我有一个 N 64位整数列表,其位代表小集。每个整数最多 k 位设置为1.给定位掩码,我想找到列表中与掩码匹配的第一个元素,即element & mask == element
。
示例:
如果我的清单是:
index abcdef
0 001100
1 001010
2 001000
3 000100
4 000010
5 000001
6 010000
7 100000
8 000000
我的面具是111000
,与面具匹配的第一个元素是索引2。
方法1:
在整个列表中进行线性搜索。这需要O( N )时间和O(1)空间。
方法2:
预先计算所有可能掩码的树,并在每个节点保留该掩码的答案。这需要O(1)时间进行查询,但需要O(2 ^ 64)空间。
问题:
如何在比O( N )更快的时候找到与遮罩匹配的第一个元素,同时仍然使用合理的空间量?我可以在预计算中花费多项式时间,因为会有很多查询。关键是 k 很小。在我的应用程序中, k < = 5和 N 是数千。面具有很多1;你可以假设它是从64位整数的空间中统一绘制的。
更新
以下是一个示例数据集和一个在Linux上运行的简单基准程序:http://up.thirld.com/binmask.tar.gz。对于large.in
, N = 3779且 k = 3。第一行是 N ,后面是表示元素的 N 无符号64位整数。使用make
进行编译。使用./benchmark.e >large.out
运行以创建真正的输出,然后您可以对其进行区分。 (掩码是随机生成的,但随机种子是固定的。)然后用您的实现替换find_first()
函数。
简单的线性搜索比我预期的快得多。这是因为 k 很小,因此对于随机掩码,平均发现匹配很快
答案 0 :(得分:3)
后缀树(在位上)将执行该技巧,在叶节点处具有原始优先级:
000000 -> 8
1 -> 5
10 -> 4
100 -> 3
1000 -> 2
10 -> 1
100 -> 0
10000 -> 6
100000 -> 7
如果在掩码中设置了该位,则搜索两个臂,如果不是,则仅搜索0臂;您的答案是您在叶节点遇到的最小数量。
您可以通过不按顺序遍历位而是通过最大可辨别性来改善(略微);在您的示例中,请注意3个元素已设置第2位,因此您将创建
2:0 0:0 1:0 3:0 4:0 5:0 -> 8
5:1 -> 5
4:1 5:0 -> 4
3:1 4:0 5:0 -> 3
1:1 3:0 4:0 5:0 -> 6
0:1 1:0 3:0 4:0 5:0 -> 7
2:1 0:0 1:0 3:0 4:0 5:0 -> 2
4:1 5:0 -> 1
3:1 4:0 5:0 -> 0
在你的示例掩码中,这没有帮助(因为你必须遍历bit2 == 0和bit2 == 1个边,因为你的掩码设置在第2位),但平均来说它会改善结果(但是以设置和更复杂的数据结构为代价)。如果某些位比其他位更有可能被设置,这可能是一个巨大的胜利。如果他们在元素列表中非常接近随机,那么这根本没有帮助。
如果你坚持使用基本上随机的位设置,你应该从后缀树方法中获得(1-5/64)^32
平均受益(13倍加速),可能优于由于使用更复杂的操作而导致的效率差异(但不要指望它 - 位掩码很快)。如果你的列表中有非随机的位分布,那么你几乎可以随意做好。
答案 1 :(得分:2)
这是按位Kd树。每次查询操作通常需要少于64次访问。目前,选择要转动的位(维度)是随机的。
#include <limits.h>
#include <time.h>
#include <stdlib.h>
#include <stdio.h>
#include <string.h>
typedef unsigned long long Thing;
typedef unsigned long Number;
unsigned thing_ffs(Thing mask);
Thing rand_mask(unsigned bitcnt);
#define WANT_RANDOM 31
#define WANT_BITS 3
#define BITSPERTHING (CHAR_BIT*sizeof(Thing))
#define NONUMBER ((Number)-1)
struct node {
Thing value;
Number num;
Number nul;
Number one;
char pivot;
} *nodes = NULL;
unsigned nodecount=0;
unsigned itercount=0;
struct node * nodes_read( unsigned *sizp, char *filename);
Number *find_ptr_to_insert(Number *ptr, Thing value, Thing mask);
unsigned grab_matches(Number *result, Number num, Thing mask);
void initialise_stuff(void);
int main (int argc, char **argv)
{
Thing mask;
Number num;
unsigned idx;
srand (time(NULL));
nodes = nodes_read( &nodecount, argv[1]);
fprintf( stdout, "Nodecount=%u\n", nodecount );
initialise_stuff();
#if WANT_RANDOM
mask = nodes[nodecount/2].value | nodes[nodecount/3].value ;
#else
mask = 0x38;
#endif
fprintf( stdout, "\n#### Search mask=%llx\n", (unsigned long long) mask );
