使用Java中的组合和接口进行设计

时间:2010-11-29 13:09:13

标签: java inheritance composition

我为以下问题设计了以下内容:

class Animal {
 // ...
}
class Guppy extends Animal { ... }
class Pigeon extends Animal { ... }

class TailedAnimal extends Animal {
 // ...
}
class Dog extends TailedAnimal { ... }
class Cat extends TailedAnimal { ... } 

class HornedAnimal extends Animal {
 // ...
}
class Ram extends HornedAnimal { ... }

public static void main(String[] args) {
 Animal a = getSomeAnimal();
 a.doSomething();
 if (a instanceof TailedAnimal) {
  // do something
 }
 if (a instanceof HornedAnimal) {
  // do something else
 }
}

Animal,HornedAnimal和TailedAnimal主要用作数据模型。

由于Java不支持多重继承,因此我无法创建Rhinoceros,这是一种角和尾动物。在询问后,有人建议使用组合和界面。我想出了以下内容:

class Animal {
 // ...
}
class Guppy extends Animal { ... }
class Pigeon extends Animal { ... }
class Ram extends Animal implements IHorned { ... }
class Cat extends Animal implements ITailed { ... } 
class Dog extends Animal implements ITailed {
 BasicTail t = new BasicTail();
 public Object getTail() {
  return t.getTail();
 }
 public void setTail(Object in) {
  t.setTail(in);
 }
}

interface ITailed {
 public Object getTail();
 public void setTail(Object in);
 //...
}

class BasicTail implements ITailed {
 Object myTail;
 public Object getTail() { return myTail; }
 public void setTail(Object t) { myTail = t; }
}

interface IHorned {
 // getters and setters
}

public static void main(String[] args) {
 Animal a = getSomeAnimal();
 a.doSomething();
    // how do I check if a is horned or tailed?
}

我的界面有getter和setter。有什么方法可以避免这种情况吗?假设目前没有办法抽象Tails和Horns的行为,并且它们主要用作数据持有者。我如何确定我的动物是角还是尾?

3 个答案:

答案 0 :(得分:8)

我在这里建议策略模式。简而言之:

interface TailedAnimal {
    void moveTail();
}
interface HornedAnimal {
    void hitWithHorn();
}
class Rhinoceros() implements TailedAnimal, HornedAnimal {
    private TailedAnimal tail;  //Instantiate it somehow e.g. constructor, setter
    private HornedAnimal horn;  //Instantiate is somehow e.g. constructor, setter
    public void moveTail() {
        tail.moveTail();
    }
    public void hitWithHorn() {
        horn.hitWithHorn();
    }
}

通过使用它,您可以在接口的具体实现中封装行为,并且可以轻松地为少数动物分享完全相同的行为,以及在运行时更改它。

答案 1 :(得分:4)

我认为你必须避免一般的制定者。如果可以,请使用不可变对象,并将其私有数据初始化为其构造函数。

为了区分动物,我使用了另一种模式,即访客。它很冗长,但您不必直接测试您正在处理的动物。

public class Animals {
private Animals() {
}

interface Animal {
    void accept(final AnimalProcessor visitor);
}

interface AnimalProcessor {
    void visitTailed(final TailedAnimal tailedAnimal);

    void visitHorned(final HornedAnimal hornedAnimal);
}

interface TailedAnimal extends Animal {
    void moveTail();
}

interface HornedAnimal extends Animal {
    void hitWithHorns();
}

static class Dog implements TailedAnimal {
    public void moveTail() {
        //To change body of implemented methods use File | Settings | File Templates.
    }

    public void accept(final AnimalProcessor visitor) {
        visitor.visitTailed(this);
    }
}

static class Cat implements TailedAnimal {
    public void moveTail() {
        //To change body of implemented methods use File | Settings | File Templates.
    }

    public void accept(final AnimalProcessor visitor) {
        visitor.visitTailed(this);
    }
}

static class Ram implements HornedAnimal {
    public void hitWithHorns() {
        //To change body of implemented methods use File | Settings | File Templates.
    }

    public void accept(final AnimalProcessor visitor) {
        visitor.visitHorned(this);
    }
}

static class Rhinoceros implements HornedAnimal, TailedAnimal {
    public void hitWithHorns() {
        //To change body of implemented methods use File | Settings | File Templates.
    }

    public void moveTail() {
        //To change body of implemented methods use File | Settings | File Templates.
    }

    public void accept(final AnimalProcessor visitor) {
        visitor.visitTailed(this);
        visitor.visitHorned(this);
    }
}

public static void main(String[] args) {
    Collection<Animal> animals = new ArrayList<Animal>(Arrays.asList(new Dog(), new Cat(), new Rhinoceros()));
    for (final Animal animal : animals) {
        animal.accept(new AnimalProcessor() {
            public void visitTailed(final TailedAnimal tailedAnimal) {
                // you do what you want when it's a tailed animal
            }

            public void visitHorned(final HornedAnimal hornedAnimal) {
                // you do what you want when it's a horned animal
            }
        });
    }
}
}

答案 2 :(得分:1)

我已经删除了我以前的答案。我想到了更好的东西。如果你很好奇,请参阅这篇文章的修订版。

使用规范模式。它非常适合这里的法案 - 比装饰师更多。你要求“检查”一只动物是否有角。装饰者模式提供透明度,而在这种情况下,你似乎要求歧视。

规范模式包含了如何评估某些标准的知识。在我们的例子中,我们想要类似的东西:

public interface Specification {

    public boolean isSatisfiedBy(Animal aCriteria);

}

public class HornedAnimalSpecification implements Specification {

    @Override
    public boolean isSatisfiedBy(Animal aCriteria) {
        //Right here is where the heart of your problem
        //can be solved.
        //
        //Reserved conquering grounds.
    }

}

现在您可以根据需要定义Animal层次结构。你现在唯一需要做的就是找出是什么让动物角落。您对该问题的回答将进入规范类。那么你的主要功能很简单。

public class Zoo {

    public static void main(String[] args) {
        Animal ram = getHornedAnimal(); //Instantiate however you'd like.
        Specification specification = new HornedAnimalSpecification();

        if (specification.isSatisfiedBy(ram)) {
            //Bingo, it's horned.
        } else {
            //Not horned!
        }
    }

}