实现以下目标的最佳算法是什么:
0010 0000 => 0000 0100
转换是从MSB-> LSB到LSB-> MSB。所有位必须反转;也就是说,这是不是 endianness-swapping。
答案 0 :(得分:486)
注意:以下所有算法都在C语言中,但应该可以移植到您选择的语言中(当它们不那么快时,请不要看我:)
内存不足(32位int
,32位计算机)(来自here):
unsigned int
reverse(register unsigned int x)
{
x = (((x & 0xaaaaaaaa) >> 1) | ((x & 0x55555555) << 1));
x = (((x & 0xcccccccc) >> 2) | ((x & 0x33333333) << 2));
x = (((x & 0xf0f0f0f0) >> 4) | ((x & 0x0f0f0f0f) << 4));
x = (((x & 0xff00ff00) >> 8) | ((x & 0x00ff00ff) << 8));
return((x >> 16) | (x << 16));
}
来自着名的Bit Twiddling Hacks page:
最快(查询表):
static const unsigned char BitReverseTable256[] =
{
0x00, 0x80, 0x40, 0xC0, 0x20, 0xA0, 0x60, 0xE0, 0x10, 0x90, 0x50, 0xD0, 0x30, 0xB0, 0x70, 0xF0,
0x08, 0x88, 0x48, 0xC8, 0x28, 0xA8, 0x68, 0xE8, 0x18, 0x98, 0x58, 0xD8, 0x38, 0xB8, 0x78, 0xF8,
0x04, 0x84, 0x44, 0xC4, 0x24, 0xA4, 0x64, 0xE4, 0x14, 0x94, 0x54, 0xD4, 0x34, 0xB4, 0x74, 0xF4,
0x0C, 0x8C, 0x4C, 0xCC, 0x2C, 0xAC, 0x6C, 0xEC, 0x1C, 0x9C, 0x5C, 0xDC, 0x3C, 0xBC, 0x7C, 0xFC,
0x02, 0x82, 0x42, 0xC2, 0x22, 0xA2, 0x62, 0xE2, 0x12, 0x92, 0x52, 0xD2, 0x32, 0xB2, 0x72, 0xF2,
0x0A, 0x8A, 0x4A, 0xCA, 0x2A, 0xAA, 0x6A, 0xEA, 0x1A, 0x9A, 0x5A, 0xDA, 0x3A, 0xBA, 0x7A, 0xFA,
0x06, 0x86, 0x46, 0xC6, 0x26, 0xA6, 0x66, 0xE6, 0x16, 0x96, 0x56, 0xD6, 0x36, 0xB6, 0x76, 0xF6,
0x0E, 0x8E, 0x4E, 0xCE, 0x2E, 0xAE, 0x6E, 0xEE, 0x1E, 0x9E, 0x5E, 0xDE, 0x3E, 0xBE, 0x7E, 0xFE,
0x01, 0x81, 0x41, 0xC1, 0x21, 0xA1, 0x61, 0xE1, 0x11, 0x91, 0x51, 0xD1, 0x31, 0xB1, 0x71, 0xF1,
0x09, 0x89, 0x49, 0xC9, 0x29, 0xA9, 0x69, 0xE9, 0x19, 0x99, 0x59, 0xD9, 0x39, 0xB9, 0x79, 0xF9,
0x05, 0x85, 0x45, 0xC5, 0x25, 0xA5, 0x65, 0xE5, 0x15, 0x95, 0x55, 0xD5, 0x35, 0xB5, 0x75, 0xF5,
0x0D, 0x8D, 0x4D, 0xCD, 0x2D, 0xAD, 0x6D, 0xED, 0x1D, 0x9D, 0x5D, 0xDD, 0x3D, 0xBD, 0x7D, 0xFD,
0x03, 0x83, 0x43, 0xC3, 0x23, 0xA3, 0x63, 0xE3, 0x13, 0x93, 0x53, 0xD3, 0x33, 0xB3, 0x73, 0xF3,
0x0B, 0x8B, 0x4B, 0xCB, 0x2B, 0xAB, 0x6B, 0xEB, 0x1B, 0x9B, 0x5B, 0xDB, 0x3B, 0xBB, 0x7B, 0xFB,
0x07, 0x87, 0x47, 0xC7, 0x27, 0xA7, 0x67, 0xE7, 0x17, 0x97, 0x57, 0xD7, 0x37, 0xB7, 0x77, 0xF7,
0x0F, 0x8F, 0x4F, 0xCF, 0x2F, 0xAF, 0x6F, 0xEF, 0x1F, 0x9F, 0x5F, 0xDF, 0x3F, 0xBF, 0x7F, 0xFF
};
unsigned int v; // reverse 32-bit value, 8 bits at time
unsigned int c; // c will get v reversed
// Option 1:
c = (BitReverseTable256[v & 0xff] << 24) |
(BitReverseTable256[(v >> 8) & 0xff] << 16) |
(BitReverseTable256[(v >> 16) & 0xff] << 8) |
(BitReverseTable256[(v >> 24) & 0xff]);
// Option 2:
unsigned char * p = (unsigned char *) &v;
unsigned char * q = (unsigned char *) &c;
q[3] = BitReverseTable256[p[0]];
q[2] = BitReverseTable256[p[1]];
q[1] = BitReverseTable256[p[2]];
q[0] = BitReverseTable256[p[3]];
您可以将此想法扩展到64位int
,或者为了速度而牺牲内存(假设您的L1数据缓存足够大),并且使用64K条目查找表一次反向16位
<强>简单强>
unsigned int v; // input bits to be reversed
unsigned int r = v & 1; // r will be reversed bits of v; first get LSB of v
int s = sizeof(v) * CHAR_BIT - 1; // extra shift needed at end
for (v >>= 1; v; v >>= 1)
{
r <<= 1;
r |= v & 1;
s--;
}
r <<= s; // shift when v's highest bits are zero
更快(32位处理器)
unsigned char b = x;
b = ((b * 0x0802LU & 0x22110LU) | (b * 0x8020LU & 0x88440LU)) * 0x10101LU >> 16;
更快(64位处理器)
unsigned char b; // reverse this (8-bit) byte
b = (b * 0x0202020202ULL & 0x010884422010ULL) % 1023;
如果要在32位int
上执行此操作,只需反转每个字节中的位,然后颠倒字节的顺序。那就是:
unsigned int toReverse;
unsigned int reversed;
unsigned char inByte0 = (toReverse & 0xFF);
unsigned char inByte1 = (toReverse & 0xFF00) >> 8;
unsigned char inByte2 = (toReverse & 0xFF0000) >> 16;
unsigned char inByte3 = (toReverse & 0xFF000000) >> 24;
reversed = (reverseBits(inByte0) << 24) | (reverseBits(inByte1) << 16) | (reverseBits(inByte2) << 8) | (reverseBits(inByte3);
我对两个最有前途的解决方案,查找表和按位AND(第一个)进行了基准测试。该测试机是一台配备4GB DDR2-800和Core 2 Duo T7500 @ 2.4GHz,4MB L2 Cache的笔记本电脑;因人而异。我在64位Linux上使用了 gcc 4.3.2。 OpenMP(和GCC绑定)用于高分辨率计时器。
<强> reverse.c 强>
#include <stdlib.h>
#include <stdio.h>
#include <omp.h>
unsigned int
