我正在创建3D Compass应用程序。
我正在使用getOrientation方法来获取方向(与here几乎相同的实现)。如果我把电话放在桌子上它运作良好,但当电话顶部指向天空(减去图片上的Z轴;球体是地球)时,getOrientation开始给出非常糟糕的结果。它为Z轴提供了几个真实度数的0到180度之间的值。有什么方法可以抑制这种行为吗?我创建了little video描述问题(抱歉质量不好)。提前谢谢。
解决方案: 旋转模型时,有以下区别:
gl.glRotatef(_angleY, 0f, 1f, 0f); //ROLL
gl.glRotatef(_angleX, 1f, 0f, 0f); //ELEVATION
gl.glRotatef(_angleZ, 0f, 0f, 1f); //AZIMUTH
gl.glRotatef(_angleX, 1f, 0f, 0f); //ELEVATION
gl.glRotatef(_angleY, 0f, 1f, 0f); //ROLL
gl.glRotatef(_angleZ, 0f, 0f, 1f); //AZIMUTH
答案 0 :(得分:11)
好吧,我可以看到你的这种方法至少有一个问题。
我假设您将对应于磁力计的3D矢量与平均低通滤波器结合使用,以平滑数据。虽然这种方法对于传感器值非常有效,而传感器值在没有不连续性的情况下变化,例如来自加速度计的原始数据,但是对于从磁力计中取出的角度变量而言,它并不是那么好用。为什么,有人会问?
因为那些角度变量(方位角,俯仰,滚动)具有上限和下限,这意味着180度以上的任何值,例如181度,将环绕到181-360 = -179度,任何低于-180度的变量都会向另一个方向缠绕。因此,当其中一个角度变量接近那些阈值(180或-180)时,该变量将趋于振荡到接近这两个极值的值。当您盲目地对这些值应用低通滤波器时,您可以从180度向-180度平滑减小,或从-180向180度平滑增加。无论哪种方式,结果看起来都与上面的视频非常相似......只要一个直接将平均缓冲区应用于getOrientation(...)
的原始角度数据,就会出现这个问题(并且不仅仅存在于电话是直立的情况,但也有方位角包装的情况......也许你也可以测试那些错误......)。
你说你用缓冲区大小为1测试了它。理论上,如果没有平均值就不应该存在问题,尽管在过去看到的循环缓冲区的某些实现中,它可以意味着仍有至少1个过去值的平均值,而不是根本没有平均值。如果是这种情况,我们找到了您的错误的根本原因。
不幸的是,在坚持使用标准平均滤波器的情况下,没有太多优雅的解决方案可以实现。在这种情况下我通常做的是切换到另一种类型的低通滤波器,它不需要任何深度缓冲器来操作:一个简单的IIR滤波器(阶数1):
diff = x [n] - y [n-1]
y [n] - y [n-1] = alpha * (x [n] - y [n-1])= alpha * DIFF
...其中 y 是过滤后的角度, x 是原始角度, alpha < 1类似于时间恒定,因为α= 1对应于无滤波器情况,并且当α接近零时,低通滤波器的频率截止值降低。急性眼睛现在可能已经注意到这对应于一个简单的比例控制器。
这样的滤镜可以补偿角度值的环绕,因为我们可以将360加到或减去 diff ,以确保 abs(diff)<= 180 ,这反过来确保滤波后的角度值总是在最佳方向上增加/减少,以达到其“设定值”。
一个示例函数调用,它将定期调度,计算给定原始角度值x的滤波角度值y,可以是这样的:
private float restrictAngle(float tmpAngle){
while(tmpAngle>=180) tmpAngle-=360;
while(tmpAngle<-180) tmpAngle+=360;
return tmpAngle;
}
//x is a raw angle value from getOrientation(...)
//y is the current filtered angle value
private float calculateFilteredAngle(float x, float y){
final float alpha = 0.1f;
float diff = x-y;
//here, we ensure that abs(diff)<=180
diff = restrictAngle(diff);
y += alpha*diff;
//ensure that y stays within [-180, 180[ bounds
y = restrictAngle(y);
return y;
}
然后可以使用类似的东西定期调用函数calculateFilteredAngle(float x, float y)
(getOrientation(...)
