我正在尝试在我的项目中实现软粒子。 一切都很好，我也实现了纹理。但是当鼠标移动到某个角度时， 粒子变形了。粒子在视图空间中生成。 所以，我想知道如何在我的项目中实现广告牌，以便每个粒子看起来都是均匀的。这是我的代码：
bool CETSmokeRenderer::InitBuffers()
{
size_t vertexSize = 3 * 4 * m_NumVertex * sizeof(float);
size_t colorSize = 4 * 4 * m_NumVertex * sizeof(float);
size_t texCoordSize = 2 * 4 * m_NumVertex * sizeof(float);
if(!vertexBuffer)
{
glDeleteBuffersARB(1, &vertexBuffer);
glDeleteBuffersARB(1, &colorBuffer);
glDeleteBuffersARB(1, &texCoordBuffer);
}
glGenBuffersARB(1, &vertexBuffer);
glGenBuffersARB(1, &colorBuffer);
glGenBuffersARB(1, &texCoordBuffer);
glBindBufferARB(GL_ARRAY_BUFFER_ARB, vertexBuffer);
glBufferDataARB(GL_ARRAY_BUFFER_ARB, vertexSize, NULL, GL_STREAM_DRAW_ARB);
glBindBufferARB(GL_ARRAY_BUFFER_ARB, colorBuffer);
glBufferDataARB(GL_ARRAY_BUFFER_ARB, colorSize, NULL, GL_STREAM_DRAW_ARB);
// Creates the static texture data
size_t len = 2 * 4 * m_NumVertex;
if(0 > m_NumVertex)
{
return false;
}
else if(0 == m_NumVertex)
{
return true;
}
float *texCoords = new float[len];
{
size_t i = 0;
while(i < len)
{
// u v
texCoords[i++] = 0.0f; texCoords[i++] = 0.0f;
texCoords[i++] = 1.0f; texCoords[i++] = 0.0f;
texCoords[i++] = 1.0f; texCoords[i++] = 1.0f;
texCoords[i++] = 0.0f; texCoords[i++] = 1.0f;
}
}
glBindBufferARB(GL_ARRAY_BUFFER_ARB, texCoordBuffer);
glBufferDataARB(GL_ARRAY_BUFFER_ARB, texCoordSize, (void*)texCoords, GL_STATIC_DRAW_ARB);
delete texCoords;
glBindBufferARB(GL_ARRAY_BUFFER_ARB, 0);
return 0;
}
void CETSmokeRenderer::Draw(Camera &cam, bool useTex)
{
if(useTex)
glBindTexture(GL_TEXTURE_2D, texID);
glMatrixMode(GL_MODELVIEW);
glPushMatrix();
glLoadIdentity();
mBaseView->SetupViewingTransform();
size_t len = particleStore.size();
std::vector<SimpleSmokeParticle> toDraw;
for(size_t i = 0; i < len; i++)
{
SimpleSmokeParticle sp;
sp.transP = particleStore[i].p;
sp.index = i;
toDraw.push_back(sp);
}
//std::sort(toDraw.begin(), toDraw.end(), ParticleCmp);
#ifdef USE_VBO
glBindBufferARB(GL_ARRAY_BUFFER_ARB, vertexBuffer);
glBufferDataARB(GL_ARRAY_BUFFER_ARB, 3 * 4 * m_NumVertex * sizeof(float), NULL, GL_STREAM_DRAW_ARB);
float *vertexPtr = (float*)glMapBufferARB(GL_ARRAY_BUFFER_ARB, GL_WRITE_ONLY_ARB);
assert(vertexPtr);
for(size_t i = 0, count = 0; count < len; count++)
{
SmokeParticle &prt = particleStore[ toDraw[count].index ];
Point3f &p = toDraw[count].transP;
float w = prt.w / 0.5f;
float h = prt.h / 1.0f;
vertexPtr[i++] = p.x - w; vertexPtr[i++] = p.y - h; vertexPtr[i++] = p.z;
vertexPtr[i++] = p.x + w; vertexPtr[i++] = p.y - h; vertexPtr[i++] = p.z;
vertexPtr[i++] = p.x + w; vertexPtr[i++] = p.y + h; vertexPtr[i++] = p.z;
vertexPtr[i++] = p.x - w; vertexPtr[i++] = p.y + h; vertexPtr[i++] = p.z;
}
glUnmapBufferARB(GL_ARRAY_BUFFER_ARB);