reverse(register unsigned int x)
{
x = (((x & 0xaaaaaaaa) >> 1) | ((x & 0x55555555) << 1));
x = (((x & 0xcccccccc) >> 2) | ((x & 0x33333333) << 2));
x = (((x & 0xf0f0f0f0) >> 4) | ((x & 0x0f0f0f0f) << 4));
x = (((x & 0xff00ff00) >> 8) | ((x & 0x00ff00ff) << 8));
return((x >> 16) | (x << 16));
}
int main()
{
unsigned int *ints = malloc(100000000*sizeof(unsigned int));
unsigned int *ints2 = malloc(100000000*sizeof(unsigned int));
for(unsigned int i = 0; i < 100000000; i++)
ints[i] = rand();
unsigned int *inptr = ints;
unsigned int *outptr = ints2;
unsigned int *endptr = ints + 100000000;
// Starting the time measurement
double start = omp_get_wtime();
// Computations to be measured
while(inptr != endptr)
{
(*outptr) = reverse(*inptr);
inptr++;
outptr++;
}
// Measuring the elapsed time
double end = omp_get_wtime();
// Time calculation (in seconds)
printf("Time: %f seconds\n", end-start);
free(ints);
free(ints2);
return 0;
}
<强> reverse_lookup.c 强>
#include <stdlib.h>
#include <stdio.h>
#include <omp.h>
static const unsigned char BitReverseTable256[] =
{
0x00, 0x80, 0x40, 0xC0, 0x20, 0xA0, 0x60, 0xE0, 0x10, 0x90, 0x50, 0xD0, 0x30, 0xB0, 0x70, 0xF0,
0x08, 0x88, 0x48, 0xC8, 0x28, 0xA8, 0x68, 0xE8, 0x18, 0x98, 0x58, 0xD8, 0x38, 0xB8, 0x78, 0xF8,
0x04, 0x84, 0x44, 0xC4, 0x24, 0xA4, 0x64, 0xE4, 0x14, 0x94, 0x54, 0xD4, 0x34, 0xB4, 0x74, 0xF4,
0x0C, 0x8C, 0x4C, 0xCC, 0x2C, 0xAC, 0x6C, 0xEC, 0x1C, 0x9C, 0x5C, 0xDC, 0x3C, 0xBC, 0x7C, 0xFC,
0x02, 0x82, 0x42, 0xC2, 0x22, 0xA2, 0x62, 0xE2, 0x12, 0x92, 0x52, 0xD2, 0x32, 0xB2, 0x72, 0xF2,
0x0A, 0x8A, 0x4A, 0xCA, 0x2A, 0xAA, 0x6A, 0xEA, 0x1A, 0x9A, 0x5A, 0xDA, 0x3A, 0xBA, 0x7A, 0xFA,
0x06, 0x86, 0x46, 0xC6, 0x26, 0xA6, 0x66, 0xE6, 0x16, 0x96, 0x56, 0xD6, 0x36, 0xB6, 0x76, 0xF6,
0x0E, 0x8E, 0x4E, 0xCE, 0x2E, 0xAE, 0x6E, 0xEE, 0x1E, 0x9E, 0x5E, 0xDE, 0x3E, 0xBE, 0x7E, 0xFE,
0x01, 0x81, 0x41, 0xC1, 0x21, 0xA1, 0x61, 0xE1, 0x11, 0x91, 0x51, 0xD1, 0x31, 0xB1, 0x71, 0xF1,
0x09, 0x89, 0x49, 0xC9, 0x29, 0xA9, 0x69, 0xE9, 0x19, 0x99, 0x59, 0xD9, 0x39, 0xB9, 0x79, 0xF9,
0x05, 0x85, 0x45, 0xC5, 0x25, 0xA5, 0x65, 0xE5, 0x15, 0x95, 0x55, 0xD5, 0x35, 0xB5, 0x75, 0xF5,
0x0D, 0x8D, 0x4D, 0xCD, 0x2D, 0xAD, 0x6D, 0xED, 0x1D, 0x9D, 0x5D, 0xDD, 0x3D, 0xBD, 0x7D, 0xFD,
0x03, 0x83, 0x43, 0xC3, 0x23, 0xA3, 0x63, 0xE3, 0x13, 0x93, 0x53, 0xD3, 0x33, 0xB3, 0x73, 0xF3,
0x0B, 0x8B, 0x4B, 0xCB, 0x2B, 0xAB, 0x6B, 0xEB, 0x1B, 0x9B, 0x5B, 0xDB, 0x3B, 0xBB, 0x7B, 0xFB,
0x07, 0x87, 0x47, 0xC7, 0x27, 0xA7, 0x67, 0xE7, 0x17, 0x97, 0x57, 0xD7, 0x37, 0xB7, 0x77, 0xF7,
0x0F, 0x8F, 0x4F, 0xCF, 0x2F, 0xAF, 0x6F, 0xEF, 0x1F, 0x9F, 0x5F, 0xDF, 0x3F, 0xBF, 0x7F, 0xFF
};
int main()
{
unsigned int *ints = malloc(100000000*sizeof(unsigned int));
unsigned int *ints2 = malloc(100000000*sizeof(unsigned int));
for(unsigned int i = 0; i < 100000000; i++)
ints[i] = rand();
unsigned int *inptr = ints;
unsigned int *outptr = ints2;
unsigned int *endptr = ints + 100000000;
// Starting the time measurement
double start = omp_get_wtime();
// Computations to be measured
while(inptr != endptr)
{
unsigned int in = *inptr;
// Option 1:
//*outptr = (BitReverseTable256[in & 0xff] << 24) |
// (BitReverseTable256[(in >> 8) & 0xff] << 16) |
// (BitReverseTable256[(in >> 16) & 0xff] << 8) |
// (BitReverseTable256[(in >> 24) & 0xff]);
// Option 2:
unsigned char * p = (unsigned char *) &(*inptr);
unsigned char * q = (unsigned char *) &(*outptr);
q[3] = BitReverseTable256[p[0]];
q[2] = BitReverseTable256[p[1]];
q[1] = BitReverseTable256[p[2]];
q[0] = BitReverseTable256[p[3]];
inptr++;
outptr++;
}
// Measuring the elapsed time
double end = omp_get_wtime();
// Time calculation (in seconds)
printf("Time: %f seconds\n", end-start);
free(ints);
free(ints2);
return 0;
}
我在几种不同的优化中尝试了两种方法,在每个级别进行了3次试验,每次试验都逆转了1亿次随机unsigned ints
。对于查找表选项,我尝试了在按位黑客页面上给出的两个方案(选项1和2)。结果如下所示。
按位AND
mrj10@mjlap:~/code$ gcc -fopenmp -std=c99 -o reverse reverse.c
mrj10@mjlap:~/code$ ./reverse
Time: 2.000593 seconds