函数的方位角示例:
filteredAzimuth = calculateFilteredAngle(azimuth, filteredAzimuth);
使用这种方法,滤波器不会像OP提到的平均滤波器那样行为不正常。
由于我无法加载OP上传的.apk,我决定实施自己的测试项目,以查看更正是否有效。这是整个代码(它不使用.XML作为主要布局,所以我没有包含它)。只需将其复制到测试项目中,看它是否适用于特定设备(在HTC Desire w / Android v.2.1上测试功能):
文件1:Compass3DActivity.java:
package com.epichorns.compass3D;
import android.app.Activity;
import android.content.Context;
import android.hardware.Sensor;
import android.hardware.SensorEvent;
import android.hardware.SensorEventListener;
import android.hardware.SensorManager;
import android.os.Bundle;
import android.view.ViewGroup;
import android.widget.LinearLayout;
import android.widget.TextView;
public class Compass3DActivity extends Activity {
//Textviews for showing angle data
TextView mTextView_azimuth;
TextView mTextView_pitch;
TextView mTextView_roll;
TextView mTextView_filtered_azimuth;
TextView mTextView_filtered_pitch;
TextView mTextView_filtered_roll;
float mAngle0_azimuth=0;
float mAngle1_pitch=0;
float mAngle2_roll=0;
float mAngle0_filtered_azimuth=0;
float mAngle1_filtered_pitch=0;
float mAngle2_filtered_roll=0;
private Compass3DView mCompassView;
private SensorManager sensorManager;
//sensor calculation values
float[] mGravity = null;
float[] mGeomagnetic = null;
float Rmat[] = new float[9];
float Imat[] = new float[9];
float orientation[] = new float[3];
SensorEventListener mAccelerometerListener = new SensorEventListener(){
public void onAccuracyChanged(Sensor sensor, int accuracy) {}
public void onSensorChanged(SensorEvent event) {
if (event.sensor.getType() == Sensor.TYPE_ACCELEROMETER){
mGravity = event.values.clone();
processSensorData();
}
}
};
SensorEventListener mMagnetometerListener = new SensorEventListener(){
public void onAccuracyChanged(Sensor sensor, int accuracy) {}
public void onSensorChanged(SensorEvent event) {
if (event.sensor.getType() == Sensor.TYPE_MAGNETIC_FIELD){
mGeomagnetic = event.values.clone();
processSensorData();
update();
}
}
};
private float restrictAngle(float tmpAngle){
while(tmpAngle>=180) tmpAngle-=360;
while(tmpAngle<-180) tmpAngle+=360;
return tmpAngle;
}
//x is a raw angle value from getOrientation(...)
//y is the current filtered angle value
private float calculateFilteredAngle(float x, float y){
final float alpha = 0.3f;
float diff = x-y;
//here, we ensure that abs(diff)<=180
diff = restrictAngle(diff);
y += alpha*diff;
//ensure that y stays within [-180, 180[ bounds
y = restrictAngle(y);
return y;
}
public void processSensorData(){
if (mGravity != null && mGeomagnetic != null) {
boolean success = SensorManager.getRotationMatrix(Rmat, Imat, mGravity, mGeomagnetic);
if (success) {
SensorManager.getOrientation(Rmat, orientation);
mAngle0_azimuth = (float)Math.toDegrees((double)orientation[0]); // orientation contains: azimut, pitch and roll
mAngle1_pitch = (float)Math.toDegrees((double)orientation[1]); //pitch
mAngle2_roll = -(float)Math.toDegrees((double)orientation[2]); //roll
mAngle0_filtered_azimuth = calculateFilteredAngle(mAngle0_azimuth, mAngle0_filtered_azimuth);
mAngle1_filtered_pitch = calculateFilteredAngle(mAngle1_pitch, mAngle1_filtered_pitch);
mAngle2_filtered_roll = calculateFilteredAngle(mAngle2_roll, mAngle2_filtered_roll);
}
mGravity=null; //oblige full new refresh
mGeomagnetic=null; //oblige full new refresh
}
}
/** Called when the activity is first created. */
@Override
public void onCreate(Bundle savedInstanceState) {
super.onCreate(savedInstanceState);
LinearLayout ll = new LinearLayout(this);
