个明显的答案，但由于这只是一个玩具，我宁可用Python编写代码，如果可能的话。特别是因为它已经写好了。
在查看C ++时，我发现Python有一个SDL（包装器？绑定？不确定术语）：PySDL2。
感谢您坚持下去。现在的回报是：有没有理由相信将我的应用程序转换为使用PySDL2会让它变得更快？特别是考虑到PyGame显然在引擎盖下使用SDL（不知何故）。
编辑：根据要求：
import pygame
from pygame import gfxdraw
import pygame.locals
import os
import math
import random
import time
(INSERT CONTENTS OF VECTOR.PY FROM https://gist.github.com/mcleonard/5351452 HERE)
pygame.init()
#some global constants
BLUE = (0, 0, 255)
WHITE = (255,255,255)
diagnostic = False
SPAWN_TIME = 1 #number of seconds between creating new critters
FLOCK_LIMIT = 30 #number of critters at which the flock begins being culled
GUIDs = [0] #list of guaranteed unique IDs for identifying each critter
# Set the position of the OS window
position = (30, 30)
os.environ['SDL_VIDEO_WINDOW_POS'] = str(position[0]) + "," + str(position[1])
# Set the position, width and height of the screen [width, height]
size_x = 1000
size_y = 500
size = (size_x, size_y)
FRAMERATE = 60
SECS_FOR_DYING = 1
screen = pygame.display.set_mode(size)
screen.set_alpha(None)
pygame.display.set_caption("My Game")
# Used to manage how fast the screen updates
clock = pygame.time.Clock()
def random_float(lower, upper):
num = random.randint(lower*1000, upper*1000)
return num/1000
def new_GUID():
num = GUIDs[-1]
num = num + 1
while num in GUIDs:
num += 1
GUIDs.append(num)
return num
class HeatBlock:
def __init__(self,_tlx,_tly,h,w):
self.tlx = int(_tlx)
self.tly = int(_tly)
self.height = int(h)+1
self.width = int(w)
self.heat = 255.0
self.registered = False
def register_tresspasser(self):
self.registered = True
self.heat = max(self.heat - 1, 0)
def cool_down(self):
if not self.registered:
self.heat = min(self.heat + 0.1, 255)
self.registered = False
def hb_draw_self(self):
screen.fill((255,int(self.heat),int(self.heat)), [self.tlx, self.tly, self.width, self.height])
class HeatMap:
def __init__(self, _h, _v):
self.h_freq = _h #horizontal frequency
self.h_rez = size_x/self.h_freq #horizontal resolution
self.v_freq = _v #vertical frequency
self.v_rez = size_y/self.v_freq #vertical resolution
self.blocks = []
def make_map(self):
h_size = size_x/self.h_freq
v_size = size_y/self.v_freq
for h_count in range(0, self.h_freq):
TLx = h_count * h_size #TopLeft corner, x
col = []
for v_count in range(0, self.v_freq):
TLy = v_count * v_size #TopLeft corner, y
col.append(HeatBlock(TLx,TLy,v_size,h_size))
self.blocks.append(col)
def hm_draw_self(self):
for col in self.blocks:
for block in col:
block.cool_down()
block.hb_draw_self()
def register(self, x, y):
#convert the given coordinates of the trespasser into a col/row block index
col = max(int(math.floor(x / self.h_rez)),0)
row = max(int(math.floor(y / self.v_rez)),0)
self.blocks[col][row].register_tresspasser()
class Critter:
def __init__(self):
self.color = (random.randint(1, 200), random.randint(1, 200), random.randint(1, 200))
self.linear_speed = random_float(20, 100)
self.radius = int(round(10 * (100/self.linear_speed)))
self.angular_speed = random_float(0.1, 2)
self.x = int(random.randint(self.radius*2, size_x - (self.radius*2)))
self.y = int(random.randint(self.radius*2, size_y - (self.radius*2)))
self.orientation = Vector(0, 1).rotate(random.randint(-180, 180))
self.sensor = Vector(0, 20)
self.sensor_length = 20
self.new_orientation = self.orientation
self.draw_bounds = False
self.GUID = new_GUID()
self.condition = 0 #0 = alive, [1-fps] = dying, >fps = dead
self.delete_me = False
def c_draw_self(self):
#if we're alive and not dying, draw our normal self
if self.condition == 0:
#diagnostic
if self.draw_bounds:
pygame.gfxdraw.rectangle(screen, [int(self.x), int(self.y), 1, 1], BLUE)
temp = self.orientation * (self.linear_speed * 20)
pygame.gfxdraw.line(screen, int(self.x), int(self.y), int(self.x + temp[0]), int(self.y + temp[1]), BLUE)
#if there's a new orientation, match it gradually