mrj10@mjlap:~/code$ ./reverse
Time: 1.938893 seconds
mrj10@mjlap:~/code$ ./reverse
Time: 1.936365 seconds
mrj10@mjlap:~/code$ gcc -fopenmp -std=c99 -O2 -o reverse reverse.c
mrj10@mjlap:~/code$ ./reverse
Time: 0.942709 seconds
mrj10@mjlap:~/code$ ./reverse
Time: 0.991104 seconds
mrj10@mjlap:~/code$ ./reverse
Time: 0.947203 seconds
mrj10@mjlap:~/code$ gcc -fopenmp -std=c99 -O3 -o reverse reverse.c
mrj10@mjlap:~/code$ ./reverse
Time: 0.922639 seconds
mrj10@mjlap:~/code$ ./reverse
Time: 0.892372 seconds
mrj10@mjlap:~/code$ ./reverse
Time: 0.891688 seconds
查找表(选项1)
mrj10@mjlap:~/code$ gcc -fopenmp -std=c99 -o reverse_lookup reverse_lookup.c
mrj10@mjlap:~/code$ ./reverse_lookup
Time: 1.201127 seconds
mrj10@mjlap:~/code$ ./reverse_lookup
Time: 1.196129 seconds
mrj10@mjlap:~/code$ ./reverse_lookup
Time: 1.235972 seconds
mrj10@mjlap:~/code$ gcc -fopenmp -std=c99 -O2 -o reverse_lookup reverse_lookup.c
mrj10@mjlap:~/code$ ./reverse_lookup
Time: 0.633042 seconds
mrj10@mjlap:~/code$ ./reverse_lookup
Time: 0.655880 seconds
mrj10@mjlap:~/code$ ./reverse_lookup
Time: 0.633390 seconds
mrj10@mjlap:~/code$ gcc -fopenmp -std=c99 -O3 -o reverse_lookup reverse_lookup.c
mrj10@mjlap:~/code$ ./reverse_lookup
Time: 0.652322 seconds
mrj10@mjlap:~/code$ ./reverse_lookup
Time: 0.631739 seconds
mrj10@mjlap:~/code$ ./reverse_lookup
Time: 0.652431 seconds
查找表(选项2)
mrj10@mjlap:~/code$ gcc -fopenmp -std=c99 -o reverse_lookup reverse_lookup.c
mrj10@mjlap:~/code$ ./reverse_lookup
Time: 1.671537 seconds
mrj10@mjlap:~/code$ ./reverse_lookup
Time: 1.688173 seconds
mrj10@mjlap:~/code$ ./reverse_lookup
Time: 1.664662 seconds
mrj10@mjlap:~/code$ gcc -fopenmp -std=c99 -O2 -o reverse_lookup reverse_lookup.c
mrj10@mjlap:~/code$ ./reverse_lookup
Time: 1.049851 seconds
mrj10@mjlap:~/code$ ./reverse_lookup
Time: 1.048403 seconds
mrj10@mjlap:~/code$ ./reverse_lookup
Time: 1.085086 seconds
mrj10@mjlap:~/code$ gcc -fopenmp -std=c99 -O3 -o reverse_lookup reverse_lookup.c
mrj10@mjlap:~/code$ ./reverse_lookup
Time: 1.082223 seconds
mrj10@mjlap:~/code$ ./reverse_lookup
Time: 1.053431 seconds
mrj10@mjlap:~/code$ ./reverse_lookup
Time: 1.081224 seconds
如果您关注性能,请使用查找表,选项1 (字节寻址不足为奇)。如果你需要从系统中挤出每个最后一个字节的内存(如果你关心位反转的性能,你可能会这样做),bitwise-AND方法的优化版本也不会太破旧。
是的,我知道基准代码是一个完整的黑客。关于如何改进它的建议非常受欢迎。我所知道的事情:
ld
引发了一些疯狂的符号重定义错误),所以我不相信生成的代码会针对我的微体系结构进行调整。<强> 32位强>
.L3:
movl (%r12,%rsi), %ecx
movzbl %cl, %eax
movzbl BitReverseTable256(%rax), %edx
movl %ecx, %eax
shrl $24, %eax
mov %eax, %eax
movzbl BitReverseTable256(%rax), %eax
sall $24, %edx
orl %eax, %edx
movzbl %ch, %eax
shrl $16, %ecx
movzbl BitReverseTable256(%rax), %eax
movzbl %cl, %ecx
sall $16, %eax
orl %eax, %edx
movzbl BitReverseTable256(%rcx), %eax
sall $8, %eax
orl %eax, %edx
movl %edx, (%r13,%rsi)
addq $4, %rsi
cmpq $400000000, %rsi
jne .L3
编辑:我也尝试在我的机器上使用uint64_t
类型来查看是否有任何性能提升。性能比32位快约10%,并且无论您是一次使用64位类型来反转两个32位int
类型的位,还是实际上是否正在反转位,几乎都是相同的64位值的一半。汇编代码如下所示(对于前一种情况,一次反转两个32位int
类型的位):
.L3:
movq (%r12,%rsi), %rdx
movq %rdx, %rax
shrq $24, %rax
andl $255, %eax
movzbl BitReverseTable256(%rax), %ecx
movzbq %dl,%rax
movzbl BitReverseTable256(%rax), %eax
salq $24, %rax
orq %rax, %rcx
movq %rdx, %rax
shrq $56, %rax
movzbl BitReverseTable256(%rax), %eax
salq $32, %rax
orq %rax, %rcx
movzbl %dh, %eax
shrq $16, %rdx
movzbl BitReverseTable256(%rax), %eax
salq $16, %rax
orq %rax, %rcx
movzbq %dl,%rax
shrq $16, %rdx
movzbl BitReverseTable256(%rax), %eax
salq $8, %rax
orq %rax, %rcx
movzbq %dl,%rax
shrq $8, %rdx
movzbl BitReverseTable256(%rax), %eax
salq $56, %rax
orq %rax, %rcx
movzbq %dl,%rax
shrq $8, %rdx
movzbl BitReverseTable256(%rax), %eax
andl $255, %edx
salq $48, %rax
orq %rax, %rcx
movzbl BitReverseTable256(%rdx), %eax
salq $40, %rax
orq %rax, %rcx
movq %rcx, (%r13,%rsi)
addq $8, %rsi
cmpq $400000000, %rsi
jne .L3
答案 1 :(得分:71)
这个帖子引起了我的注意,因为它处理了一个简单的问题,即使对于现代的CPU也需要大量的工作(CPU周期)。有一天,我也站在那里,遇到同样的¤#%“#”问题。我不得不翻转数百万字节。但是我知道我所有的目标系统都是现代的基于英特尔的,所以让我们开始优化到极致!!!