LinearLayout.LayoutParams llParams = new LinearLayout.LayoutParams(LinearLayout.LayoutParams.FILL_PARENT, LinearLayout.LayoutParams.FILL_PARENT);
ll.setLayoutParams(llParams);
ll.setOrientation(LinearLayout.VERTICAL);
ViewGroup.LayoutParams txtParams = new ViewGroup.LayoutParams(ViewGroup.LayoutParams.WRAP_CONTENT, ViewGroup.LayoutParams.WRAP_CONTENT);
mTextView_azimuth = new TextView(this);
mTextView_azimuth.setLayoutParams(txtParams);
mTextView_pitch = new TextView(this);
mTextView_pitch.setLayoutParams(txtParams);
mTextView_roll = new TextView(this);
mTextView_roll.setLayoutParams(txtParams);
mTextView_filtered_azimuth = new TextView(this);
mTextView_filtered_azimuth.setLayoutParams(txtParams);
mTextView_filtered_pitch = new TextView(this);
mTextView_filtered_pitch.setLayoutParams(txtParams);
mTextView_filtered_roll = new TextView(this);
mTextView_filtered_roll.setLayoutParams(txtParams);
mCompassView = new Compass3DView(this);
ViewGroup.LayoutParams compassParams = new ViewGroup.LayoutParams(200,200);
mCompassView.setLayoutParams(compassParams);
ll.addView(mCompassView);
ll.addView(mTextView_azimuth);
ll.addView(mTextView_pitch);
ll.addView(mTextView_roll);
ll.addView(mTextView_filtered_azimuth);
ll.addView(mTextView_filtered_pitch);
ll.addView(mTextView_filtered_roll);
setContentView(ll);
sensorManager = (SensorManager) this.getSystemService(Context.SENSOR_SERVICE);
sensorManager.registerListener(mAccelerometerListener, sensorManager.getDefaultSensor(Sensor.TYPE_ACCELEROMETER), SensorManager.SENSOR_DELAY_UI);
sensorManager.registerListener(mMagnetometerListener, sensorManager.getDefaultSensor(Sensor.TYPE_MAGNETIC_FIELD), SensorManager.SENSOR_DELAY_UI);
update();
}
@Override
public void onDestroy(){
super.onDestroy();
sensorManager.unregisterListener(mAccelerometerListener);
sensorManager.unregisterListener(mMagnetometerListener);
}
private void update(){
mCompassView.changeAngles(mAngle1_filtered_pitch, mAngle2_filtered_roll, mAngle0_filtered_azimuth);
mTextView_azimuth.setText("Azimuth: "+String.valueOf(mAngle0_azimuth));
mTextView_pitch.setText("Pitch: "+String.valueOf(mAngle1_pitch));
mTextView_roll.setText("Roll: "+String.valueOf(mAngle2_roll));
mTextView_filtered_azimuth.setText("Azimuth: "+String.valueOf(mAngle0_filtered_azimuth));
mTextView_filtered_pitch.setText("Pitch: "+String.valueOf(mAngle1_filtered_pitch));
mTextView_filtered_roll.setText("Roll: "+String.valueOf(mAngle2_filtered_roll));
}
}
文件2:Compass3DView.java:
package com.epichorns.compass3D;
import android.content.Context;
import android.opengl.GLSurfaceView;
public class Compass3DView extends GLSurfaceView {
private Compass3DRenderer mRenderer;
public Compass3DView(Context context) {
super(context);
mRenderer = new Compass3DRenderer(context);
setRenderer(mRenderer);
}
public void changeAngles(float angle0, float angle1, float angle2){
mRenderer.setAngleX(angle0);
mRenderer.setAngleY(angle1);
mRenderer.setAngleZ(angle2);
}
}
文件3:Compass3DRenderer.java:
package com.epichorns.compass3D;
import java.nio.ByteBuffer;
import java.nio.ByteOrder;
import java.nio.FloatBuffer;
import java.nio.ShortBuffer;
import javax.microedition.khronos.egl.EGLConfig;
import javax.microedition.khronos.opengles.GL10;
import android.content.Context;
import android.opengl.GLSurfaceView;
public class Compass3DRenderer implements GLSurfaceView.Renderer {
Context mContext;
// a raw buffer to hold indices
ShortBuffer _indexBuffer;
