我一直在尝试优化一段涉及大型多维数组计算的python代码。我对numba的结果有违反直觉。我正在运行MBP,2015年中期,2.5 GHz i7 quadcore,OS 10.10.5,python 2.7.11。请考虑以下事项:
import numpy as np
from numba import jit, vectorize, guvectorize
import numexpr as ne
import timeit
def add_two_2ds_naive(A,B,res):
for i in range(A.shape[0]):
for j in range(B.shape[1]):
res[i,j] = A[i,j]+B[i,j]
@jit
def add_two_2ds_jit(A,B,res):
for i in range(A.shape[0]):
for j in range(B.shape[1]):
res[i,j] = A[i,j]+B[i,j]
@guvectorize(['float64[:,:],float64[:,:],float64[:,:]'],
'(n,m),(n,m)->(n,m)',target='cpu')
def add_two_2ds_cpu(A,B,res):
for i in range(A.shape[0]):
for j in range(B.shape[1]):
res[i,j] = A[i,j]+B[i,j]
@guvectorize(['(float64[:,:],float64[:,:],float64[:,:])'],
'(n,m),(n,m)->(n,m)',target='parallel')
def add_two_2ds_parallel(A,B,res):
for i in range(A.shape[0]):
for j in range(B.shape[1]):
res[i,j] = A[i,j]+B[i,j]
def add_two_2ds_numexpr(A,B,res):
res = ne.evaluate('A+B')
if __name__=="__main__":
np.random.seed(69)
A = np.random.rand(10000,100)
B = np.random.rand(10000,100)
res = np.zeros((10000,100))
我现在可以在各种功能上运行timeit:
%timeit add_two_2ds_jit(A,B,res)
1000 loops, best of 3: 1.16 ms per loop
%timeit add_two_2ds_cpu(A,B,res)
1000 loops, best of 3: 1.19 ms per loop
%timeit add_two_2ds_parallel(A,B,res)
100 loops, best of 3: 6.9 ms per loop
%timeit add_two_2ds_numexpr(A,B,res)
1000 loops, best of 3: 1.62 ms per loop
似乎'并行'甚至不使用大多数单核,因为它在top
中的用法表明python正在为'并行'命中~40%cpu,'cpu为~100% ',和numexpr达到~300%。
答案 0 :(得分:5)
@guvectorize实现存在两个问题。第一个是你正在你的@guvectorize内核中进行所有循环,所以Numba并行目标实际上并没有并行化。 @vectorize和@guvectorize都在ufunc / gufunc中对广播维度进行并行化。由于gufunc的签名是2D,并且您的输入是2D,因此只有一次内部函数调用,这解释了您看到的CPU使用率仅为100%。
编写上述函数的最佳方法是使用常规ufunc:
@vectorize('(float64, float64)', target='parallel')
def add_ufunc(a, b):
return a + b
然后在我的系统上,我看到了这些速度:
%timeit add_two_2ds_jit(A,B,res)
1000 loops, best of 3: 1.87 ms per loop
%timeit add_two_2ds_cpu(A,B,res)
1000 loops, best of 3: 1.81 ms per loop
%timeit add_two_2ds_parallel(A,B,res)
The slowest run took 11.82 times longer than the fastest. This could mean that an intermediate result is being cached
100 loops, best of 3: 2.43 ms per loop
%timeit add_two_2ds_numexpr(A,B,res)
100 loops, best of 3: 2.79 ms per loop
%timeit add_ufunc(A, B, res)
The slowest run took 9.24 times longer than the fastest. This could mean that an intermediate result is being cached
1000 loops, best of 3: 2.03 ms per loop
(这是一个非常类似的OS X系统,但是使用OS X 10.11。)
虽然Numba的并行ufunc现在击败了numexpr(我看到add_ufunc
使用了大约280%的CPU),但它并没有超过简单的单线程CPU案例。我怀疑瓶颈是由于内存(或缓存)带宽,但我还没有完成测量以检查它。
一般来说,如果你对每个内存元素进行更多的数学运算(比如余弦),你会发现并行ufunc目标会带来更多好处。