我在python中有一个关于__class__
的问题。
文档说__class__
是类实例所属的类。所以我进行了一系列实验:
class counter:
count = 0
def __init__(self):
self.__class__.count += 1
NewCounter1 = counter()
print NewCounter1.count #The result is 1
NewCounter2 = counter()
print NewCounter2.count #The result is 2
print NewCounter2.__class__.count is NewCounter2.count #result: True
一切顺利。
然后我按如下方式输入代码:
NewCounter2.__class__.count = 3
print NewCounter1.count #result:3
print NewCounter1.__class__.count #result:3
print NewCounter2.count #result:3
print NewCounter2.__class__.count #result:3
print NewCounter2.__class__.count is NewCounter2.count #result: True
从上面的代码中,我认为可能NewCounter1.count
等于NewCounter1
或__class__.count
,但以下代码让我感到惊讶:
NewCounter2.count = 5
print NewCounter1.count #result:3
print NewCounter1.__class__.count #result:3
print NewCounter2.count #result:5
print NewCounter2.__class__.count #result:3
print NewCounter2.__class__.count is NewCounter2.count #result: False
为什么NewCounter2.count
已更改但NewCounter2.__class__.count
仍为3?更重要的是,当我更改NewCounter2.count
时,NewCounter2.__class__.count is NewCounter2.count
变为False
。属性__class__
是什么?
答案 0 :(得分:21)
“从上面的代码中,我认为NewCounter1.count可能等于NewCounter1。_class_.count”
问题在于,在你的问题中这句话的那一刻,在唯一的指示之后:
NewCounter1 = counter()
NewCounter2 = counter()
NewCounter2.__class__.count = 3
创建 NewCounter1 和 NewCounter2
并修改了类属性 counter.count ,
没有对象 NewCounter1.count ,也没有 NewCounter2.count ,然后“equals”没有实际意义。
查看 NewCounter1 的创建,然后查看:
class counter:
count = 0
def __init__(self):
self.__class__.count += 1
print 'counter.count BEFORE ==',counter.count # The result is 0
NewCounter1 = counter()
print '\nNewCounter1.__dict__ ==',NewCounter1.__dict__ # The result is {}
print 'NewCounter1.count ==',NewCounter1.count # The result is 1
print 'counter.count AFTER ==',counter.count # The result is 1
NewCounter ._ dict _ 是实例 NewCounter1 的命名空间
print NewCounter1.count
打印的内容与print counter.count
相同
但是,'count'(字符串'count')不在 NewCounter1 的命名空间中,也就是说在创建的命名空间中没有属性 count 实例!
怎么可能?
那是因为创建的实例没有分配 _ init _ 中的'count'标识符 - >在 NewCounter1 中没有任何属性作为字段的真实创建,也就是说没有创建INSTANCE属性。
结果是指示时
print 'NewCounter1.count ==',NewCounter1.count
在评估时,解释器在 NewCounter1 的命名空间中找不到实例属性,然后转到实例的类以在此类的命名空间中搜索键'count';在那里它找到'count'作为CLASS属性的键,并且可以将对象 counter.count 的VALUE作为值来显示以响应该指令。
一个类实例有一个名称实现为字典的名称空间 搜索属性引用的第一个位置。当一个 在那里找不到属性,并且实例的类有一个 通过该名称的属性,搜索继续该类 属性。 http://docs.python.org/reference/datamodel.html#the-standard-type-hierarchy
所以,NewCounter1.count equals NewCounter1.__class__.count
这里意味着NewCounter1.count的VALUE,即使这个实际上不存在,也是类属性 NewCounter1的值。 类 .Count之间的即可。这里的“是”是英语动词,而不是测试两个对象身份的语言 的特征,它意味着'被认为有'
执行NewCounter2.__class__.count = 3
时,只会影响类属性 counter.count 。 NewCounter1 和 NewCounter2 的命名空间保持为空,并且遵循与查找 counter.count 值的类相同的机制。< / p>
最后,当NewCounter2.count = 5
执行时,这次创建INSTANCE属性 count 作为 NewCounter2 对象中的字段,并出现'count'在 NewCounter2 的命名空间中。
它不会覆盖任何内容,因为实例__dict__
中没有任何内容
没有其他更改会影响 NewCounter1 和 counter.count
以下代码更明确地显示了执行期间的基础事件:
from itertools import islice
class counter:
count = 0
def __init__(self):
print (' | counter.count first == %d at %d\n'
' | self.count first == %d at %d')\
% (counter.count,id(counter.count),
self.count,id(self.count))
self.__class__.count += 1 # <<=====
print (' | counter.count second == %d at %d\n'
' | self.count second == %d at %d\n'
' | id(counter) == %d id(self) == %d')\
% (counter.count,id(counter.count),