itercount = 0;
num = NONUMBER;
idx = grab_matches(&num,0, mask);
fprintf( stdout, "Itercount=%u\n", itercount );
fprintf(stdout, "KdTree search %16llx\n", (unsigned long long) mask );
fprintf(stdout, "Count=%u Result:\n", idx);
idx = num;
if (idx >= nodecount) idx = nodecount-1;
fprintf( stdout, "num=%4u Value=%16llx\n"
,(unsigned) nodes[idx].num
,(unsigned long long) nodes[idx].value
);
fprintf( stdout, "\nLinear search %16llx\n", (unsigned long long) mask );
for (idx = 0; idx < nodecount; idx++) {
if ((nodes[idx].value & mask) == nodes[idx].value) break;
}
fprintf(stdout, "Cnt=%u\n", idx);
if (idx >= nodecount) idx = nodecount-1;
fprintf(stdout, "Num=%4u Value=%16llx\n"
, (unsigned) nodes[idx].num
, (unsigned long long) nodes[idx].value );
return 0;
}
void initialise_stuff(void)
{
unsigned num;
Number root, *ptr;
root = 0;
for (num=0; num < nodecount; num++) {
nodes[num].num = num;
nodes[num].one = NONUMBER;
nodes[num].nul = NONUMBER;
nodes[num].pivot = -1;
}
nodes[num-1].value = 0; /* last node is guaranteed to match anything */
root = 0;
for (num=1; num < nodecount; num++) {
ptr = find_ptr_to_insert (&root, nodes[num].value, 0ull );
if (*ptr == NONUMBER) *ptr = num;
else fprintf(stderr, "Found %u for %u\n"
, (unsigned)*ptr, (unsigned) num );
}
}
Thing rand_mask(unsigned bitcnt)
{struct node * nodes_read( unsigned *sizp, char *filename)
{
struct node *ptr;
unsigned size,used;
FILE *fp;
if (!filename) {
size = (WANT_RANDOM+0) ? WANT_RANDOM : 9;
ptr = malloc (size * sizeof *ptr);
#if (!WANT_RANDOM)
ptr[0].value = 0x0c;
ptr[1].value = 0x0a;
ptr[2].value = 0x08;
ptr[3].value = 0x04;
ptr[4].value = 0x02;
ptr[5].value = 0x01;
ptr[6].value = 0x10;
ptr[7].value = 0x20;
ptr[8].value = 0x00;
#else
for (used=0; used < size; used++) {
ptr[used].value = rand_mask(WANT_BITS);
}
#endif /* WANT_RANDOM */
*sizp = size;
return ptr;
}
fp = fopen( filename, "r" );
if (!fp) return NULL;
fscanf(fp,"%u\n", &size );
fprintf(stderr, "Size=%u\n", size);
ptr = malloc (size * sizeof *ptr);
for (used = 0; used < size; used++) {
fscanf(fp,"%llu\n", &ptr[used].value );
}
fclose( fp );
*sizp = used;
return ptr;
}
Thing value = 0;
unsigned bit, cnt;
for (cnt=0; cnt < bitcnt; cnt++) {
bit = 54321*rand();
bit %= BITSPERTHING;
value |= 1ull << bit;
}
return value;
}
Number *find_ptr_to_insert(Number *ptr, Thing value, Thing done)
{
Number num=NONUMBER;
while ( *ptr != NONUMBER) {
Thing wrong;
num = *ptr;
wrong = (nodes[num].value ^ value) & ~done;
if (nodes[num].pivot < 0) { /* This node is terminal */
/* choose one of the wrong bits for a pivot .
