如何根据协议使用WebSocket在服务器端发送和接收消息?
当我从浏览器向服务器发送数据时,为什么在服务器上看似随机的字节?它以某种方式编码数据?
如何在服务器→客户端和客户端→服务器方向上工作?
答案 0 :(得分:148)
注意:这是关于如何实现一个非常简单的服务器的一些解释和伪代码,该服务器可以按照最终的帧格式处理传入和传出的WebSocket消息。它不包括握手过程。此外,这个答案是出于教育目的;它不是一个功能齐全的实现。
(换句话说,服务器→浏览器)
您要发送的帧需要根据WebSocket帧格式进行格式化。对于发送消息,此格式如下:
文本框的第一个字节为1000 0001
(或129
)。
第二个字节的第一个位设置为0
,因为我们没有对数据进行编码(从服务器到客户端的编码不是必需的)。
有必要确定原始数据的长度,以便正确发送长度字节:
0 <= length <= 125
,您不需要额外的字节126 <= length <= 65535
,则需要两个额外字节,第二个字节为126
length >= 65536
,则需要8个额外字节,第二个字节为127
长度必须分成单独的字节,这意味着你需要向右移位(数量为8位),然后通过执行AND 1111 1111
只保留最后8位(255
)。
长度字节后出现原始数据。
这导致以下伪代码:
bytesFormatted[0] = 129
indexStartRawData = -1 // it doesn't matter what value is
// set here - it will be set now:
if bytesRaw.length <= 125
bytesFormatted[1] = bytesRaw.length
indexStartRawData = 2
else if bytesRaw.length >= 126 and bytesRaw.length <= 65535
bytesFormatted[1] = 126
bytesFormatted[2] = ( bytesRaw.length >> 8 ) AND 255
bytesFormatted[3] = ( bytesRaw.length ) AND 255
indexStartRawData = 4
else
bytesFormatted[1] = 127
bytesFormatted[2] = ( bytesRaw.length >> 56 ) AND 255
bytesFormatted[3] = ( bytesRaw.length >> 48 ) AND 255
bytesFormatted[4] = ( bytesRaw.length >> 40 ) AND 255
bytesFormatted[5] = ( bytesRaw.length >> 32 ) AND 255
bytesFormatted[6] = ( bytesRaw.length >> 24 ) AND 255
bytesFormatted[7] = ( bytesRaw.length >> 16 ) AND 255
bytesFormatted[8] = ( bytesRaw.length >> 8 ) AND 255
bytesFormatted[9] = ( bytesRaw.length ) AND 255
indexStartRawData = 10
// put raw data at the correct index
bytesFormatted.put(bytesRaw, indexStartRawData)
// now send bytesFormatted (e.g. write it to the socket stream)
(换句话说,浏览器→服务器)
您获得的帧格式如下:
第一个字节通常无关紧要 - 如果您只是发送文本,则只使用文本类型。在这种情况下,它将是1000 0001
(或129
)。
第二个字节和额外的两个或八个字节需要一些解析,因为您需要知道长度使用了多少字节(您需要知道实际数据的起始位置)。由于您已有数据,因此通常不需要长度本身。
第二个字节的第一位始终为1
,这意味着数据被屏蔽(=编码)。始终屏蔽从客户端到服务器的消息。您需要通过secondByte AND 0111 1111
删除第一位。有两种情况,结果字节不代表长度,因为它不适合第二个字节:
0111 1110
或126
的第二个字节,表示以下两个字节用于长度0111 1111
或127
的第二个字节,表示以下八个字节用于长度四个掩码字节用于解码已发送的实际数据。解码算法如下:
decodedByte = encodedByte XOR masks[encodedByteIndex MOD 4]
其中encodedByte
是数据中的原始字节,encodedByteIndex
是从真实数据的第一个字节计数的字节的索引(偏移量),其中索引0
。 masks
是一个包含四个掩码字节的数组。
这导致以下用于解码的伪代码:
secondByte = bytes[1]
length = secondByte AND 127 // may not be the actual length in the two special cases
indexFirstMask = 2 // if not a special case
if length == 126 // if a special case, change indexFirstMask
indexFirstMask = 4
else if length == 127 // ditto
indexFirstMask = 10
masks = bytes.slice(indexFirstMask, 4) // four bytes starting from indexFirstMask
indexFirstDataByte = indexFirstMask + 4 // four bytes further
decoded = new array
decoded.length = bytes.length - indexFirstDataByte // length of real data
for i = indexFirstDataByte, j = 0; i < bytes.length; i++, j++
decoded[j] = bytes[i] XOR masks[j MOD 4]
// now use "decoded" to interpret the received data
答案 1 :(得分:25)
Java实现(如果需要)
阅读:客户端到服务器
int len = 0;
byte[] b = new byte[buffLenth];
//rawIn is a Socket.getInputStream();