所以我用Matt J的查找代码作为基础。我正在进行基准测试的系统是i7 haswell 4700eq。
Matt J的查找位翻转400 000 000字节:大约0.272秒。
然后我继续尝试看看英特尔的ISPC编译器是否可以在反向文件中对算法进行矢量化。
我不会厌恶我的发现,因为我尝试了很多东西来帮助编译器找到东西,无论如何我最终得到了大约0.15秒的性能来bitflip 400 000 000字节。这是一个很大的减少,但对于我的应用程序仍然太慢..
所以人们让我介绍世界上最快的基于英特尔的bitflipper。时钟:
bitflip 400000000字节的时间:0.050082秒!!!!!
// Bitflip using AVX2 - The fastest Intel based bitflip in the world!!
// Made by Anders Cedronius 2014 (anders.cedronius (you know what) gmail.com)
#include <stdio.h>
#include <stdlib.h>
#include <math.h>
#include <omp.h>
using namespace std;
#define DISPLAY_HEIGHT 4
#define DISPLAY_WIDTH 32
#define NUM_DATA_BYTES 400000000
// Constants (first we got the mask, then the high order nibble look up table and last we got the low order nibble lookup table)
__attribute__ ((aligned(32))) static unsigned char k1[32*3]={
0x0f,0x0f,0x0f,0x0f,0x0f,0x0f,0x0f,0x0f,0x0f,0x0f,0x0f,0x0f,0x0f,0x0f,0x0f,0x0f,0x0f,0x0f,0x0f,0x0f,0x0f,0x0f,0x0f,0x0f,0x0f,0x0f,0x0f,0x0f,0x0f,0x0f,0x0f,0x0f,
0x00,0x08,0x04,0x0c,0x02,0x0a,0x06,0x0e,0x01,0x09,0x05,0x0d,0x03,0x0b,0x07,0x0f,0x00,0x08,0x04,0x0c,0x02,0x0a,0x06,0x0e,0x01,0x09,0x05,0x0d,0x03,0x0b,0x07,0x0f,
0x00,0x80,0x40,0xc0,0x20,0xa0,0x60,0xe0,0x10,0x90,0x50,0xd0,0x30,0xb0,0x70,0xf0,0x00,0x80,0x40,0xc0,0x20,0xa0,0x60,0xe0,0x10,0x90,0x50,0xd0,0x30,0xb0,0x70,0xf0
};
// The data to be bitflipped (+32 to avoid the quantization out of memory problem)
__attribute__ ((aligned(32))) static unsigned char data[NUM_DATA_BYTES+32]={};
extern "C" {
void bitflipbyte(unsigned char[],unsigned int,unsigned char[]);
}
int main()
{
for(unsigned int i = 0; i < NUM_DATA_BYTES; i++)
{
data[i] = rand();
}
printf ("\r\nData in(start):\r\n");
for (unsigned int j = 0; j < 4; j++)
{
for (unsigned int i = 0; i < DISPLAY_WIDTH; i++)
{
printf ("0x%02x,",data[i+(j*DISPLAY_WIDTH)]);
}
printf ("\r\n");
}
printf ("\r\nNumber of 32-byte chunks to convert: %d\r\n",(unsigned int)ceil(NUM_DATA_BYTES/32.0));
double start_time = omp_get_wtime();
bitflipbyte(data,(unsigned int)ceil(NUM_DATA_BYTES/32.0),k1);
double end_time = omp_get_wtime();
printf ("\r\nData out:\r\n");
for (unsigned int j = 0; j < 4; j++)
{
for (unsigned int i = 0; i < DISPLAY_WIDTH; i++)
{
printf ("0x%02x,",data[i+(j*DISPLAY_WIDTH)]);
}
printf ("\r\n");
}
printf("\r\n\r\nTime to bitflip %d bytes: %f seconds\r\n\r\n",NUM_DATA_BYTES, end_time-start_time);
// return with no errors
return 0;
}
printf用于调试..
这是主力:
bits 64
global bitflipbyte
bitflipbyte:
vmovdqa ymm2, [rdx]
add rdx, 20h
vmovdqa ymm3, [rdx]
add rdx, 20h
vmovdqa ymm4, [rdx]
bitflipp_loop:
vmovdqa ymm0, [rdi]
vpand ymm1, ymm2, ymm0
vpandn ymm0, ymm2, ymm0
vpsrld ymm0, ymm0, 4h
vpshufb ymm1, ymm4, ymm1
vpshufb ymm0, ymm3, ymm0
vpor ymm0, ymm0, ymm1
vmovdqa [rdi], ymm0
add rdi, 20h
dec rsi
jnz bitflipp_loop
ret
代码占用32个字节,然后屏蔽掉半字节。高半字节右移4.然后我使用vpshufb和ymm4 / ymm3作为查找表。我可以使用单个查找表但是我必须在将半字节再次组合在一起之前向左移动。
有更快的方法来翻转位。但我必须使用单线程和CPU,因此这是我能实现的最快速度。你能制作更快的版本吗?
