Question

我需要在OpenGL ES 2.0的裁剪平面下剪切几百个对象，并且会欣赏那些对这个OpenGL子集更有经验的人的想法。

在OpenGL ES 1.x中有glClipPlane。在桌面上，您在着色器中有glClipPlane或gl_ClipDistance。这两者都不适用于OpenGL ES 2.0。似乎这种功能完全消失了2.0。

似乎唯一的方法是：A）在片段着色器中运行平面方程，或者B）编写一个非常复杂的顶点着色器，如果它们位于平面后面，则将它们定位在平面上。

与glClipPlane相比，（p）会很慢，因为在顶点着色器之后和片段着色器之前进行“常规”剪切，每个片段仍然必须被部分处理和丢弃。

（B）很难在着色器之间进行兼容，因为我们不能丢弃顶点，我们必须将它们与平面对齐并调整那些“剪切”的属性。如果不在纹理中发送所有顶点并对其进行采样，则无法在着色器中的顶点之间进行插值，这将非常昂贵。通常，无论如何都可能无法正确地插入数据。

我还想过将近平面与剪裁平面对齐，这将是一种有效的解决方案。

在渲染整个场景并检查深度失败后绘制一个平面也不起作用（除非你看起来接近垂直于平面）。

对单个对象起作用的是将平面绘制到深度缓冲区，然后使用glDepthFunc（GL_GREATER）渲染对象，但正如预期的那样，当其中一个对象位于另一个对象后面时，它不起作用。我试图建立在这个概念的基础上，但最终得到了与阴影卷非常相似的东西，同样昂贵。

那我错过了什么？你会如何在OpenGL ES 2.0中进行平面剪裁？

Answer 1

我在Vuforia SDK forums找到了两个解决方案。

使用Harri Smatt的着色器：

uniform mat4 uModelM;
uniform mat4 uViewProjectionM;
attribute vec3 aPosition;
varying vec3 vPosition;
void main() {
  vec4 pos = uModelM * vec4(aPosition, 1.0);
  gl_Position = uViewProjectionM * pos;
  vPosition = pos.xyz / pos.w;
}

precision mediump float;
varying vec3 vPosition;
void main() {
  if (vPosition.z < 0.0) {
    discard;
  } else {
    // Choose actual color for rendering..
  }
}

使用Alessandro Boccalatte的四倍深度缓冲：
- 禁用彩色书写（即设置glColorMask(false, false, false, false);）
- 渲染与标记形状匹配的四边形（即，只是具有相同尺寸和标记的位置/方向的四边形）;这只会被渲染到深度缓冲区中（因为我们在上一步中禁用了颜色缓冲区写入）
- 启用颜色遮罩（glColorMask(true, true, true, true);）
- 渲染3D模型

Answer 2

由于扩展EXT_clip_cull_distance在OpenGL ES 2.0中不可用（因为此扩展需要OpenGL ES 3.0），因此必须模拟剪切。它可以通过丢弃片段在片段着色器中进行模拟。请参阅Fragment Shader - Special operations。

另见OpenGL ES Shading Language 1.00 Specification; 6.4 Jumps; page 58：

discard 关键字仅允许在片段着色器中使用。它可以在片段着色器中使用，以放弃对当前片段的操作。此关键字会导致丢弃该片段，并且不会对任何缓冲区进行更新。它通常在条件语句中使用，例如：
if (intensity < 0.0)
    discard;

模拟gl_ClipDistance的着色器程序可能如下所示：

顶点着色器：

attribute vec3 inPos;
attribute vec3 inCol;

varying vec3  vertCol;
varying float clip_distance;

uniform mat4 u_projectionMat44;
uniform mat4 u_viewMat44;
uniform mat4 u_modelMat44;
uniform vec4 u_clipPlane;

void main()
{   
    vertCol        = inCol;
    vec4 modelPos  = u_modelMat44 * vec4( inPos, 1.0 );
    gl_Position    = u_projectionMat44 * u_viewMat44 * viewPos;
    clip_distance  = dot(modelPos, u_clipPlane);
}

片段着色器：

varying vec3  vertPos;
varying vec3  vertCol;
varying float clip_distance;

void main()
{
    if ( clip_distance < 0.0 )
        discard;
    gl_FragColor = vec4( vertCol.rgb, 1.0 );
}

以下WebGL示例演示了这一点。请注意，WebGL 1.0上下文与OpenGL ES 2.0 API紧密相符。

＆＃13;

var readInput = true;
  function changeEventHandler(event){
    readInput = true;
  }
  
  (function loadscene() {
  
  var gl, progDraw, vp_size;
  var bufCube = {};
  var clip = 0.0;
  
  function render(delteMS){

      if ( readInput ) {
          readInput = false;
          clip = (document.getElementById( "clip" ).value - 50) / 50;
      }