glBindBufferARB(GL_ARRAY_BUFFER_ARB, colorBuffer);
glBufferDataARB(GL_ARRAY_BUFFER_ARB, 4 * 4 * m_NumVertex * sizeof(float), NULL, GL_STREAM_DRAW_ARB);
float *colorPtr = (float*)glMapBufferARB(GL_ARRAY_BUFFER_ARB, GL_WRITE_ONLY_ARB);
assert(colorBuffer);
for(size_t i = 0, count = 0; count < len; count++)
{
SmokeParticle &prt = particleStore[ toDraw[count].index ];
// r g b a
colorPtr[i++] = prt.r; colorPtr[i++] = prt.g; colorPtr[i++] = prt.b; colorPtr[i++] = prt.alpha;
colorPtr[i++] = prt.r; colorPtr[i++] = prt.g; colorPtr[i++] = prt.b; colorPtr[i++] = prt.alpha;
colorPtr[i++] = prt.r; colorPtr[i++] = prt.g; colorPtr[i++] = prt.b; colorPtr[i++] = prt.alpha;
colorPtr[i++] = prt.r; colorPtr[i++] = prt.g; colorPtr[i++] = prt.b; colorPtr[i++] = prt.alpha;
}
glUnmapBufferARB(GL_ARRAY_BUFFER_ARB);
// Draws buffered data
glBindBufferARB(GL_ARRAY_BUFFER_ARB, vertexBuffer);
glEnableClientState(GL_VERTEX_ARRAY);
glVertexPointer(3, GL_FLOAT, 0, 0);
glBindBufferARB(GL_ARRAY_BUFFER_ARB, colorBuffer);
glEnableClientState(GL_COLOR_ARRAY);
glColorPointer(4, GL_FLOAT, 0, 0);
glBindBufferARB(GL_ARRAY_BUFFER_ARB, texCoordBuffer);
glEnableClientState(GL_TEXTURE_COORD_ARRAY);
glTexCoordPointer(2, GL_FLOAT, 0, 0);
glDrawArrays(GL_QUADS, 0, (GLsizei)len *4);
glDisableClientState(GL_VERTEX_ARRAY);
glDisableClientState(GL_COLOR_ARRAY);
glDisableClientState(GL_TEXTURE_COORD_ARRAY);
glBindBufferARB(GL_ARRAY_BUFFER_ARB, 0);
#else
{..}
glPopMatrix();
}
void CETSmokeRenderer::Render()
{
//glClear(GL_COLOR_BUFFER_BIT | GL_DEPTH_BUFFER_BIT);
// Renders depth information
if(useSoftParticles)
{
glBindFramebufferEXT(GL_FRAMEBUFFER_EXT, fbo);
glClampColorARB(GL_CLAMP_VERTEX_COLOR_ARB, GL_FALSE);
glClampColorARB(GL_CLAMP_FRAGMENT_COLOR_ARB, GL_FALSE);
glClampColorARB(GL_CLAMP_READ_COLOR_ARB, GL_FALSE);
glClearColor(FLT_MAX, FLT_MAX, FLT_MAX, FLT_MAX);
glClear(GL_COLOR_BUFFER_BIT);;
glUseProgramObjectARB(0);
glBindFramebufferEXT(GL_FRAMEBUFFER_EXT, 0);
glClampColorARB(GL_CLAMP_VERTEX_COLOR_ARB, GL_TRUE);
glClampColorARB(GL_CLAMP_FRAGMENT_COLOR_ARB, GL_TRUE);
glClampColorARB(GL_CLAMP_READ_COLOR_ARB, GL_TRUE);
glBindTexture(GL_TEXTURE_2D, 0);
// renders the soft particles
glUseProgramObjectARB(particleShader);
// Sets texture data
GLint texloc = glGetUniformLocationARB(particleShader, "tex");
GLint depthTexloc = glGetUniformLocationARB(particleShader, "depthInfo");
GLint powerloc = glGetUniformLocationARB(particleShader, "power");
glUniform1fARB(powerloc, (float)softParticlePower);
glActiveTexture(GL_TEXTURE0);
glBindTexture(GL_TEXTURE_2D, TextureID());
glUniform1iARB(texloc, 0);
glActiveTexture(GL_TEXTURE1);
glBindTexture(GL_TEXTURE_2D, depthTex);
glUniform1iARB(depthTexloc, 1);