请不要对使用英特尔C / C ++编译器内在等效命令...
发表评论答案 2 :(得分:13)
对于喜欢递归的人来说,这是另一种解决方案。
这个想法很简单。 将输入分为两半并交换两半,继续直到达到单个位。
Illustrated in the example below.
Ex : If Input is 00101010 ==> Expected output is 01010100
1. Divide the input into 2 halves
0010 --- 1010
2. Swap the 2 Halves
1010 0010
3. Repeat the same for each half.
10 -- 10 --- 00 -- 10
10 10 10 00
1-0 -- 1-0 --- 1-0 -- 0-0
0 1 0 1 0 1 0 0
Done! Output is 01010100
这是一个解决它的递归函数。 (注意我使用了无符号整数,因此它可以用于最大为sizeof(unsigned int)* 8位的输入。
递归函数需要2个参数 - 其位需要的值 要反转和值中的位数。
int reverse_bits_recursive(unsigned int num, unsigned int numBits)
{
unsigned int reversedNum;;
unsigned int mask = 0;
mask = (0x1 << (numBits/2)) - 1;
if (numBits == 1) return num;
reversedNum = reverse_bits_recursive(num >> numBits/2, numBits/2) |
reverse_bits_recursive((num & mask), numBits/2) << numBits/2;
return reversedNum;
}
int main()
{
unsigned int reversedNum;
unsigned int num;
num = 0x55;
reversedNum = reverse_bits_recursive(num, 8);
printf ("Bit Reversal Input = 0x%x Output = 0x%x\n", num, reversedNum);
num = 0xabcd;
reversedNum = reverse_bits_recursive(num, 16);
printf ("Bit Reversal Input = 0x%x Output = 0x%x\n", num, reversedNum);
num = 0x123456;
reversedNum = reverse_bits_recursive(num, 24);
printf ("Bit Reversal Input = 0x%x Output = 0x%x\n", num, reversedNum);
num = 0x11223344;
reversedNum = reverse_bits_recursive(num,32);
printf ("Bit Reversal Input = 0x%x Output = 0x%x\n", num, reversedNum);
}
这是输出:
Bit Reversal Input = 0x55 Output = 0xaa
Bit Reversal Input = 0xabcd Output = 0xb3d5
Bit Reversal Input = 0x123456 Output = 0x651690
Bit Reversal Input = 0x11223344 Output = 0x22cc4488
答案 3 :(得分:12)
嗯,这肯定不会像Matt J那样答案,但希望它仍然有用。
size_t reverse(size_t n, unsigned int bytes)
{
__asm__("BSWAP %0" : "=r"(n) : "0"(n));
n >>= ((sizeof(size_t) - bytes) * 8);
n = ((n & 0xaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaa) >> 1) | ((n & 0x5555555555555555) << 1);
n = ((n & 0xcccccccccccccccc) >> 2) | ((n & 0x3333333333333333) << 2);
n = ((n & 0xf0f0f0f0f0f0f0f0) >> 4) | ((n & 0x0f0f0f0f0f0f0f0f) << 4);
return n;
}
这与Matt最好的算法完全相同,只是有一个叫做BSWAP的小指令可以交换64位数字的字节(而不是位)。因此b7,b6,b5,b4,b3,b2,b1,b0变为b0,b1,b2,b3,b4,b5,b6,b7。由于我们使用的是32位数字,因此我们需要将字节交换数字向下移位32位。这让我们完成了交换每个字节的8位的任务,这就完成了!我们已经完成了。
计时:在我的机器上,Matt的算法在每次试验中运行约0.52秒。我的试验每次试验大约0.42秒。我认为,20%的速度还不错。
如果您担心指令的可用性,BSWAP Wikipedia会将指令BSWAP列为1989年推出的80846.应该注意的是,维基百科还声明该指令仅适用于32位寄存器在我的机器上显然不是这种情况,它只适用于64位寄存器。
此方法对于任何整数数据类型都同样有效,因此可以通过传递所需的字节数来简单地推广该方法:
size_t reverse(size_t n, unsigned int bytes)
{
__asm__("BSWAP %0" : "=r"(n) : "0"(n));
n >>= ((sizeof(size_t) - bytes) * 8);
n = ((n & 0xaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaa) >> 1) | ((n & 0x5555555555555555) << 1);
n = ((n & 0xcccccccccccccccc) >> 2) | ((n & 0x3333333333333333) << 2);
n = ((n & 0xf0f0f0f0f0f0f0f0) >> 4) | ((n & 0x0f0f0f0f0f0f0f0f) << 4);
return n;
}
然后可以被称为:
n = reverse(n, sizeof(char));//only reverse 8 bits
n = reverse(n, sizeof(short));//reverse 16 bits
n = reverse(n, sizeof(int));//reverse 32 bits
n = reverse(n, sizeof(size_t));//reverse 64 bits
编译器应该能够优化额外参数(假设编译器内联函数),对于sizeof(size_t)
情况,右移将完全删除。请注意,如果通过sizeof(char)
,GCC至少无法删除BSWAP和右移。
答案 4 :(得分:11)
Anders Cedronius's answer为拥有支持AVX2的x86 CPU的用户提供了一个很好的解决方案。对于没有AVX支持或非x86平台的x86平台,以下任一实现都应该可以正常运行。
第一个代码是经典二进制分区方法的一种变体,经编码可最大限度地利用在各种ARM处理器上有用的shift-plus-logic惯用法。此外,它使用动态掩码生成,这对于RISC处理器是有益的,否则需要多个指令来加载每个32位掩码值。 x86平台的编译器应该使用常量传播来在编译时而不是运行时计算所有掩码。
/* Classic binary partitioning algorithm */
inline uint32_t brev_classic (uint32_t a)
{
uint32_t m;
a = (a >> 16) | (a << 16); // swap halfwords
m = 0x00ff00ff; a = ((a >> 8) & m) | ((a << 8) & ~m); // swap bytes
m = m^(m << 4); a = ((a >> 4) & m) | ((a << 4) & ~m); // swap nibbles
m = m^(m << 2); a = ((a >> 2) & m) | ((a << 2) & ~m);
m = m^(m << 1); a = ((a >> 1) & m) | ((a << 1) & ~m);