temp = self.new_orientation * self.linear_speed
#draw my body
pygame.gfxdraw.aacircle(screen, int(self.x), int(self.y), self.radius, self.color)
#draw a line indicating my new direction
pygame.gfxdraw.line(screen, int(self.x), int(self.y), int(self.x + temp[0]), int(self.y + temp[1]), BLUE)
#draw my sensor (a line pointing forward)
self.sensor = self.orientation.normalize() * self.sensor_length
pygame.gfxdraw.line(screen, int(self.x), int(self.y), int(self.x + self.sensor[0]), int(self.y + self.sensor[1]), BLUE)
#otherwise we're dying, draw our dying animation
elif 1 <= self.condition <= FRAMERATE*SECS_FOR_DYING:
#draw some lines in a spinningi circle
for num in range(0,10):
line = Vector(0, 1).rotate((num*(360/10))+(self.condition*23))
line = line*self.radius
pygame.gfxdraw.line(screen, int(self.x), int(self.y), int(self.x+line[0]), int(self.y+line[1]), self.color)
def print_self(self):
#diagnostic
print("==============")
print("radius:", self.radius)
print("color:", self.color)
print("linear_speed:", self.linear_speed)
print("angular_speed:", self.angular_speed)
print("x:", self.x)
print("y:", int(self.y))
print("orientation:", self.orientation)
def avoid_others(self, _flock):
for _critter in _flock:
#if the critter isn't ME...
if _critter.GUID is not self.GUID and _critter.condition == 0:
#and it's touching me...
if self.x - _critter.x <= self.radius + _critter.radius:
me = Vector(self.x, int(self.y))
other_guy = Vector(_critter.x, _critter.y)
distance = me - other_guy
#give me new orientation that's away from the other guy
if distance.norm() <= ((self.radius) + (_critter.radius)):
new_direction = me - other_guy
self.orientation = self.new_orientation = new_direction.normalize()
def update_location(self, elapsed):
boundary = '?'
while boundary != 'X':
boundary = self.out_of_bounds()
if boundary == 'N':
self.orientation = self.new_orientation = Vector(0, 1).rotate(random.randint(-20, 20))
self.y = (self.radius) + 2
elif boundary == 'S':
self.orientation = self.new_orientation = Vector(0,-1).rotate(random.randint(-20, 20))
self.y = (size_y - (self.radius)) - 2
elif boundary == 'E':
self.orientation = self.new_orientation = Vector(-1,0).rotate(random.randint(-20, 20))
self.x = (size_x - (self.radius)) - 2
elif boundary == 'W':
self.orientation = self.new_orientation = Vector(1,0).rotate(random.randint(-20, 20))
self.x = (self.radius) + 2
point = Vector(self.x, self.y)
self.x, self.y = (point + (self.orientation * (self.linear_speed*(elapsed/1000))))
boundary = self.out_of_bounds()
def update_orientation(self, elapsed):
#randomly choose a new direction, from time to time
if random.randint(0, 100) > 98:
self.choose_new_orientation()
difference = self.orientation.argument() - self.new_orientation.argument()
self.orientation = self.orientation.rotate((difference * (self.angular_speed*(elapsed/1000))))
def still_alive(self, elapsed):
return_value = True #I am still alive
if self.condition == 0:
return_value = True
elif self.condition <= FRAMERATE*SECS_FOR_DYING:
self.condition = self.condition + (elapsed/17)
return_value = True
if self.condition > FRAMERATE*SECS_FOR_DYING:
return_value = False
return return_value
def choose_new_orientation(self):
if self.new_orientation:
if (self.orientation.argument() - self.new_orientation.argument()) < 5:
rotation = random.randint(-300, 300)
self.new_orientation = self.orientation.rotate(rotation)
def out_of_bounds(self):
if self.x >= (size_x - (self.radius)):
return 'E'
elif self.y >= (size_y - (self.radius)):
return 'S'
elif self.x <= (0 + (self.radius)):
return 'W'
elif self.y <= (0 + (self.radius)):
return 'N'
else:
return 'X'
# -------- Main Program Loop -----------
# generate critters
flock = [Critter()]
heatMap = HeatMap(60, 40)
heatMap.make_map()
last_spawn = time.clock()
run_time = time.perf_counter()
frame_count = 0
max_time = 0
ms_elapsed = 1
avg_fps = [1]