Draw(m_pCamera, false);
// Unbinds shader and textures
glBindTexture(GL_TEXTURE_2D, 0);
glActiveTexture(GL_TEXTURE0);
glBindTexture(GL_TEXTURE_2D, 0);
glUseProgramObjectARB(0);
}
else
{
glUseProgramObjectARB(particleShader);
glActiveTexture(GL_TEXTURE0);
glBindTexture(GL_TEXTURE_2D, TextureID());
glActiveTexture(GL_TEXTURE1);
glBindTexture(GL_TEXTURE_2D, depthTex);
Draw(m_pCamera, true);
glBindTexture(GL_TEXTURE_2D, 0);
glActiveTexture(GL_TEXTURE0);
glBindTexture(GL_TEXTURE_2D, 0);
glUseProgramObjectARB(0);
}
}
答案 0 :(得分：0)
实现你正在寻找的东西的一种方法是利用点精灵，我在下面附上了一些代码，以简单的方式说明了这一点，希望这会有所帮助：
/*
Simple point-sprite particle demo - renders particles using spheres
Requirements:
GLM maths library
Freeglut
*/
#include <gl/glew.h>
#include <gl/freeglut.h>
#include <iostream>
#include "GLSLShader.h"
#include <glm/glm.hpp>
#include <glm/gtc/matrix_projection.hpp>
#include <glm/gtc/matrix_transform.hpp>
#include <glm/gtc/type_ptr.hpp>
#include <cassert>
#define GL_CHECK_ERRORS assert(glGetError()== GL_NO_ERROR)
using namespace std;
class Screen
{
public:
int width, height;
string title;
unsigned int displayFlags, contextFlags;
Screen(string ititle, int iwidth = 1024, int iheight = 768){
Screen(ititle, (GLUT_DEPTH | GLUT_DOUBLE | GLUT_RGBA), (GLUT_CORE_PROFILE | GLUT_DEBUG), iwidth, iheight)
}
Screen(string ititle, unsigned int disFlags, unsigned int contFlags, int iwidth = 1024, int iheight = 768){
title = ititle; width = iwidth; height = iheight;
displayFlags = disFlags;
contextFlags = contFlags;
}
};
const int TOTAL= 9;
GLfloat positions[3*TOTAL]={-1,0,-1, 0,0,-1, 1,0,-1,-1,0, 0, 0,0, 0, 1,0, 0,-1,0, 1, 0,0, 1, 1,0,1};
GLuint vboID, vaoID;
GLsizei stride = sizeof(GLfloat)*3;
GLSLShader shader;
int filling=1;
// Absolute rotation values (0-359 degrees) and rotiation increments for each frame
float rotation_x=0, rotation_x_increment=0.1f;
float rotation_y=0, rotation_y_increment=0.05f;
float rotation_z=0, rotation_z_increment=0.03f;
glm::mat4 P; //projection matrix;
bool bRotate=true;
void InitShaders(void)
{
shader.LoadFromFile(GL_VERTEX_SHADER, "shader.vert");
shader.LoadFromFile(GL_FRAGMENT_SHADER, "shader.frag");
shader.CreateAndLinkProgram();
shader.Use();
shader.AddAttribute("vVertex");
shader.AddUniform("Color");
shader.AddUniform("lightDir");
shader.AddUniform("MVP");
glUniform3f(shader("lightDir"), 0,0,1);
glUniform3f(shader("Color"),1,0,0);
shader.UnUse();
GL_CHECK_ERRORS;
}
void InitVAO() {
GL_CHECK_ERRORS;
//Create vao and vbo stuff
glGenVertexArrays(1, &vaoID);
glGenBuffers (1, &vboID);
GL_CHECK_ERRORS;
glBindVertexArray(vaoID);
glBindBuffer (GL_ARRAY_BUFFER, vboID);
glBufferData (GL_ARRAY_BUFFER, sizeof(positions), &positions[0], GL_STATIC_DRAW);
GL_CHECK_ERRORS;