while(true){
len = rawIn.read(b);
if(len!=-1){
byte rLength = 0;
int rMaskIndex = 2;
int rDataStart = 0;
//b[0] is always text in my case so no need to check;
byte data = b[1];
byte op = (byte) 127;
rLength = (byte) (data & op);
if(rLength==(byte)126) rMaskIndex=4;
if(rLength==(byte)127) rMaskIndex=10;
byte[] masks = new byte[4];
int j=0;
int i=0;
for(i=rMaskIndex;i<(rMaskIndex+4);i++){
masks[j] = b[i];
j++;
}
rDataStart = rMaskIndex + 4;
int messLen = len - rDataStart;
byte[] message = new byte[messLen];
for(i=rDataStart, j=0; i<len; i++, j++){
message[j] = (byte) (b[i] ^ masks[j % 4]);
}
parseMessage(new String(message));
//parseMessage(new String(b));
b = new byte[buffLenth];
}
}
写作:服务器到客户端
public void brodcast(String mess) throws IOException{
byte[] rawData = mess.getBytes();
int frameCount = 0;
byte[] frame = new byte[10];
frame[0] = (byte) 129;
if(rawData.length <= 125){
frame[1] = (byte) rawData.length;
frameCount = 2;
}else if(rawData.length >= 126 && rawData.length <= 65535){
frame[1] = (byte) 126;
int len = rawData.length;
frame[2] = (byte)((len >> 8 ) & (byte)255);
frame[3] = (byte)(len & (byte)255);
frameCount = 4;
}else{
frame[1] = (byte) 127;
int len = rawData.length;
frame[2] = (byte)((len >> 56 ) & (byte)255);
frame[3] = (byte)((len >> 48 ) & (byte)255);
frame[4] = (byte)((len >> 40 ) & (byte)255);
frame[5] = (byte)((len >> 32 ) & (byte)255);
frame[6] = (byte)((len >> 24 ) & (byte)255);
frame[7] = (byte)((len >> 16 ) & (byte)255);
frame[8] = (byte)((len >> 8 ) & (byte)255);
frame[9] = (byte)(len & (byte)255);
frameCount = 10;
}
int bLength = frameCount + rawData.length;
byte[] reply = new byte[bLength];
int bLim = 0;
for(int i=0; i<frameCount;i++){
reply[bLim] = frame[i];
bLim++;
}
for(int i=0; i<rawData.length;i++){
reply[bLim] = rawData[i];
bLim++;
}
out.write(reply);
out.flush();
}
答案 2 :(得分:15)
JavaScript实现:
function encodeWebSocket(bytesRaw){
var bytesFormatted = new Array();
bytesFormatted[0] = 129;
if (bytesRaw.length <= 125) {
bytesFormatted[1] = bytesRaw.length;
} else if (bytesRaw.length >= 126 && bytesRaw.length <= 65535) {
bytesFormatted[1] = 126;
bytesFormatted[2] = ( bytesRaw.length >> 8 ) & 255;
bytesFormatted[3] = ( bytesRaw.length ) & 255;
} else {
bytesFormatted[1] = 127;
bytesFormatted[2] = ( bytesRaw.length >> 56 ) & 255;
bytesFormatted[3] = ( bytesRaw.length >> 48 ) & 255;
bytesFormatted[4] = ( bytesRaw.length >> 40 ) & 255;
bytesFormatted[5] = ( bytesRaw.length >> 32 ) & 255;
bytesFormatted[6] = ( bytesRaw.length >> 24 ) & 255;
bytesFormatted[7] = ( bytesRaw.length >> 16 ) & 255;
bytesFormatted[8] = ( bytesRaw.length >> 8 ) & 255;
bytesFormatted[9] = ( bytesRaw.length ) & 255;
}
for (var i = 0; i < bytesRaw.length; i++){
bytesFormatted.push(bytesRaw.charCodeAt(i));
}
return bytesFormatted;
}
function decodeWebSocket (data){
var datalength = data[1] & 127;
var indexFirstMask = 2;
if (datalength == 126) {
indexFirstMask = 4;
} else if (datalength == 127) {
indexFirstMask = 10;