# Loop until the user clicks the close button.
done = False
while not done:
# --- Main event loop only processes one event
frame_count = frame_count + 1
for event in pygame.event.get():
if event.type == pygame.QUIT:
done = True
# --- Game logic should go here
#check if it's time to make another critter
if time.clock() - last_spawn > SPAWN_TIME:
flock.append(Critter())
last_spawn = time.clock()
if len(flock) >= FLOCK_LIMIT:
#if we're over the flock limit, cull the herd
counter = FLOCK_LIMIT
for critter in flock[0:len(flock)-FLOCK_LIMIT]:
#this code allows a critter to be "dying" for a while, to play an animation
if critter.condition == 0:
critter.condition = 1
elif not critter.still_alive(ms_elapsed):
critter.delete_me = True
counter = 0
#delete all the critters that have finished dying
while counter < len(flock):
if flock[counter].delete_me:
del flock[counter]
else:
counter = counter+1
#----loop on all critters once, doing all functions for each critter
for critter in flock:
if critter.condition == 0:
critter.avoid_others(flock)
if critter.condition == 0:
heatMap.register(critter.x, critter.y)
critter.update_location(ms_elapsed)
critter.update_orientation(ms_elapsed)
if diagnostic:
critter.print_self()
#----alternately, loop for each function. Speed seems to be similar either way
#for critter in flock:
# if critter.condition == 0:
# critter.update_location(ms_elapsed)
#for critter in flock:
# if critter.condition == 0:
# critter.update_orientation(ms_elapsed)
# --- Screen-clearing code goes here
# Here, we clear the screen to white. Don't put other drawing commands
screen.fill(WHITE)
# --- Drawing code should go here
#draw the heat_map
heatMap.hm_draw_self()
for critter in flock:
critter.c_draw_self()
#draw the framerate
myfont = pygame.font.SysFont("monospace", 15)
#average the framerate over 60 frames
temp = sum(avg_fps)/float(len(avg_fps))
text = str(round(((1/temp)*1000),0))+"FPS | "+str(len(flock))+" Critters"
label = myfont.render(text, 1, (0, 0, 0))
screen.blit(label, (5, 5))
# --- Go ahead and update the screen with what we've drawn.
pygame.display.update()
# --- Limit to 60 frames per second
#only run for 30 seconds
if time.perf_counter()-run_time >= 30:
done = True
#limit to 60fps
#add this frame's time to the list
avg_fps.append(ms_elapsed)
#remove any old frames
while len(avg_fps) > 60:
del avg_fps[0]
ms_elapsed = clock.tick(FRAMERATE)
#track longest frame
if ms_elapsed > max_time:
max_time = ms_elapsed
#print some stats once the program is finished
print("Count:", frame_count)
print("Max time since last flip:", str(max_time)+"ms")
print("Total Time:", str(int(time.perf_counter()-run_time))+"s")
print("Average time for a flip:", str(int(((time.perf_counter()-run_time)/frame_count)*1000))+"ms")
# Close the window and quit.
pygame.quit()