glEnableVertexAttribArray(shader["vVertex"]);
glVertexAttribPointer (shader["vVertex"], 3, GL_FLOAT, GL_FALSE,stride,0);
glBindVertexArray(0);
GL_CHECK_ERRORS;
}
void SetupGLBase() {
glGetError();
GL_CHECK_ERRORS;
glClearColor(0.0f,0.0f,0.2f,0.0f);
GL_CHECK_ERRORS;
InitShaders();
InitVAO();
glEnable(GL_DEPTH_TEST); // We enable the depth test (also called z buffer)
GL_CHECK_ERRORS;
glPointSize(50);
}
void OnRender() {
GL_CHECK_ERRORS;
glClear(GL_COLOR_BUFFER_BIT| GL_DEPTH_BUFFER_BIT);
//setup matrices
glm::mat4 T = glm::translate(glm::mat4(1.0f),glm::vec3(0.0f, 0.0f, -5));
glm::mat4 Rx = glm::rotate(T, rotation_x, glm::vec3(1.0f, 0.0f, 0.0f));
glm::mat4 Ry = glm::rotate(Rx, rotation_y, glm::vec3(0.0f, 1.0f, 0.0f));
glm::mat4 MV = glm::rotate(Ry, rotation_z, glm::vec3(0.0f, 0.0f, 1.0f));
glm::mat4 MVP = P*MV;
//draw the points
shader.Use();
glUniformMatrix4fv(shader("MVP"), 1, GL_FALSE, glm::value_ptr(MVP));
glBindVertexArray(vaoID);
glDrawArrays(GL_POINTS, 0, TOTAL);
glBindVertexArray(0);
shader.UnUse();
glutSwapBuffers();
}
void OnResize(int w, int h)
{
glViewport (0, 0, (GLsizei) w, (GLsizei) h);
//setup the projection matrix
P = glm::perspective(45.0f, (GLfloat)w/h, 1.f, 1000.f);
}
void OnShutdown() {
glDeleteBuffers(1, &vboID);
glDeleteVertexArrays(1, &vaoID);
}
void OnKey(unsigned char key, int x, int y)
{
switch (key)
{
case ' ': bRotate=!bRotate; break;
case 'r': case 'R':
if (filling==0)
{
glPolygonMode (GL_FRONT_AND_BACK, GL_FILL); // Filled Polygon Mode
filling=1;
}
else
{
glPolygonMode (GL_FRONT_AND_BACK, GL_LINE); // Outline Polygon Mode
filling=0;
}
break;
}
}
void OnSpecialKey(int key, int x, int y)
{
switch (key)
{
case GLUT_KEY_UP: rotation_x_increment = rotation_x_increment +0.005f; break;
case GLUT_KEY_DOWN: rotation_x_increment = rotation_x_increment -0.005f; break;
case GLUT_KEY_LEFT: rotation_y_increment = rotation_y_increment +0.005f; break;
case GLUT_KEY_RIGHT: rotation_y_increment = rotation_y_increment -0.005f; break;
}
}
void OnIdle() {
if(bRotate) {
rotation_x = rotation_x + rotation_x_increment;
rotation_y = rotation_y + rotation_y_increment;
rotation_z = rotation_z + rotation_z_increment;
}
if (rotation_x > 359) rotation_x = 0;
if (rotation_y > 359) rotation_y = 0;
if (rotation_z > 359) rotation_z = 0;
glutPostRedisplay();
}
void glTestAndInfo(GLEnum glewInitResponse)
{
if (GLEW_OK != glewInitResponse) {
cerr<<"Error: "<<glewGetErrorString(glewInitResponse)<<endl;
} else {
if (GLEW_VERSION_3_3)
{
cout<<"Driver supports OpenGL 3.3 or greater.\nDetails:"<<endl;
}
}
cout<<"Using GLEW "<<glewGetString(GLEW_VERSION)<<endl;
cout<<"Vendor: "<<glGetString (GL_VENDOR)<<endl;
cout<<"Renderer: "<<glGetString (GL_RENDERER)<<endl;
