我正在研究一个程序,它确定使用Collatz猜想将数字变为1所需的步数(如果n为奇数,3n + 1;如果n为偶数,则为n / 2)。该程序在每次完成计算时将计算的数量增加一,并测试它可以以秒为单位计算的数量。这是我目前的工作计划:
public class Collatz {
static long numSteps = 0;
public static long calculate(long c){
if(c == 1){
return numSteps;
}
else if(c % 2 == 0){
numSteps++;
calculate(c / 2);
}
else if(c % 2 != 0){
numSteps++;
calculate(c * 3 + 1);
}
return numSteps;
}
public static void main(String args[]){
int n = 1;
long startTime = System.currentTimeMillis();
while(System.currentTimeMillis() < startTime + 60000){
calculate(n);
n++;
numSteps = 0;
}
System.out.println("The highest number was: " + n);
}
}
目前它可以在一分钟内计算出大约1亿个数字,但我正在寻找有关如何进一步优化程序的建议,以便它可以在一分钟内计算出更多的数字。任何和所有建议将不胜感激:)。
答案 0 :(得分:1)
你可以
通过假设c % 2 == 0
为假而c % 2 != 0
必须为真来优化计算方法。您还可以假设c * 3 + 1
必须是偶数,这样您就可以计算(c * 3 + 1)/2
并将两个加到numSteps中。您可以使用循环而不是递归,因为Java没有尾调用优化。
通过记忆获得更大的进步。对于每个数字,您可以记住您获得的结果,如果在返回该值之前计算了数字。您可能希望在记忆中设置上限,例如不高于您想要计算的最后一个数字。如果你不这样做,那么一些价值将是最大价值的许多倍。
为了您的兴趣
public class Collatz {
static final int[] CALC_CACHE = new int[2_000_000_000];
static int calculate(long n) {
int numSteps = 0;
long c = n;
while (c != 1) {
if (c < CALC_CACHE.length) {
int steps = CALC_CACHE[(int) c];
if (steps > 0) {
numSteps += steps;
break;
}
}
if (c % 2 == 0) {
numSteps++;
c /= 2;
} else {
numSteps += 2;
if (c > Long.MAX_VALUE / 3)
throw new IllegalStateException("c is too large " + c);
c = (c * 3 + 1) / 2;
}
}
if (n < CALC_CACHE.length) {
CALC_CACHE[(int) n] = numSteps;
}
return numSteps;
}
public static void main(String args[]) {
long n = 1, maxN = 0, maxSteps = 0;
long startTime = System.currentTimeMillis();
while (System.currentTimeMillis() < startTime + 60000) {
for (int i = 0; i < 10; i++) {
int steps = calculate(n);
if (steps > maxSteps) {
maxSteps = steps;
maxN = n;
}
n++;
}
if (n % 10000000 == 1)
System.out.printf("%,d%n", n);
}
System.out.printf("The highest number was: %,d, maxSteps: %,d for: %,d%n", n, maxSteps, maxN);
}
}
打印
The highest number was: 1,672,915,631, maxSteps: 1,000 for: 1,412,987,847
更高级的答案是使用多个线程。在这种情况下,使用带有记忆的递归更容易实现。
import java.util.stream.LongStream;
public class Collatz {
static final short[] CALC_CACHE = new short[Integer.MAX_VALUE-8];
public static int calculate(long c) {
if (c == 1) {
return 0;
}
int steps;
if (c < CALC_CACHE.length) {
steps = CALC_CACHE[(int) c];
if (steps > 0)
return steps;
}
if (c % 2 == 0) {
steps = calculate(c / 2) + 1;
} else {
steps = calculate((c * 3 + 1) / 2) + 2;
}
if (c < CALC_CACHE.length) {
if (steps > Short.MAX_VALUE)
throw new AssertionError();
CALC_CACHE[(int) c] = (short) steps;
}
return steps;
}
static int calculate2(long n) {
int numSteps = 0;
long c = n;
while (c != 1) {
if (c < CALC_CACHE.length) {
int steps = CALC_CACHE[(int) c];
if (steps > 0) {
numSteps += steps;
break;
}
}
if (c % 2 == 0) {
numSteps++;
c /= 2;
} else {
numSteps += 2;
if (c > Long.MAX_VALUE / 3)
throw new IllegalStateException("c is too large " + c);
c = (c * 3 + 1) / 2;
}
}
if (n < CALC_CACHE.length) {
CALC_CACHE[(int) n] = (short) numSteps;
}
return numSteps;
}
public static void main(String args[]) {
long maxN = 0, maxSteps = 0;
long startTime = System.currentTimeMillis();
long[] res = LongStream.range(1, 6_000_000_000L).parallel().collect(
() -> new long[2],
(long[] arr, long n) -> {
int steps = calculate(n);
if (steps > arr[0]) {
arr[0] = steps;
arr[1] = n;
}
},
(a, b) -> {
if (a[0] < b[0]) {
a[0] = b[0];
a[1] = b[1];
}
});
maxN = res[1];
maxSteps = res[0];
long time = System.currentTimeMillis() - startTime;
System.out.printf("After %.3f seconds, maxSteps: %,d for: %,d%n", time / 1e3, maxSteps, maxN);
}
}
打印
After 52.461 seconds, maxSteps: 1,131 for: 4,890,328,815
注意:如果我将第二次计算调用更改为
steps = calculate((c * 3 + 1) ) + 1;
打印
After 63.065 seconds, maxSteps: 1,131 for: 4,890,328,815