看来R中的光栅包不区分GeoTIFF的正旋转和负旋转。我感觉这是因为R忽略了旋转矩阵中的负号。我不够精明，无法深入研究raster源代码进行验证，但我确实创建了一个可重现的示例来演示问题：
阅读R徽标并另存为GeoTIFF。
library(raster)
b <- brick(system.file("external/rlogo.grd", package="raster"))
proj4string(b) <- crs("+init=epsg:32616")
writeRaster(b, "R.tif")
使用Python向tiff添加旋转
import sys
from osgeo import gdal
from osgeo import osr
import numpy as np
from math import *
def array2TIFF(inputArray,gdalData,datatype,angle,noData,outputTIFF):
# this script takes a numpy array and saves it to a geotiff
# given a gdal.Dataset object describing the spatial atributes of the data set
# the array datatype (as a gdal object) and the name of the output raster, and rotation angle in degrees
# get the file format driver, in this case the file will be saved as a GeoTIFF
driver = gdal.GetDriverByName("GTIFF")
#set the output raster properties
tiff = driver.Create(outputTIFF,gdalData.RasterXSize,gdalData.RasterYSize,inputArray.shape[0],datatype)
transform = []
originX = gdalData.GetGeoTransform()[0]
cellSizeX = gdalData.GetGeoTransform()[1]
originY = gdalData.GetGeoTransform()[3]
cellSizeY = gdalData.GetGeoTransform()[5]
rotation = np.radians(angle)
transform.append(originX)
transform.append(cos(rotation) * cellSizeX)
transform.append(sin(rotation) * cellSizeX)
transform.append(originY)
transform.append(-sin(rotation) * cellSizeY)
transform.append(cos(rotation) * cellSizeY)
transform = tuple(transform)
#set the geotransofrm values which include corner coordinates and cell size
#once again we can use the original geotransform data because nothing has been changed
tiff.SetGeoTransform(transform)
#next the Projection info is defined using the original data
tiff.SetProjection(gdalData.GetProjection())
#cycle through each band
for band in range(inputArray.shape[0]):
#the data is written to the first raster band in the image
tiff.GetRasterBand(band+1).WriteArray(inputArray[band])
#set no data value
tiff.GetRasterBand(band+1).SetNoDataValue(0)
#the file is written to the disk once the driver variables are deleted
del tiff, driver
inputTif = gdal.Open("R.tif")
inputArray = inputTif.ReadAsArray()
array2TIFF(inputArray,inputTif, gdal.GDT_Float64, -45, 0, "R_neg45.tif")
array2TIFF(inputArray,inputTif, gdal.GDT_Float64, 45, 0, "R_pos45.tif")
在R中读取旋转的tiff。
c <- brick("R_neg45.tif")
plotRGB(c,1,2,3)
d <- brick("R_pos45.tif")
plotRGB(d,1,2,3)
> c
class : RasterBrick
rotated : TRUE
dimensions : 77, 101, 7777, 3 (nrow, ncol, ncell, nlayers)
resolution : 0.7071068, 0.7071068 (x, y)
extent : 0, 125.865, 22.55278, 148.4178 (xmin, xmax, ymin, ymax)
coord. ref. : +proj=utm +zone=16 +datum=WGS84 +units=m +no_defs +ellps=WGS84 +towgs84=0,0,0
data source : /Users/erker/g/projects/uft/code/R_neg45.tif
names : R_neg45.1, R_neg45.2, R_neg45.3