}
var masks = data.slice(indexFirstMask,indexFirstMask + 4);
var i = indexFirstMask + 4;
var index = 0;
var output = "";
while (i < data.length) {
output += String.fromCharCode(data[i++] ^ masks[index++ % 4]);
}
return output;
}
答案 3 :(得分:12)
C#Implementation
浏览器 - &gt;服务器
private String DecodeMessage(Byte[] bytes)
{
String incomingData = String.Empty;
Byte secondByte = bytes[1];
Int32 dataLength = secondByte & 127;
Int32 indexFirstMask = 2;
if (dataLength == 126)
indexFirstMask = 4;
else if (dataLength == 127)
indexFirstMask = 10;
IEnumerable<Byte> keys = bytes.Skip(indexFirstMask).Take(4);
Int32 indexFirstDataByte = indexFirstMask + 4;
Byte[] decoded = new Byte[bytes.Length - indexFirstDataByte];
for (Int32 i = indexFirstDataByte, j = 0; i < bytes.Length; i++, j++)
{
decoded[j] = (Byte)(bytes[i] ^ keys.ElementAt(j % 4));
}
return incomingData = Encoding.UTF8.GetString(decoded, 0, decoded.Length);
}
服务器 - &gt;浏览器
private static Byte[] EncodeMessageToSend(String message)
{
Byte[] response;
Byte[] bytesRaw = Encoding.UTF8.GetBytes(message);
Byte[] frame = new Byte[10];
Int32 indexStartRawData = -1;
Int32 length = bytesRaw.Length;
frame[0] = (Byte)129;
if (length <= 125)
{
frame[1] = (Byte)length;
indexStartRawData = 2;
}
else if (length >= 126 && length <= 65535)
{
frame[1] = (Byte)126;
frame[2] = (Byte)((length >> 8) & 255);
frame[3] = (Byte)(length & 255);
indexStartRawData = 4;
}
else
{
frame[1] = (Byte)127;
frame[2] = (Byte)((length >> 56) & 255);
frame[3] = (Byte)((length >> 48) & 255);
frame[4] = (Byte)((length >> 40) & 255);
frame[5] = (Byte)((length >> 32) & 255);
frame[6] = (Byte)((length >> 24) & 255);
frame[7] = (Byte)((length >> 16) & 255);
frame[8] = (Byte)((length >> 8) & 255);
frame[9] = (Byte)(length & 255);
indexStartRawData = 10;
}
response = new Byte[indexStartRawData + length];
Int32 i, reponseIdx = 0;
//Add the frame bytes to the reponse
for (i = 0; i < indexStartRawData; i++)
{
response[reponseIdx] = frame[i];
reponseIdx++;
}
//Add the data bytes to the response
for (i = 0; i < length; i++)
{
response[reponseIdx] = bytesRaw[i];
reponseIdx++;
}
return response;
}
答案 4 :(得分:6)
pimvdb的答案在python中实现:
def DecodedCharArrayFromByteStreamIn(stringStreamIn):
#turn string values into opererable numeric byte values
byteArray = [ord(character) for character in stringStreamIn]
datalength = byteArray[1] & 127
indexFirstMask = 2
if datalength == 126:
indexFirstMask = 4
elif datalength == 127:
indexFirstMask = 10
masks = [m for m in byteArray[indexFirstMask : indexFirstMask+4]]
indexFirstDataByte = indexFirstMask + 4
decodedChars = []
i = indexFirstDataByte
j = 0
while i < len(byteArray):
decodedChars.append( chr(byteArray[i] ^ masks[j % 4]) )
i += 1
j += 1
return decodedChars
使用示例:
fromclient = '\x81\x8c\xff\xb8\xbd\xbd\xb7\xdd\xd1\xd1\x90\x98\xea\xd2\x8d\xd4\xd9\x9c'
# this looks like "?ŒOÇ¿¢gÓ ç\Ð=«ož" in unicode, received by server
print DecodedCharArrayFromByteStreamIn(fromclient)