cout<<"Version: "<<glGetString (GL_VERSION)<<endl;
cout<<"GLSL: "<<glGetString (GL_SHADING_LANGUAGE_VERSION)<<endl;
}
void main(int argc, char** argv) {
Screen *screen = news Screen("Point sprites as spheres in OpenGL 3.3");
atexit(OnShutdown);
glutInit(&argc, argv);
glutInitDisplayMode(screen->displayFlags);
glutInitContextVersion (3, 3);
glutInitContextFlags (screen->contextFlags);
glutInitWindowSize(screen->width, screen->height);
glutCreateWindow(screen->title);
glewExperimental = GL_TRUE;
glTestAndInfo(glewInit());
SetupGLBase();
glutDisplayFunc(OnRender);
glutReshapeFunc(OnResize);
glutKeyboardFunc(OnKey);
glutSpecialFunc(OnSpecialKey);
glutIdleFunc(OnIdle);
glutMainLoop();
}
#pragma once
#ifndef GLSL_SHADER_H
#define GLSL_SHADER_H
#include <GL/glew.h>
#include <map>
#include <string>
using namespace std;
class GLSLShader
{
public:
GLSLShader(void);
~GLSLShader(void);
void LoadFromString(GLenum whichShader, const string source);
void LoadFromFile(GLenum whichShader, const string filename);
void CreateAndLinkProgram();
void Use();
void UnUse();
void AddAttribute(const string attribute);
void AddUniform(const string uniform);
GLuint operator[](const string attribute);// indexer: returns the location of the named attribute
GLuint operator()(const string uniform);
private:
enum ShaderType {VERTEX_SHADER, FRAGMENT_SHADER, GEOMETRY_SHADER};
GLuint _program;
int _totalShaders;
GLuint _shaders[3];//0 vertexshader, 1 fragmentshader, 2 geometryshader
map<string,GLuint> _attributeList;
map<string,GLuint> _uniformLocationList;
};
#endif
/*
Really basic glsl shader class
*/
#include "GLSLShader.h"
#include <iostream>
#include <fstream>
// constructor
GLSLShader::GLSLShader(void)
{
_totalShaders=0;
_shaders[VERTEX_SHADER]=0;
_shaders[FRAGMENT_SHADER]=0;
_shaders[GEOMETRY_SHADER]=0;
_attributeList.clear();
_uniformLocationList.clear();
}
// destructor
GLSLShader::~GLSLShader(void)
{
_attributeList.clear();
_uniformLocationList.clear();
glDeleteProgram(_program);
}
// loader functions
void GLSLShader::LoadFromString(GLenum type, const string source) {
GLuint shader = glCreateShader (type);
const char * ptmp = source.c_str();
glShaderSource (shader, 1, &ptmp, NULL);
//check whether the shader loads fine
GLint status;
glCompileShader (shader);
glGetShaderiv (shader, GL_COMPILE_STATUS, &status);
if (status == GL_FALSE) {
GLint infoLogLength;
glGetShaderiv (shader, GL_INFO_LOG_LENGTH, &infoLogLength);
GLchar *infoLog= new GLchar[infoLogLength];
glGetShaderInfoLog (shader, infoLogLength, NULL, infoLog);
cerr<<"Compile log: "<<infoLog<<endl;
delete [] infoLog;
}
_shaders[_totalShaders++]=shader;
}
void GLSLShader::LoadFromFile(GLenum whichShader, const string filename){