** For this bit (nodevalue==1 && searchmask==0 )
*/
if (!wrong) wrong = ~done ;
nodes[num].pivot = thing_ffs( wrong );
}
ptr = (wrong & 1ull << nodes[num].pivot) ? &nodes[num].nul : &nodes[num].one;
/* Once this bit has been tested, it can be masked off. */
done |= 1ull << nodes[num].pivot ;
}
return ptr;
}
unsigned grab_matches(Number *result, Number num, Thing mask)
{
Thing wrong;
unsigned count;
for (count=0; num < *result; ) {
itercount++;
wrong = nodes[num].value & ~mask;
if (!wrong) { /* we have a match */
if (num < *result) { *result = num; count++; }
/* This is cheap pruning: the break will omit both subtrees from the results.
** But because we already have a result, and the subtrees have higher numbers
** than our current num, we can ignore them. */
break;
}
if (nodes[num].pivot < 0) { /* This node is terminal */
break;
}
if (mask & 1ull << nodes[num].pivot) {
/* avoid recursion if there is only one non-empty subtree */
if (nodes[num].nul >= *result) { num = nodes[num].one; continue; }
if (nodes[num].one >= *result) { num = nodes[num].nul; continue; }
count += grab_matches(result, nodes[num].nul, mask);
count += grab_matches(result, nodes[num].one, mask);
break;
}
mask |= 1ull << nodes[num].pivot;
num = (wrong & 1ull << nodes[num].pivot) ? nodes[num].nul : nodes[num].one;
}
return count;
}
unsigned thing_ffs(Thing mask)
{
unsigned bit;
#if 1
if (!mask) return (unsigned)-1;
for ( bit=random() % BITSPERTHING; 1 ; bit += 5, bit %= BITSPERTHING) {
if (mask & 1ull << bit ) return bit;
}
#elif 0
for (bit =0; bit < BITSPERTHING; bit++ ) {
if (mask & 1ull <<bit) return bit;
}
#else
mask &= (mask-1); // Kernighan-trick
for (bit =0; bit < BITSPERTHING; bit++ ) {
mask >>=1;
if (!mask) return bit;
}
#endif
return 0xffffffff;
}
struct node * nodes_read( unsigned *sizp, char *filename)
{
struct node *ptr;
unsigned size,used;
FILE *fp;
if (!filename) {
size = (WANT_RANDOM+0) ? WANT_RANDOM : 9;
ptr = malloc (size * sizeof *ptr);
#if (!WANT_RANDOM)
ptr[0].value = 0x0c;
ptr[1].value = 0x0a;
ptr[2].value = 0x08;
ptr[3].value = 0x04;
ptr[4].value = 0x02;
ptr[5].value = 0x01;
ptr[6].value = 0x10;
ptr[7].value = 0x20;
ptr[8].value = 0x00;
#else
for (used=0; used < size; used++) {
ptr[used].value = rand_mask(WANT_BITS);
}
#endif /* WANT_RANDOM */
*sizp = size;
return ptr;
}
fp = fopen( filename, "r" );
if (!fp) return NULL;
fscanf(fp,"%u\n", &size );
fprintf(stderr, "Size=%u\n", size);
ptr = malloc (size * sizeof *ptr);
for (used = 0; used < size; used++) {
fscanf(fp,"%llu\n", &ptr[used].value );
}
fclose( fp );
*sizp = used;
return ptr;
}
更新:
我通过枢轴选择进行了一些实验,赞成具有最高辨别力值的比特(“信息内容”)。这包括:
结果:随机枢轴选择表现更好。
答案 2 :(得分:1)
构造一个二叉树,如下所示:
这样就可以在数据库中插入每个数字。
现在,搜索:如果掩码中的相应位是1,则遍历两个子节点。如果为0,则仅遍历左节点。基本上保持遍历树,直到你到达叶节点(顺便说一句,0是每个掩码的命中!)。
此树将具有O(N)空间要求。
树的例如1(001),2(010)和5(101)
root
/ \
0 1
/ \ |
0 1 0
| | |
1 0 1
(1) (2) (5)
答案 3 :(得分:1)
使用预先计算的位掩码。形式上仍然是O(N),因为和掩码操作是O(N)。最后一遍也是O(N),因为它需要找到最低位集,但也可以加速。
#include <limits.h>
#include <stdlib.h>
#include <stdio.h>
#include <string.h>
/* For demonstration purposes.