// raw buffers to hold the vertices
FloatBuffer _vertexBuffer0;
FloatBuffer _vertexBuffer1;
FloatBuffer _vertexBuffer2;
FloatBuffer _vertexBuffer3;
FloatBuffer _vertexBuffer4;
FloatBuffer _vertexBuffer5;
int _numVertices = 3; //standard triangle vertices = 3
FloatBuffer _textureBuffer0123;
//private FloatBuffer _light0Position;
//private FloatBuffer _light0Ambient;
float _light0Position[] = new float[]{10.0f, 10.0f, 10.0f, 0.0f};
float _light0Ambient[] = new float[]{0.05f, 0.05f, 0.05f, 1.0f};
float _light0Diffuse[] = new float[]{0.5f, 0.5f, 0.5f, 1.0f};
float _light0Specular[] = new float[]{0.7f, 0.7f, 0.7f, 1.0f};
float _matAmbient[] = new float[] { 0.6f, 0.6f, 0.6f, 1.0f };
float _matDiffuse[] = new float[] { 0.6f, 0.6f, 0.6f, 1.0f };
private float _angleX=0f;
private float _angleY=0f;
private float _angleZ=0f;
Compass3DRenderer(Context context){
super();
mContext = context;
}
public void setAngleX(float angle) {
_angleX = angle;
}
public void setAngleY(float angle) {
_angleY = angle;
}
public void setAngleZ(float angle) {
_angleZ = angle;
}
FloatBuffer InitFloatBuffer(float[] src){
ByteBuffer bb = ByteBuffer.allocateDirect(4*src.length);
bb.order(ByteOrder.nativeOrder());
FloatBuffer inBuf = bb.asFloatBuffer();
inBuf.put(src);
return inBuf;
}
ShortBuffer InitShortBuffer(short[] src){
ByteBuffer bb = ByteBuffer.allocateDirect(2*src.length);
bb.order(ByteOrder.nativeOrder());
ShortBuffer inBuf = bb.asShortBuffer();
inBuf.put(src);
return inBuf;
}
//Init data for our rendered pyramid
private void initTriangles() {
//Side faces triangles
float[] coords = {
-0.25f, -0.5f, 0.25f,
0.25f, -0.5f, 0.25f,
0f, 0.5f, 0f
};
float[] coords1 = {
0.25f, -0.5f, 0.25f,
0.25f, -0.5f, -0.25f,
0f, 0.5f, 0f
};
float[] coords2 = {
0.25f, -0.5f, -0.25f,
-0.25f, -0.5f, -0.25f,
0f, 0.5f, 0f
};
float[] coords3 = {
-0.25f, -0.5f, -0.25f,
-0.25f, -0.5f, 0.25f,
0f, 0.5f, 0f
};
//Base triangles
float[] coords4 = {
-0.25f, -0.5f, 0.25f,
0.25f, -0.5f, -0.25f,
0.25f, -0.5f, 0.25f
};
float[] coords5 = {
-0.25f, -0.5f, 0.25f,
-0.25f, -0.5f, -0.25f,
0.25f, -0.5f, -0.25f
};
float[] textures0123 = {
// Mapping coordinates for the vertices (UV mapping CW)
0.0f, 0.0f, // bottom left
1.0f, 0.0f, // bottom right
0.5f, 1.0f, // top ctr
};
_vertexBuffer0 = InitFloatBuffer(coords);
_vertexBuffer0.position(0);
_vertexBuffer1 = InitFloatBuffer(coords1);
_vertexBuffer1.position(0);
_vertexBuffer2 = InitFloatBuffer(coords2);
_vertexBuffer2.position(0);
_vertexBuffer3 = InitFloatBuffer(coords3);
_vertexBuffer3.position(0);
_vertexBuffer4 = InitFloatBuffer(coords4);
_vertexBuffer4.position(0);
_vertexBuffer5 = InitFloatBuffer(coords5);
_vertexBuffer5.position(0);
_textureBuffer0123 = InitFloatBuffer(textures0123);
_textureBuffer0123.position(0);
short[] indices = {0, 1, 2};
_indexBuffer = InitShortBuffer(indices);
_indexBuffer.position(0);
}
public void onSurfaceCreated(GL10 gl, EGLConfig config) {
gl.glEnable(GL10.GL_CULL_FACE); // enable the differentiation of which side may be visible
gl.glShadeModel(GL10.GL_SMOOTH);
gl.glFrontFace(GL10.GL_CCW); // which is the front? the one which is drawn counter clockwise
gl.glCullFace(GL10.GL_BACK); // which one should NOT be drawn
initTriangles();
gl.glEnableClientState(GL10.GL_VERTEX_ARRAY);
gl.glEnableClientState(GL10.GL_TEXTURE_COORD_ARRAY);
}
public void onDrawFrame(GL10 gl) {
gl.glPushMatrix();
gl.glClearColor(0, 0, 0, 1.0f); //clipping backdrop color
// clear the color buffer to show the ClearColor we called above...