# ['H', 'e', 'l', 'l', 'o', ' ', 'W', 'o', 'r', 'l', 'd', '!']
答案 5 :(得分:5)
除了PHP帧编码功能之外,还有一个解码函数:
function Decode($M){
$M = array_map("ord", str_split($M));
$L = $M[1] AND 127;
if ($L == 126)
$iFM = 4;
else if ($L == 127)
$iFM = 10;
else
$iFM = 2;
$Masks = array_slice($M, $iFM, 4);
$Out = "";
for ($i = $iFM + 4, $j = 0; $i < count($M); $i++, $j++ ) {
$Out .= chr($M[$i] ^ $Masks[$j % 4]);
}
return $Out;
}
我已经在易于使用的WebSocket PHP类here中实现了这个以及其他功能。
答案 6 :(得分:4)
PHP实施:
function encode($message)
{
$length = strlen($message);
$bytesHeader = [];
$bytesHeader[0] = 129; // 0x1 text frame (FIN + opcode)
if ($length <= 125) {
$bytesHeader[1] = $length;
} else if ($length >= 126 && $length <= 65535) {
$bytesHeader[1] = 126;
$bytesHeader[2] = ( $length >> 8 ) & 255;
$bytesHeader[3] = ( $length ) & 255;
} else {
$bytesHeader[1] = 127;
$bytesHeader[2] = ( $length >> 56 ) & 255;
$bytesHeader[3] = ( $length >> 48 ) & 255;
$bytesHeader[4] = ( $length >> 40 ) & 255;
$bytesHeader[5] = ( $length >> 32 ) & 255;
$bytesHeader[6] = ( $length >> 24 ) & 255;
$bytesHeader[7] = ( $length >> 16 ) & 255;
$bytesHeader[8] = ( $length >> 8 ) & 255;
$bytesHeader[9] = ( $length ) & 255;
}
$str = implode(array_map("chr", $bytesHeader)) . $message;
return $str;
}
答案 7 :(得分:2)
Go中的实施
编码部分(服务器 - &gt;浏览器)
func encode (message string) (result []byte) {
rawBytes := []byte(message)
var idxData int
length := byte(len(rawBytes))
if len(rawBytes) <= 125 { //one byte to store data length
result = make([]byte, len(rawBytes) + 2)
result[1] = length
idxData = 2
} else if len(rawBytes) >= 126 && len(rawBytes) <= 65535 { //two bytes to store data length
result = make([]byte, len(rawBytes) + 4)
result[1] = 126 //extra storage needed
result[2] = ( length >> 8 ) & 255
result[3] = ( length ) & 255
idxData = 4
} else {
result = make([]byte, len(rawBytes) + 10)
result[1] = 127
result[2] = ( length >> 56 ) & 255
result[3] = ( length >> 48 ) & 255
result[4] = ( length >> 40 ) & 255
result[5] = ( length >> 32 ) & 255
result[6] = ( length >> 24 ) & 255
result[7] = ( length >> 16 ) & 255
result[8] = ( length >> 8 ) & 255
result[9] = ( length ) & 255
idxData = 10
}
result[0] = 129 //only text is supported
// put raw data at the correct index
for i, b := range rawBytes {
result[idxData + i] = b
}
return
}
解码部分(浏览器 - &gt;服务器)
func decode (rawBytes []byte) string {
var idxMask int
if rawBytes[1] == 126 {
idxMask = 4
} else if rawBytes[1] == 127 {
idxMask = 10
} else {
idxMask = 2
}
masks := rawBytes[idxMask:idxMask + 4]
data := rawBytes[idxMask + 4:len(rawBytes)]
decoded := make([]byte, len(rawBytes) - idxMask + 4)
for i, b := range data {
decoded[i] = b ^ masks[i % 4]
}
return string(decoded)
}
答案 8 :(得分:2)
Clojure,解码函数假设帧作为{:data byte-array-buffer :size int-size-of-buffer}
的映射发送,因为实际大小可能与字节数组的大小不同,具体取决于输入流的块大小。
此处发布的代码:https://gist.github.com/viperscape/8918565
(defn ws-decode [frame]
"decodes websocket frame"
(let [data (:data frame)
dlen (bit-and (second data) 127)
mstart (if (== dlen 127) 10 (if (== dlen 126) 4 2))
mask (drop 2 (take (+ mstart 4) data))
msg (make-array Byte/TYPE (- (:size frame) (+ mstart 4)))]
(loop [i (+ mstart 4), j 0]
(aset-byte msg j (byte (bit-xor (nth data i) (nth mask (mod j 4)))))
(if (< i (dec(:size frame))) (recur (inc i) (inc j))))
msg))
(defn ws-encode [data]
"takes in bytes, return websocket frame"
(let [len (count data)
blen (if (> len 65535) 10 (if (> len 125) 4 2))
buf (make-array Byte/TYPE (+ len blen))
_ (aset-byte buf 0 -127) ;;(bit-or (unchecked-byte 0x80)
(unchecked-byte 0x1)
_ (if (= 2 blen)
(aset-byte buf 1 len) ;;mask 0, len
(do
(dorun(map #(aset-byte buf %1
(unchecked-byte (bit-and (bit-shift-right len (*(- %2 2) 8))
255)))
(range 2 blen) (into ()(range 2 blen))))
(aset-byte buf 1 (if (> blen 4) 127 126))))
_ (System/arraycopy data 0 buf blen len)]
buf))
答案 9 :(得分:2)
感谢您的回答,我想添加到 hfern&#39> (上图)Python版本,以包含发送功能(如果有人感兴趣的话)。
bufSize = 1024
read = DecodedWebsockRecieve(socket.recv(bufSize))
阅读用法:
EncodeWebSockSend(sock,"hellooooooooooooooooooooooooooooooooooooooooooooooooooooooooooooooooooooooooooooooooooooooooooooooooooooooooooooooooooooooooooooooooooooooooooooo")
写作用法:
test <- iris
create.new_var <- function(x) {
assign(paste("test$", x, sep=""), test$Petal.Width)
return(test)
}
test <- create.new.var('cheese')
答案 10 :(得分:0)