> d
class : RasterBrick
rotated : TRUE
dimensions : 77, 101, 7777, 3 (nrow, ncol, ncell, nlayers)
resolution : 0.7071068, 0.7071068 (x, y)
extent : 0, 125.865, 22.55278, 148.4178 (xmin, xmax, ymin, ymax)
coord. ref. : +proj=utm +zone=16 +datum=WGS84 +units=m +no_defs +ellps=WGS84 +towgs84=0,0,0
data source : /Users/erker/g/projects/uft/code/R_pos45.tif
names : R_pos45.1, R_pos45.2, R_pos45.3
图表相同并注明等效范围。但是，gdalinfo讲的是另一个故事
$ gdalinfo R_neg45.tif
Driver: GTiff/GeoTIFF
Files: R_neg45.tif
Size is 101, 77
Coordinate System is:
PROJCS["WGS 84 / UTM zone 16N",
GEOGCS["WGS 84",
DATUM["WGS_1984",
SPHEROID["WGS 84",6378137,298.257223563,
AUTHORITY["EPSG","7030"]],
AUTHORITY["EPSG","6326"]],
PRIMEM["Greenwich",0],
UNIT["degree",0.0174532925199433],
AUTHORITY["EPSG","4326"]],
PROJECTION["Transverse_Mercator"],
PARAMETER["latitude_of_origin",0],
PARAMETER["central_meridian",-87],
PARAMETER["scale_factor",0.9996],
PARAMETER["false_easting",500000],
PARAMETER["false_northing",0],
UNIT["metre",1,
AUTHORITY["EPSG","9001"]],
AUTHORITY["EPSG","32616"]]
GeoTransform =
0, 0.7071067811865476, -0.7071067811865475
77, -0.7071067811865475, -0.7071067811865476
Metadata:
AREA_OR_POINT=Area
Image Structure Metadata:
INTERLEAVE=PIXEL
Corner Coordinates:
Upper Left ( 0.0000000, 77.0000000) ( 91d29'19.48"W, 0d 0' 2.50"N)
Lower Left ( -54.4472222, 22.5527778) ( 91d29'21.23"W, 0d 0' 0.73"N)
Upper Right ( 71.4177849, 5.5822151) ( 91d29'17.17"W, 0d 0' 0.18"N)
Lower Right ( 16.9705627, -48.8650071) ( 91d29'18.93"W, 0d 0' 1.59"S)
Center ( 8.4852814, 14.0674965) ( 91d29'19.20"W, 0d 0' 0.46"N)
Band 1 Block=101x3 Type=Float64, ColorInterp=Gray
NoData Value=0
Band 2 Block=101x3 Type=Float64, ColorInterp=Undefined
NoData Value=0
Band 3 Block=101x3 Type=Float64, ColorInterp=Undefined
NoData Value=0
$ gdalinfo R_pos45.tif
Driver: GTiff/GeoTIFF
Files: R_pos45.tif
Size is 101, 77
Coordinate System is:
PROJCS["WGS 84 / UTM zone 16N",
GEOGCS["WGS 84",
DATUM["WGS_1984",
SPHEROID["WGS 84",6378137,298.257223563,
AUTHORITY["EPSG","7030"]],
AUTHORITY["EPSG","6326"]],
PRIMEM["Greenwich",0],
UNIT["degree",0.0174532925199433],
AUTHORITY["EPSG","4326"]],
PROJECTION["Transverse_Mercator"],
PARAMETER["latitude_of_origin",0],
PARAMETER["central_meridian",-87],
PARAMETER["scale_factor",0.9996],
PARAMETER["false_easting",500000],
PARAMETER["false_northing",0],
UNIT["metre",1,
AUTHORITY["EPSG","9001"]],
AUTHORITY["EPSG","32616"]]
GeoTransform =
0, 0.7071067811865476, 0.7071067811865475
77, 0.7071067811865475, -0.7071067811865476
Metadata:
AREA_OR_POINT=Area
Image Structure Metadata:
INTERLEAVE=PIXEL
Corner Coordinates:
Upper Left ( 0.0000000, 77.0000000) ( 91d29'19.48"W, 0d 0' 2.50"N)
Lower Left ( 54.4472222, 22.5527778) ( 91d29'17.72"W, 0d 0' 0.73"N)