return a;
}
在“计算机编程艺术”的第4A卷中,D。Knuth展示了一种巧妙的反转位的方法,这种方法比传统的二进制分区算法需要更少的操作。我在TAOCP中找不到的32位操作数的一种算法显示在Hacker's Delight网站的this document中。
/* Knuth's algorithm from http://www.hackersdelight.org/revisions.pdf. Retrieved 8/19/2015 */
inline uint32_t brev_knuth (uint32_t a)
{
uint32_t t;
a = (a << 15) | (a >> 17);
t = (a ^ (a >> 10)) & 0x003f801f;
a = (t + (t << 10)) ^ a;
t = (a ^ (a >> 4)) & 0x0e038421;
a = (t + (t << 4)) ^ a;
t = (a ^ (a >> 2)) & 0x22488842;
a = (t + (t << 2)) ^ a;
return a;
}
使用英特尔编译器C / C ++编译器13.1.3.198,上述两个函数都可以很好地自动向量化目标XMM
寄存器。它们也可以手动矢量化而无需花费太多精力。
在我的IvyBridge Xeon E3 1270v2上,使用自动矢量化代码,使用uin32_t
在0.070秒内对1亿个brev_classic()
字进行位反转,使用brev_knuth()
进行0.068秒。我注意确保我的基准测试不受系统内存带宽的限制。
答案 5 :(得分:8)
假设你有一个位数组,那怎么样: 1.从MSB开始,逐位将位推入堆栈。 2.从该堆栈弹出位到另一个数组(如果你想节省空间,则是相同的数组),将第一个弹出位置于MSB中,然后从那里继续执行不太重要的位。
Stack stack = new Stack();
Bit[] bits = new Bit[] { 0, 0, 1, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0 };
for (int i = 0; i < bits.Length; i++)
{
stack.push(bits[i]);
}
for (int i = 0; i < bits.Length; i++)
{
bits[i] = stack.pop();
}
答案 6 :(得分:6)
这对人类来说不是没有工作的! ...但非常适合机器
这是2015年,也就是第一次提出这个问题的6年。编辑器从此成为我们的主人,而我们作为人类的工作只是为了帮助他们。那么将我们的意图用于机器的最佳方式是什么?
位逆转是如此常见,以至于你不得不想知道为什么x86不断增长的ISA不包含一次性指令。
原因是:如果你给编译器提供真正简洁的意图,那么位反转应该只需 ~20个CPU周期。让我告诉你如何制作reverse()并使用它:
#include <inttypes.h>
#include <stdio.h>
uint64_t reverse(const uint64_t n,
const uint64_t k)
{
uint64_t r, i;
for (r = 0, i = 0; i < k; ++i)
r |= ((n >> i) & 1) << (k - i - 1);
return r;
}
int main()
{
const uint64_t size = 64;
uint64_t sum = 0;
uint64_t a;
for (a = 0; a < (uint64_t)1 << 30; ++a)
sum += reverse(a, size);
printf("%" PRIu64 "\n", sum);
return 0;
}
使用Clang版本&gt; = 3.6,-O3,-march = native(使用Haswell测试)编译此示例程序,使用新的AVX2指令提供艺术品质量的代码,运行时间 11秒处理~10亿reverse()s。每个反向()大约10 ns,假设2 GHz,0.5 ns的CPU周期使我们处于甜蜜的20个CPU周期。
答案 7 :(得分:5)
原生ARM指令&#34; rbit&#34;可以用1个cpu周期和1个额外的cpu寄存器来做,不可能被击败。
答案 8 :(得分:5)
我知道这不是C而是asm:
var1 dw 0f0f0
clc
push ax
push cx
mov cx 16
loop1:
shl var1
shr ax
loop loop1
pop ax
pop cx
这适用于进位,因此您也可以保存标志
答案 9 :(得分:5)
当然,这里有一个显而易见的麻烦来源: http://graphics.stanford.edu/~seander/bithacks.html#BitReverseObvious
答案 10 :(得分:4)
嗯,这与第一个“reverse()”基本相同,但它是64位,只需要从指令流加载一个立即掩码。 GCC创建没有跳转的代码,所以这应该非常快。
#include <stdio.h>
static unsigned long long swap64(unsigned long long val)
{
#define ZZZZ(x,s,m) (((x) >>(s)) & (m)) | (((x) & (m))<<(s));
/* val = (((val) >>16) & 0xFFFF0000FFFF) | (((val) & 0xFFFF0000FFFF)<<16); */
val = ZZZZ(val,32, 0x00000000FFFFFFFFull );
val = ZZZZ(val,16, 0x0000FFFF0000FFFFull );
val = ZZZZ(val,8, 0x00FF00FF00FF00FFull );
val = ZZZZ(val,4, 0x0F0F0F0F0F0F0F0Full );
val = ZZZZ(val,2, 0x3333333333333333ull );
val = ZZZZ(val,1, 0x5555555555555555ull );
return val;
#undef ZZZZ
}
int main(void)
{
unsigned long long val, aaaa[16] =
{ 0xfedcba9876543210,0xedcba9876543210f,0xdcba9876543210fe,0xcba9876543210fed
, 0xba9876543210fedc,0xa9876543210fedcb,0x9876543210fedcba,0x876543210fedcba9
, 0x76543210fedcba98,0x6543210fedcba987,0x543210fedcba9876,0x43210fedcba98765
, 0x3210fedcba987654,0x210fedcba9876543,0x10fedcba98765432,0x0fedcba987654321
};
unsigned iii;
for (iii=0; iii < 16; iii++) {
val = swap64 (aaaa[iii]);
printf("A[]=%016llX Sw=%016llx\n", aaaa[iii], val);
}
return 0;
}
答案 11 :(得分:4)
低内存,最快的实现。
private Byte BitReverse(Byte bData)
{
Byte[] lookup = { 0, 8, 4, 12,
2, 10, 6, 14 ,
1, 9, 5, 13,
3, 11, 7, 15 };
Byte ret_val = (Byte)(((lookup[(bData & 0x0F)]) << 4) + lookup[((bData & 0xF0) >> 4)]);
return ret_val;
}
答案 12 :(得分:3)
您可能希望使用标准模板库。它可能比上面提到的代码慢。但是,在我看来,它更清晰,更容易理解。
#include<bitset>
#include<iostream>
template<size_t N>
const std::bitset<N> reverse(const std::bitset<N>& ordered)
{
std::bitset<N> reversed;
for(size_t i = 0, j = N - 1; i < N; ++i, --j)
reversed[j] = ordered[i];
return reversed;
};