gl.glClear(GL10.GL_COLOR_BUFFER_BIT);
// set rotation
gl.glRotatef(_angleY, 0f, 1f, 0f); //ROLL
gl.glRotatef(_angleX, 1f, 0f, 0f); //ELEVATION
gl.glRotatef(_angleZ, 0f, 0f, 1f); //AZIMUTH
//Draw our pyramid
//4 side faces
gl.glColor4f(0.5f, 0f, 0f, 0.5f);
gl.glVertexPointer(3, GL10.GL_FLOAT, 0, _vertexBuffer0);
gl.glDrawElements(GL10.GL_TRIANGLES, _numVertices, GL10.GL_UNSIGNED_SHORT, _indexBuffer);
gl.glColor4f(0.5f, 0.5f, 0f, 0.5f);
gl.glVertexPointer(3, GL10.GL_FLOAT, 0, _vertexBuffer1);
gl.glDrawElements(GL10.GL_TRIANGLES, _numVertices, GL10.GL_UNSIGNED_SHORT, _indexBuffer);
gl.glColor4f(0f, 0.5f, 0f, 0.5f);
gl.glVertexPointer(3, GL10.GL_FLOAT, 0, _vertexBuffer2);
gl.glDrawElements(GL10.GL_TRIANGLES, _numVertices, GL10.GL_UNSIGNED_SHORT, _indexBuffer);
gl.glColor4f(0f, 0.5f, 0.5f, 0.5f);
gl.glVertexPointer(3, GL10.GL_FLOAT, 0, _vertexBuffer3);
gl.glDrawElements(GL10.GL_TRIANGLES, _numVertices, GL10.GL_UNSIGNED_SHORT, _indexBuffer);
//Base face
gl.glColor4f(0f, 0f, 0.5f, 0.5f);
gl.glVertexPointer(3, GL10.GL_FLOAT, 0, _vertexBuffer4);
gl.glDrawElements(GL10.GL_TRIANGLES, _numVertices, GL10.GL_UNSIGNED_SHORT, _indexBuffer);
gl.glVertexPointer(3, GL10.GL_FLOAT, 0, _vertexBuffer5);
gl.glDrawElements(GL10.GL_TRIANGLES, _numVertices, GL10.GL_UNSIGNED_SHORT, _indexBuffer);
gl.glPopMatrix();
}
public void onSurfaceChanged(GL10 gl, int w, int h) {
gl.glViewport(0, 0, w, h);
gl.glViewport(0, 0, w, h);
}
}
请注意,此代码不会补偿平板电脑的默认横向方向,因此只能在手机上正常工作(我没有附近的平板电脑来测试任何更正代码)。
答案 1 :(得分:3)
您应该尝试更长时间的延迟,例如Game和/或保持/增加循环缓冲区的大小。移动设备上的传感器(加速度计,指南针等)本质上是嘈杂的,所以当我询问“低通滤波器”时,我的意思是你使用更多数据来降低应用程序可用更新的频率。你的视频是在里面完成的,我还建议去一个电磁干扰较少的地方,比如公园只是为了检查行为是否一致,以及标准指南针重置动作(图8中的旋转设备)。最后,您可能需要应用一些启发式方法来丢弃“不良”数据,以便为用户提供更流畅的体验。
答案 2 :(得分:1)
我遇到了与检索方向完全相同的问题。事情是我没有得到解决(我必须在检索设备位置时设置约束),我不知道你是否能够。
选择一个磁罗经,当指南针处于您描述的情况时,尝试向北方向 - 您将获得相同的无意义结果。所以你真的不能指望设备的指南针做得更好!
答案 3 :(得分:0)
关于使用您的权限进行过滤的几句话。