      Camera.create();
      Camera.vp = vp_size;
          
      gl.viewport( 0, 0, vp_size[0], vp_size[1] );
      gl.enable( gl.DEPTH_TEST );
      gl.clearColor( 0.0, 0.0, 0.0, 1.0 );
      gl.clear( gl.COLOR_BUFFER_BIT | gl.DEPTH_BUFFER_BIT );

      // set up draw shader
      ShaderProgram.Use( progDraw );
      ShaderProgram.SetUniformM44( progDraw, "u_projectionMat44", Camera.Perspective() );
      ShaderProgram.SetUniformM44( progDraw, "u_viewMat44", Camera.LookAt() );
      var modelMat = IdentityMat44()
      modelMat = RotateAxis( modelMat, CalcAng( delteMS, 13.0 ), 0 );
      modelMat = RotateAxis( modelMat, CalcAng( delteMS, 17.0 ), 1 );
      ShaderProgram.SetUniformM44( progDraw, "u_modelMat44", modelMat );
      ShaderProgram.SetUniformF4( progDraw, "u_clipPlane", [1.0,-1.0,0.0,clip*1.7321] );
      
      // draw scene
      VertexBuffer.Draw( bufCube );

      requestAnimationFrame(render);
  }
  
  function resize() {
      //vp_size = [gl.drawingBufferWidth, gl.drawingBufferHeight];
      vp_size = [window.innerWidth, window.innerHeight]
      canvas.width = vp_size[0];
      canvas.height = vp_size[1];
  }
  
  function initScene() {
  
      canvas = document.getElementById( "canvas");
      gl = canvas.getContext( "experimental-webgl" );
      //gl = canvas.getContext( "webgl2" );
      if ( !gl )
        return null;
      
      /*
      var ext_frag_depth = gl.getExtension( "EXT_clip_cull_distance" );  // gl_ClipDistance gl_CullDistance
      if (!ext_frag_depth)
          alert('no gl_ClipDistance and gl_CullDistance support');
      */

      progDraw = ShaderProgram.Create( 
        [ { source : "draw-shader-vs", stage : gl.VERTEX_SHADER },
          { source : "draw-shader-fs", stage : gl.FRAGMENT_SHADER }
        ] );
      if ( !progDraw.progObj )
          return null;
      progDraw.inPos = ShaderProgram.AttributeIndex( progDraw, "inPos" );
      progDraw.inNV  = ShaderProgram.AttributeIndex( progDraw, "inNV" );
      progDraw.inCol = ShaderProgram.AttributeIndex( progDraw, "inCol" );
      
      // create cube
      var cubePos = [
        -1.0, -1.0,  1.0,  1.0, -1.0,  1.0,  1.0,  1.0,  1.0, -1.0,  1.0,  1.0,
        -1.0, -1.0, -1.0,  1.0, -1.0, -1.0,  1.0,  1.0, -1.0, -1.0,  1.0, -1.0 ];
      var cubeCol = [ 1.0, 0.0, 0.0, 1.0, 0.5, 0.0, 1.0, 0.0, 1.0, 1.0, 1.0, 0.0, 0.0, 1.0, 0.0, 0.0, 0.0, 1.0 ];
      var cubeHlpInx = [ 0, 1, 2, 3, 1, 5, 6, 2, 5, 4, 7, 6, 4, 0, 3, 7, 3, 2, 6, 7, 1, 0, 4, 5 ];  
      var cubePosData = [];
      for ( var i = 0; i < cubeHlpInx.length; ++ i ) {
        cubePosData.push( cubePos[cubeHlpInx[i]*3], cubePos[cubeHlpInx[i]*3+1], cubePos[cubeHlpInx[i]*3+2] );
      }
      var cubeNVData = [];
      for ( var i1 = 0; i1 < cubeHlpInx.length; i1 += 4 ) {
      var nv = [0, 0, 0];
      for ( i2 = 0; i2 < 4; ++ i2 ) {
          var i = i1 + i2;
          nv[0] += cubePosData[i*3]; nv[1] += cubePosData[i*3+1]; nv[2] += cubePosData[i*3+2];
      }
      for ( i2 = 0; i2 < 4; ++ i2 )
        cubeNVData.push( nv[0], nv[1], nv[2] );
      }
      var cubeColData = [];
      for ( var is = 0; is < 6; ++ is ) {
        for ( var ip = 0; ip < 4; ++ ip ) {
         cubeColData.push( cubeCol[is*3], cubeCol[is*3+1], cubeCol[is*3+2] ); 
        }
      }
      var cubeInxData = [];
      for ( var i = 0; i < cubeHlpInx.length; i += 4 ) {
        cubeInxData.push( i, i+1, i+2, i, i+2, i+3 );   
      }
      bufCube = VertexBuffer.Create(
      [ { data : cubePosData, attrSize : 3, attrLoc : progDraw.inPos },
        { data : cubeNVData,  attrSize : 3, attrLoc : progDraw.inNV },
        { data : cubeColData, attrSize : 3, attrLoc : progDraw.inCol } ],
        cubeInxData );
        