// test the function
int main()
{
unsigned long num;
const size_t N = sizeof(num)*8;
std::cin >> num;
std::cout << std::showbase << std::hex;
std::cout << "ordered = " << num << std::endl;
std::cout << "reversed = " << reverse<N>(num).to_ulong() << std::endl;
std::cout << "double_reversed = " << reverse<N>(reverse<N>(num)).to_ulong() << std::endl;
}
答案 13 :(得分:3)
我很好奇明显的原始旋转有多快。
在我的机器上(i7 @ 2600),1,500,150,000次迭代的平均值是27.28 ns
(在一组随机的131,071 64位整数中)。
优点:所需的内存量很少,而且代码很简单。我会说它也不是那么大。所需的时间对于任何输入都是可预测和恒定的(128个算术SHIFT操作+ 64个逻辑AND操作+ 64个逻辑OR操作)。
我与@Matt J获得的最佳时间相比 - 谁得到了接受的答案。如果我正确地阅读了他的答案,那么0.631739
次迭代的最佳时间为1,000,000
秒,这导致每次旋转平均631 ns
。
我使用的代码片段如下:
unsigned long long reverse_long(unsigned long long x)
{
return (((x >> 0) & 1) << 63) |
(((x >> 1) & 1) << 62) |
(((x >> 2) & 1) << 61) |
(((x >> 3) & 1) << 60) |
(((x >> 4) & 1) << 59) |
(((x >> 5) & 1) << 58) |
(((x >> 6) & 1) << 57) |
(((x >> 7) & 1) << 56) |
(((x >> 8) & 1) << 55) |
(((x >> 9) & 1) << 54) |
(((x >> 10) & 1) << 53) |
(((x >> 11) & 1) << 52) |
(((x >> 12) & 1) << 51) |
(((x >> 13) & 1) << 50) |
(((x >> 14) & 1) << 49) |
(((x >> 15) & 1) << 48) |
(((x >> 16) & 1) << 47) |
(((x >> 17) & 1) << 46) |
(((x >> 18) & 1) << 45) |
(((x >> 19) & 1) << 44) |
(((x >> 20) & 1) << 43) |
(((x >> 21) & 1) << 42) |
(((x >> 22) & 1) << 41) |
(((x >> 23) & 1) << 40) |
(((x >> 24) & 1) << 39) |
(((x >> 25) & 1) << 38) |
(((x >> 26) & 1) << 37) |
(((x >> 27) & 1) << 36) |
(((x >> 28) & 1) << 35) |
(((x >> 29) & 1) << 34) |
(((x >> 30) & 1) << 33) |
(((x >> 31) & 1) << 32) |
(((x >> 32) & 1) << 31) |
(((x >> 33) & 1) << 30) |
(((x >> 34) & 1) << 29) |
(((x >> 35) & 1) << 28) |
(((x >> 36) & 1) << 27) |
(((x >> 37) & 1) << 26) |
(((x >> 38) & 1) << 25) |
(((x >> 39) & 1) << 24) |
(((x >> 40) & 1) << 23) |
(((x >> 41) & 1) << 22) |
(((x >> 42) & 1) << 21) |
(((x >> 43) & 1) << 20) |
(((x >> 44) & 1) << 19) |
(((x >> 45) & 1) << 18) |
(((x >> 46) & 1) << 17) |
(((x >> 47) & 1) << 16) |
(((x >> 48) & 1) << 15) |
(((x >> 49) & 1) << 14) |
(((x >> 50) & 1) << 13) |
(((x >> 51) & 1) << 12) |
(((x >> 52) & 1) << 11) |
(((x >> 53) & 1) << 10) |
(((x >> 54) & 1) << 9) |
(((x >> 55) & 1) << 8) |
(((x >> 56) & 1) << 7) |
(((x >> 57) & 1) << 6) |
(((x >> 58) & 1) << 5) |
(((x >> 59) & 1) << 4) |
(((x >> 60) & 1) << 3) |
(((x >> 61) & 1) << 2) |
(((x >> 62) & 1) << 1) |
(((x >> 63) & 1) << 0);
}
答案 14 :(得分:2)
<强>通用强>
C代码。以1字节输入数据num为例。
unsigned char num = 0xaa; // 1010 1010 (aa) -> 0101 0101 (55)
int s = sizeof(num) * 8; // get number of bits
int i, x, y, p;
int var = 0; // make var data type to be equal or larger than num
for (i = 0; i < (s / 2); i++) {
// extract bit on the left, from MSB
p = s - i - 1;
x = num & (1 << p);
x = x >> p;
printf("x: %d\n", x);
// extract bit on the right, from LSB
y = num & (1 << i);
y = y >> i;
printf("y: %d\n", y);
var = var | (x << i); // apply x
var = var | (y << p); // apply y
}
printf("new: 0x%x\n", new);
答案 15 :(得分:1)
我认为这是扭转这一位的最简单方法之一。 如果这个逻辑存在任何缺陷,请告诉我。 基本上在这个逻辑中,我们检查位的值。 如果反转位置的值为1,则设置该位。
void bit_reverse(ui32 *data)
{
ui32 temp = 0;
ui32 i, bit_len;
{
for(i = 0, bit_len = 31; i <= bit_len; i++)
{
temp |= (*data & 1 << i)? (1 << bit_len-i) : 0;
}
*data = temp;
}
return;
}
答案 16 :(得分:1)
以下内容如何:
uint reverseMSBToLSB32ui(uint input)
{
uint output = 0x00000000;
uint toANDVar = 0;
int places = 0;
for (int i = 1; i < 32; i++)
{
places = (32 - i);
toANDVar = (uint)(1 << places);
output |= (uint)(input & (toANDVar)) >> places;
}
return output;
}
小而简单(但仅限32位)。
答案 17 :(得分:0)
我认为我所知道的最简单的方法如下。输入MSB
,LSB
被撤消&#39;输出:
unsigned char rev(char MSB) {
unsigned char LSB=0; // for output
_FOR(i,0,8) {
LSB= LSB << 1;
if(MSB&1) LSB = LSB | 1;
MSB= MSB >> 1;
}
return LSB;
}
// It works by rotating bytes in opposite directions.
// Just repeat for each byte.