Upper Right ( 71.418, 148.418) ( 91d29'17.17"W, 0d 0' 4.82"N)
Lower Right ( 125.865, 93.971) ( 91d29'15.42"W, 0d 0' 3.05"N)
Center ( 62.9325035, 85.4852814) ( 91d29'17.45"W, 0d 0' 2.78"N)
Band 1 Block=101x3 Type=Float64, ColorInterp=Gray
NoData Value=0
Band 2 Block=101x3 Type=Float64, ColorInterp=Undefined
NoData Value=0
Band 3 Block=101x3 Type=Float64, ColorInterp=Undefined
NoData Value=0
这是一个错误，还是我错过了什么？ raster包非常强大且有用，我宁愿帮助添加更多功能，而不是使用其他软件来正确处理这些（非常恼人）旋转的tiff。谢谢！这里还有一个与旋转tiff相关的R-sig-Geo mailing post。
答案 0 :(得分：1)
修改
我认为下面提到的修复程序对于大多数人来说都无法访问，因此我已经很好地完成了这些修改，以便人们可以检查和评论。
我已从2.6-7上的raster包中获取当前版本（CRAN）的来源：
https://cran.r-project.org/web/packages/raster/index.html
并从那里创建了一个新的Github存储库。
之后，我已经提交了提议的轮换修复，少数关联测试和旋转tiffs 来使用。最后，我添加了一些onLoad消息，以清楚地表明这不是raster包的正式版本。
您现在可以通过运行以下命令进行测试：
devtools::install_github("miraisolutions/raster")
library(raster)
## modified raster 2.6-7 (2018-02-23)
## you are using an unofficial, non-CRAN version of the raster package
R_Tif <- system.file("external", "R.tif", package = "raster", mustWork = TRUE)
R_Tif_pos45 <- system.file("external", "R_pos45.tif", package = "raster", mustWork = TRUE)
R_Tif_neg45 <- system.file("external", "R_neg45.tif", package = "raster", mustWork = TRUE)
R_Tif_pos100 <- system.file("external", "R_pos100.tif", package = "raster", mustWork = TRUE)
R_Tif_neg100 <- system.file("external", "R_neg100.tif", package = "raster", mustWork = TRUE)
R_Tif_pos315 <- system.file("external", "R_pos315.tif", package = "raster", mustWork = TRUE)
RTif <- brick(R_Tif)
plotRGB(RTif, 1, 2, 3)
pos45Tif <- suppressWarnings(brick(R_Tif_pos45))
plotRGB(pos45Tif, 1, 2, 3)
neg45Tif <- suppressWarnings(brick(R_Tif_neg45))
plotRGB(neg45Tif,1,2,3)
pos100Tif <- suppressWarnings(brick(R_Tif_pos100))
plotRGB(pos100Tif, 1, 2, 3)
neg100Tif <- suppressWarnings(brick(R_Tif_neg100))
plotRGB(neg100Tif, 1, 2, 3)
pos315Tif <- suppressWarnings(brick(R_Tif_pos315))
plotRGB(pos315Tif,1,2,3)
对于提供的示例，我可以通过对raster:::.rasterFromGDAL的以下修改来修复它（请参阅评论添加1 和添加2 ）：
# ... (unmodified initial part of function)
# condition for rotation case
if (gdalinfo["oblique.x"] != 0 | gdalinfo["oblique.y"] != 0) {
rotated <- TRUE
res1 <- attributes(rgdal::readGDAL(filename))$bbox # addition 1
if (warn) {
warning("\n\n This file has a rotation\n Support for such files is limited and results of data processing might be wrong.\n Proceed with caution & consider using the \"rectify\" function\n")
}
rotMat <- matrix(gdalinfo[c("res.x", "oblique.x", "oblique.y", "res.y")], 2)
# addition 2 below
if (all(res1[, "min"] < 0)) {
rotMat[2] <- rotMat[2] * -1
rotMat[3] <- rotMat[3] * -1
}
# ... (original code continues)
我用R.tif以及+ 45，-45，+ 315，+ 100和-100的旋转对此进行了测试，这看起来都像我期望的那样。
同时，考虑到代码中的warning，我希望旋转文件存在更深层次的潜在问题，所以我不能说这可能会带你走多远。