我在这里遇到了优化问题。我想让这个代码在O(n)中运行,我现在试了几个小时。
字节数组c包含一个字符串,e包含相同的字符串,但已排序。内部数组nc和ne包含字符串中的索引,例如
c:
s l e e p i n g
nc:
0 0 0 1 0 0 0 0
e:
e e g i l n p s
ne:
0 1 0 0 0 0 0 0
现在的问题是get_next_index是线性的 - 有没有办法解决这个问题?
void decode_block(int p) {
BYTE xj = c[p];
int nxj = nc[p];
for (int i = 0; i < block_size; i++) {
result[i] = xj;
int q = get_next_index(xj, nxj, c, nc);
xj = e[q];
nxj = ne[q];
}
fwrite(result, sizeof (BYTE), block_size, stdout);
fflush(stdout);
}
int get_next_index(BYTE xj, int nxj, BYTE* c, int* nc) {
int i = 0;
while ( ( xj != c[i] ) || ( nxj != nc[i] ) ) {
i++;
}
return i;
}
这是Burrows-Wheeler实施
的一部分以
开头xj = c[p]
nxj = nc[p]
接下来我要block_size(=长度c =长度nc =长度e =长度ne)次
将结果xj存储在结果
找到c [i] == xj
xj现在是e [i]
ne和nc仅用于确保e和c中的每个字符都是唯一的(e_0!= e_1)。
答案 0 :(得分:1)
由于你的宇宙(即一个角色)很小,我认为你可以通过线性时间逃脱。你需要一个链表和 任何序列容器一个查找表。
首先,浏览已排序的字符串并填充查找表,以便查找给定字符的第一个列表元素。例如,您的查找表可能看起来像std::array<std::list<size_t>,(1<<sizeof(char))> lookup
。如果您不想要list
,您还可以使用std::deque
甚至是std::pair<std::vector,size_t>
,而第二项代表向量的第一个有效条目的索引(这样您就可以稍后不需要弹出元素,只需增加索引。)
因此,对于已排序字符串中的每个元素c
,您可以将其附加到lookup[c]
中的容器中。
现在,当您遍历未排序的数组时,对于每个元素,您可以在查找表中查找相应的索引。完成后,在查找表中弹出front元素。
总而言之,这是线性时间和空间。
澄清;初始化查找表时:
// Instead of a list, a deque will likely perform better,
// but you have to test this yourself in your particular case.
std::array<std::list<size_t>,(1<<sizeof(char))> lookup;
for (size_t i = 0; i < sortedLength; i++) {
lookup[sorted[i]].push_back(i);
}
在未排序的数组中找到索引i
的“第一个索引”时:
size_t const j = lookup[unsorted[i]].front();
lookup[unsorted[i]].pop_front();
return j;
答案 1 :(得分:1)
扫描xj
和nxj
一次,然后构建一个查找表。这是两个O(n)操作。
最明智的方法是拥有一个二叉树,按xj
或nxj
的值排序。该节点将包含您寻求的索引。这会将您的查找减少到O(lg n)。
答案 2 :(得分:1)
这是我对Burrowes-Wheeler变换的完整实现:
u8* bwtCompareBuf;
u32 bwtCompareLen;
s32 bwtCompare( const void* v1, const void* v2 )
{
u8* c1 = bwtCompareBuf + ((u32*)v1)[0];
u8* c2 = bwtCompareBuf + ((u32*)v2)[0];
for ( u32 i = 0; i < bwtCompareLen; i++ )
{
if ( c1[i] < c2[i] ) return -1;
if ( c1[i] > c2[i] ) return +1;
}
return 0;
}
void bwtEncode( u8* inputBuffer, u32 len, u32& first )
{
s8* tmpBuf = alloca( len * 2 );
u32* indices = new u32[len];
for ( u32 i = 0; i < len; i++ ) indices[i] = i;
bwtCompareBuf = tmpBuf;
bwtCompareLen = len;
qsort( indices.data(), len, sizeof( u32 ), bwtCompare );
u8* tbuf = (u8*)tmpBuf + ( len - 1 );
for ( u32 i = 0; i < len; i++ )
{
u32 idx = indices[i];
if ( idx == 0 ) idx = len;
inputBuffer[i] = tbuf[idx];
if ( indices[i] == 1 ) first = i;
}
delete[] indices;
}
void bwtDecode( u8* inputBuffer, u32 len, u32 first )
{
// To determine a character's position in the output string given
// its position in the input string, we can use the knowledge about
// the fact that the output string is sorted. Each character 'c' will
// show up in the output stream in in position i, where i is the sum
// total of all characters in the input buffer that precede c in the
// alphabet, plus the count of all occurences of 'c' previously in the
// input stream.
// compute the frequency of each character in the input buffer
u32 freq[256] = { 0 };
u32 count[256] = { 0 };
for ( u32 i = 0; i < len; i++ )
freq[inputBuffer[i]]++;
// freq now holds a running total of all the characters less than i
// in the input stream
u32 sum = 0;
for ( u32 i = 0; i < 256; i++ )
{
u32 tmp = sum;
sum += freq[i];
freq[i] = tmp;
}
// Now that the freq[] array is filled in, I have half the
// information needed to position each 'c' in the input buffer. The
// next piece of information is simply the number of characters 'c'
// that appear before this 'c' in the input stream. I keep track of
// that information in the count[] array as I go. By adding those
// two numbers together, I get the destination of each character in
// the input buffer, and I just write it directly to the destination.
u32* trans = new u32[len];
for ( u32 i = 0; i < len; i++ )
{
u32 ch = inputBuffer[i];
trans[count[ch] + freq[ch]] = i;
count[ch]++;
}
u32 idx = first;
s8* tbuf = alloca( len );
memcpy( tbuf, inputBuffer, len );
u8* srcBuf = (u8*)tbuf;
for ( u32 i = 0; i < len; i++ )
{
inputBuffer[i] = srcBuf[idx];
idx = trans[idx];
}
delete[] trans;
}
O(n)中的解码。