ifstream fp;
fp.open(filename.c_str(), ios_base::in);
if(fp) {
string line, buffer;
while(getline(fp, line)) {
buffer.append(line);
buffer.append("\r\n");
}
//copy to source
LoadFromString(whichShader, buffer);
} else {
cerr<<"Error loading shader: "<<filename<<endl;
}
}
// utilitarian functions
void GLSLShader::CreateAndLinkProgram() {
_program = glCreateProgram ();
if (_shaders[VERTEX_SHADER] != 0) {
glAttachShader (_program, _shaders[VERTEX_SHADER]);
}
if (_shaders[FRAGMENT_SHADER] != 0) {
glAttachShader (_program, _shaders[FRAGMENT_SHADER]);
}
if (_shaders[GEOMETRY_SHADER] != 0) {
glAttachShader (_program, _shaders[GEOMETRY_SHADER]);
}
//link and check whether the program links fine
GLint status;
glLinkProgram (_program);
glGetProgramiv (_program, GL_LINK_STATUS, &status);
if (status == GL_FALSE) {
GLint infoLogLength;
glGetProgramiv (_program, GL_INFO_LOG_LENGTH, &infoLogLength);
GLchar *infoLog= new GLchar[infoLogLength];
glGetProgramInfoLog (_program, infoLogLength, NULL, infoLog);
cerr<<"Link log: "<<infoLog<<endl;
delete [] infoLog;
}
glDeleteShader(_shaders[VERTEX_SHADER]);
glDeleteShader(_shaders[FRAGMENT_SHADER]);
glDeleteShader(_shaders[GEOMETRY_SHADER]);
}
void GLSLShader::Use() {
glUseProgram(_program);
}
void GLSLShader::UnUse() {
glUseProgram(0);
}
void GLSLShader::AddAttribute(const string attribute) {
_attributeList[attribute]= glGetAttribLocation(_program, attribute.c_str());
}
// indexer: returns the location of the named attribute
GLuint GLSLShader::operator [](const string attribute) {
return _attributeList[attribute];
}
void GLSLShader::AddUniform(const string uniform) {
_uniformLocationList[uniform] = glGetUniformLocation(_program, uniform.c_str());
}
GLuint GLSLShader::operator()(const string uniform){
return _uniformLocationList[uniform];
}
这段代码已经很老了，我无法在这里测试渲染（没有明显的GFX卡），所以如果有任何问题请告诉我，我可以在我的GFX开发机上修复一次。
着色器也可能有所帮助（不知道我是怎么忘记他们的，老年人可能会抓住我！）所以他们在这里：
#version 330 // set this to whatever minimum version you want to support
in vec3 vVertex;
uniform mat4 MVP;
void main()
{
gl_Position = MVP*vec4(vVertex,1);
}
#version 330
out vec4 vFragColour;
uniform vec3 Colour;
uniform vec3 lightDirection;
void main(void)
{
// calculate normal from texture coordinates
vec3 N;
N.xy = gl_PointCoord* 2.0 - vec2(1.0);
float mag = dot(N.xy, N.xy);
if (mag > 1.0) discard; // kill pixels outside the circle we want
N.z = sqrt(1.0-mag); // this might be expensive depending on your hardware
float diffuse = max(0.0, dot(lightDirection, N)); // calculate lighting
vFragColour = vec4(Colour,1) * diffuse;
}
要将freeglut库添加到构建并解决LNK 1104错误，只需转到*Project >> Properties >> VC++ Directories*并添加freeglut包含的目录，存储源库和dll，例如对于lib文件，请转到{{0 }}
按如下方式添加文件夹：
希望这会有所帮助：）