答案 18 :(得分:0)
// Purpose: to reverse bits in an unsigned short integer
// Input: an unsigned short integer whose bits are to be reversed
// Output: an unsigned short integer with the reversed bits of the input one
unsigned short ReverseBits( unsigned short a )
{
// declare and initialize number of bits in the unsigned short integer
const char num_bits = sizeof(a) * CHAR_BIT;
// declare and initialize bitset representation of integer a
bitset<num_bits> bitset_a(a);
// declare and initialize bitset representation of integer b (0000000000000000)
bitset<num_bits> bitset_b(0);
// declare and initialize bitset representation of mask (0000000000000001)
bitset<num_bits> mask(1);
for ( char i = 0; i < num_bits; ++i )
{
bitset_b = (bitset_b << 1) | bitset_a & mask;
bitset_a >>= 1;
}
return (unsigned short) bitset_b.to_ulong();
}
void PrintBits( unsigned short a )
{
// declare and initialize bitset representation of a
bitset<sizeof(a) * CHAR_BIT> bitset(a);
// print out bits
cout << bitset << endl;
}
// Testing the functionality of the code
int main ()
{
unsigned short a = 17, b;
cout << "Original: ";
PrintBits(a);
b = ReverseBits( a );
cout << "Reversed: ";
PrintBits(b);
}
// Output:
Original: 0000000000010001
Reversed: 1000100000000000
答案 19 :(得分:0)
unsigned char ReverseBits(unsigned char data)
{
unsigned char k = 0, rev = 0;
unsigned char n = data;
while(n)
{
k = n & (~(n - 1));
n &= (n - 1);
rev |= (128 / k);
}
return rev;
}
答案 20 :(得分:0)
另一种基于循环的解决方案,在数量较少时快速退出(在多种类型的C ++中)
template<class T>
T reverse_bits(T in) {
T bit = static_cast<T>(1) << (sizeof(T) * 8 - 1);
T out;
for (out = 0; bit && in; bit >>= 1, in >>= 1) {
if (in & 1) {
out |= bit;
}
}
return out;
}
或在C中表示无符号整数
unsigned int reverse_bits(unsigned int in) {
unsigned int bit = 1u << (sizeof(T) * 8 - 1);
unsigned int out;
for (out = 0; bit && in; bit >>= 1, in >>= 1) {
if (in & 1)
out |= bit;
}
return out;
}
答案 21 :(得分:0)
似乎很多其他帖子都关注速度(即最好=最快)。 简约怎么样?考虑:
char ReverseBits(char character) {
char reversed_character = 0;
for (int i = 0; i < 8; i++) {
char ith_bit = (c >> i) & 1;
reversed_character |= (ith_bit << (sizeof(char) - 1 - i));
}
return reversed_character;
}
希望聪明的编译器能为您优化。
如果要反转较长的位列表(包含sizeof(char) * n
位),可以使用此函数获取:
void ReverseNumber(char* number, int bit_count_in_number) {
int bytes_occupied = bit_count_in_number / sizeof(char);
// first reverse bytes
for (int i = 0; i <= (bytes_occupied / 2); i++) {
swap(long_number[i], long_number[n - i]);
}
// then reverse bits of each individual byte
for (int i = 0; i < bytes_occupied; i++) {
long_number[i] = ReverseBits(long_number[i]);
}
}
这会将[10000000,10101010]反转为[01010101,00000001]。
答案 22 :(得分:0)
高效意味着吞吐量或延迟。
在整个过程中,请参阅Anders Cedronius的答案,这是一个很好的答案。
为降低延迟,我建议使用以下代码:
uint32_t reverseBits( uint32_t x )
{
#if defined(__arm__) || defined(__aarch64__)
__asm__( "rbit %0, %1" : "=r" ( x ) : "r" ( x ) );
return x;
#endif
// Flip pairwise
x = ( ( x & 0x55555555 ) << 1 ) | ( ( x & 0xAAAAAAAA ) >> 1 );
// Flip pairs
x = ( ( x & 0x33333333 ) << 2 ) | ( ( x & 0xCCCCCCCC ) >> 2 );
// Flip nibbles
x = ( ( x & 0x0F0F0F0F ) << 4 ) | ( ( x & 0xF0F0F0F0 ) >> 4 );
// Flip bytes. CPUs have an instruction for that, pretty fast one.
#ifdef _MSC_VER
return _byteswap_ulong( x );
#elif defined(__INTEL_COMPILER)
return (uint32_t)_bswap( (int)x );
#else
// Assuming gcc or clang
return __builtin_bswap32( x );
#endif
}
答案 23 :(得分:-1)
这是32位,如果我们考虑8位,我们需要改变大小。
void bitReverse(int num)
{
int num_reverse = 0;
int size = (sizeof(int)*8) -1;
int i=0,j=0;
for(i=0,j=size;i<=size,j>=0;i++,j--)
{
if((num >> i)&1)
{
num_reverse = (num_reverse | (1<<j));
}
}
printf("\n rev num = %d\n",num_reverse);
}
读取输入整数&#34; num&#34;在LSB-> MSB顺序中,以MSB-> LSB顺序存储在num_reverse中。
答案 24 :(得分:-1)
伪代码中的位反转
来源 - &gt;要反转的字节b00101100 目的地 - &gt;反转,也需要是无符号类型,所以符号位不会传播
复制到temp中,原来不受影响,也需要是无符号类型,这样符号位不会自动移位
bytecopy = b0010110
LOOP8://这样做8次 测试bytecopy是否&lt; 0(否定)
set bit8 (msb) of reversed = reversed | b10000000
else do not set bit8
shift bytecopy left 1 place
bytecopy = bytecopy << 1 = b0101100 result
shift result right 1 place
reversed = reversed >> 1 = b00000000
8 times no then up^ LOOP8
8 times yes then done.
答案 25 :(得分:-1)
我的简单解决方案
BitReverse(IN)
OUT = 0x00;
R = 1; // Right mask ...0000.0001
L = 0; // Left mask 1000.0000...
L = ~0;
L = ~(i >> 1);
int size = sizeof(IN) * 4; // bit size
while(size--){
if(IN & L) OUT = OUT | R; // start from MSB 1000.xxxx
if(IN & R) OUT = OUT | L; // start from LSB xxxx.0001
L = L >> 1;
R = R << 1;
}
return OUT;
答案 26 :(得分:-3)
int bit_reverse(int w, int bits)
{
int r = 0;
for (int i = 0; i < bits; i++)
{
int bit = (w & (1 << i)) >> i;
r |= bit << (bits - i - 1);
}
return r;
}