** In reality, this should be an unsigned long long */
typedef unsigned char Thing;
#define BITSPERTHING (CHAR_BIT*sizeof (Thing))
#define COUNTOF(a) (sizeof a / sizeof a[0])
Thing data[] =
/****** index abcdef */
{ 0x0c /* 0 001100 */
, 0x0a /* 1 001010 */
, 0x08 /* 2 001000 */
, 0x04 /* 3 000100 */
, 0x02 /* 4 000010 */
, 0x01 /* 5 000001 */
, 0x10 /* 6 010000 */
, 0x20 /* 7 100000 */
, 0x00 /* 8 000000 */
};
/* Note: this is for demonstration purposes.
** Normally, one should choose a machine wide unsigned int
** for bitmask arrays.
*/
struct bitmap {
char data[ 1+COUNTOF (data)/ CHAR_BIT ];
} nulmaps [ BITSPERTHING ];
#define BITSET(a,i) (a)[(i) / CHAR_BIT ] |= (1u << ((i)%CHAR_BIT) )
#define BITTEST(a,i) ((a)[(i) / CHAR_BIT ] & (1u << ((i)%CHAR_BIT) ))
void init_tabs(void);
void map_empty(struct bitmap *dst);
void map_full(struct bitmap *dst);
void map_and2(struct bitmap *dst, struct bitmap *src);
int main (void)
{
Thing mask;
struct bitmap result;
unsigned ibit;
mask = 0x38;
init_tabs();
map_full(&result);
for (ibit = 0; ibit < BITSPERTHING; ibit++) {
/* bit in mask is 1, so bit at this position is in fact a don't care */
if (mask & (1u <<ibit)) continue;
/* bit in mask is 0, so we can only select items with a 0 at this bitpos */
map_and2(&result, &nulmaps[ibit] );
}
/* This is not the fastest way to find the lowest 1 bit */
for (ibit = 0; ibit < COUNTOF (data); ibit++) {
if (!BITTEST(result.data, ibit) ) continue;
fprintf(stdout, " %u", ibit);
}
fprintf( stdout, "\n" );
return 0;
}
void init_tabs(void)
{
unsigned ibit, ithing;
/* 1 bits in data that dont overlap with 1 bits in the searchmask are showstoppers.
** So, for each bitpos, we precompute a bitmask of all *entrynumbers* from data[], that contain 0 in bitpos.
*/
memset(nulmaps, 0 , sizeof nulmaps);
for (ithing=0; ithing < COUNTOF(data); ithing++) {
for (ibit=0; ibit < BITSPERTHING; ibit++) {
if ( data[ithing] & (1u << ibit) ) continue;
BITSET(nulmaps[ibit].data, ithing);
}
}
}
/* Logical And of two bitmask arrays; simular to dst &= src */
void map_and2(struct bitmap *dst, struct bitmap *src)
{
unsigned idx;
for (idx = 0; idx < COUNTOF(dst->data); idx++) {
dst->data[idx] &= src->data[idx] ;
}
}
void map_empty(struct bitmap *dst)
{
memset(dst->data, 0 , sizeof dst->data);
}
void map_full(struct bitmap *dst)
{
unsigned idx;
/* NOTE this loop sets too many bits to the left of COUNTOF(data) */
for (idx = 0; idx < COUNTOF(dst->data); idx++) {
dst->data[idx] = ~0;
}
}