self.count,id(self.count),
id(counter),id(self))
def display(*li):
it = iter(li)
for ch in it:
nn = (len(ch)-len(ch.lstrip('\n')))*'\n'
x = it.next()
print '%s == %s %s' % (ch,x,'' if '__dict__' in ch else 'at '+str(id(x)))
display('counter.count AT START',counter.count)
print ('\n\n----- C1 = counter() ------------------------')
C1 = counter()
display('C1.__dict__',C1.__dict__,
'C1.count ',C1.count,
'\ncounter.count ',counter.count)
print ('\n\n----- C2 = counter() ------------------------')
C2 = counter()
print (' -------------------------------------------')
display('C1.__dict__',C1.__dict__,
'C2.__dict__',C2.__dict__,
'C1.count ',C1.count,
'C2.count ',C2.count,
'C1.__class__.count',C1.__class__.count,
'C2.__class__.count',C2.__class__.count,
'\ncounter.count ',counter.count)
print '\n\n------- C2.__class__.count = 3 ------------------------\n'
C2.__class__.count = 3
display('C1.__dict__',C1.__dict__,
'C2.__dict__',C2.__dict__,
'C1.count ',C1.count,
'C2.count ',C2.count,
'C1.__class__.count',C1.__class__.count,
'C2.__class__.count',C2.__class__.count,
'\ncounter.count ',counter.count)
print '\n\n------- C2.count = 5 ------------------------\n'
C2.count = 5
display('C1.__dict__',C1.__dict__,
'C2.__dict__',C2.__dict__,
'C1.count ',C1.count,
'C2.count ',C2.count,
'C1.__class__.count',C1.__class__.count,
'C2.__class__.count',C2.__class__.count,
'\ncounter.count ',counter.count)
结果
counter.count AT START == 0 at 10021628
----- C1 = counter() ------------------------
| counter.count first == 0 at 10021628
| self.count first == 0 at 10021628
| counter.count second == 1 at 10021616
| self.count second == 1 at 10021616
| id(counter) == 11211248 id(self) == 18735712
C1.__dict__ == {}
C1.count == 1 at 10021616
counter.count == 1 at 10021616
----- C2 = counter() ------------------------
| counter.count first == 1 at 10021616
| self.count first == 1 at 10021616
| counter.count second == 2 at 10021604
| self.count second == 2 at 10021604
| id(counter) == 11211248 id(self) == 18736032
-------------------------------------------
C1.__dict__ == {}
C2.__dict__ == {}
C1.count == 2 at 10021604
C2.count == 2 at 10021604
C1.__class__.count == 2 at 10021604
C2.__class__.count == 2 at 10021604
counter.count == 2 at 10021604
------- C2.__class__.count = 3 ------------------------
C1.__dict__ == {}
C2.__dict__ == {}
C1.count == 3 at 10021592
C2.count == 3 at 10021592
C1.__class__.count == 3 at 10021592
C2.__class__.count == 3 at 10021592
counter.count == 3 at 10021592
------- C2.count = 5 ------------------------
C1.__dict__ == {}
C2.__dict__ == {'count': 5}
C1.count == 3 at 10021592
C2.count == 5 at 10021568
C1.__class__.count == 3 at 10021592
C2.__class__.count == 3 at 10021592
counter.count == 3 at 10021592
有趣的事情是添加指令
self.count = counter.count
在线之前
self.__class__.count += 1 # <<=====
观察结果的变化
总之,关键点不是__class__
,而是搜索属性的机制,这种机制在被忽略时会产生误导。
答案 1 :(得分:10)
这一行:
NewCounter2.__class__.count = 3
更改count
的静态counter
,但在此处:
NewCounter2.count = 5
NewCounter2
现在有自己的count
属性隐藏静态count
;
这条线对NewCounter1
没有影响。
这也是NewCounter2.__class__.count != NewCounter2.count
。
答案 2 :(得分:3)
重新绑定(即分配)对象上的属性,该属性与类上的属性同名,影响类的属性。始终首先检查对象的属性,然后检查MRO顺序中的类。
答案 3 :(得分:0)
行
NewCounter2.count = 5
创建NewCounter2
的新实例级属性。之后,您访问了两个不同的属性(NewCounter2.count
- 实例级别attr和NewCounter2.__class__.count
- 类级别attr),这导致了“奇怪”的问题。行为&#39;