      window.onresize = resize;
      resize();
      requestAnimationFrame(render);
  }
  
  function Fract( val ) { 
      return val - Math.trunc( val );
  }
  function CalcAng( deltaTime, intervall ) {
      return Fract( deltaTime / (1000*intervall) ) * 2.0 * Math.PI;
  }
  function CalcMove( deltaTime, intervall, range ) {
      var pos = self.Fract( deltaTime / (1000*intervall) ) * 2.0
      var pos = pos < 1.0 ? pos : (2.0-pos)
      return range[0] + (range[1] - range[0]) * pos;
  }    
  function EllipticalPosition( a, b, angRag ) {
      var a_b = a * a - b * b
      var ea = (a_b <= 0) ? 0 : Math.sqrt( a_b );
      var eb = (a_b >= 0) ? 0 : Math.sqrt( -a_b );
      return [ a * Math.sin( angRag ) - ea, b * Math.cos( angRag ) - eb, 0 ];
  }
  
  glArrayType = typeof Float32Array !="undefined" ? Float32Array : ( typeof WebGLFloatArray != "undefined" ? WebGLFloatArray : Array );
  
  function IdentityMat44() {
    var m = new glArrayType(16);
    m[0]  = 1; m[1]  = 0; m[2]  = 0; m[3]  = 0;
    m[4]  = 0; m[5]  = 1; m[6]  = 0; m[7]  = 0;
    m[8]  = 0; m[9]  = 0; m[10] = 1; m[11] = 0;
    m[12] = 0; m[13] = 0; m[14] = 0; m[15] = 1;
    return m;
  };
  
  function RotateAxis(matA, angRad, axis) {
      var aMap = [ [1, 2], [2, 0], [0, 1] ];
      var a0 = aMap[axis][0], a1 = aMap[axis][1]; 
      var sinAng = Math.sin(angRad), cosAng = Math.cos(angRad);
      var matB = new glArrayType(16);
      for ( var i = 0; i < 16; ++ i ) matB[i] = matA[i];
      for ( var i = 0; i < 3; ++ i ) {
          matB[a0*4+i] = matA[a0*4+i] * cosAng + matA[a1*4+i] * sinAng;
          matB[a1*4+i] = matA[a0*4+i] * -sinAng + matA[a1*4+i] * cosAng;
      }
      return matB;
  }
  
  function Cross( a, b ) { return [ a[1] * b[2] - a[2] * b[1], a[2] * b[0] - a[0] * b[2], a[0] * b[1] - a[1] * b[0], 0.0 ]; }
  function Dot( a, b ) { return a[0]*b[0] + a[1]*b[1] + a[2]*b[2]; }
  function Normalize( v ) {
      var len = Math.sqrt( v[0] * v[0] + v[1] * v[1] + v[2] * v[2] );
      return [ v[0] / len, v[1] / len, v[2] / len ];
  }
  
  var Camera = {};
  Camera.create = function() {
      this.pos    = [0, 3, 0.0];
      this.target = [0, 0, 0];
      this.up     = [0, 0, 1];
      this.fov_y  = 90;
      this.vp     = [800, 600];
      this.near   = 0.5;
      this.far    = 100.0;
  }
  Camera.Perspective = function() {
      var fn = this.far + this.near;
      var f_n = this.far - this.near;
      var r = this.vp[0] / this.vp[1];
      var t = 1 / Math.tan( Math.PI * this.fov_y / 360 );
      var m = IdentityMat44();
      m[0]  = t/r; m[1]  = 0; m[2]  =  0;                              m[3]  = 0;
      m[4]  = 0;   m[5]  = t; m[6]  =  0;                              m[7]  = 0;
      m[8]  = 0;   m[9]  = 0; m[10] = -fn / f_n;                       m[11] = -1;
      m[12] = 0;   m[13] = 0; m[14] = -2 * this.far * this.near / f_n; m[15] =  0;
      return m;
  }
  Camera.LookAt = function() {
      var mz = Normalize( [ this.pos[0]-this.target[0], this.pos[1]-this.target[1], this.pos[2]-this.target[2] ] );
      var mx = Normalize( Cross( this.up, mz ) );
      var my = Normalize( Cross( mz, mx ) );
      var tx = Dot( mx, this.pos );
      var ty = Dot( my, this.pos );
      var tz = Dot( [-mz[0], -mz[1], -mz[2]], this.pos ); 
      var m = IdentityMat44();
      m[0]  = mx[0]; m[1]  = my[0]; m[2]  = mz[0]; m[3]  = 0;
      m[4]  = mx[1]; m[5]  = my[1]; m[6]  = mz[1]; m[7]  = 0;
      m[8]  = mx[2]; m[9]  = my[2]; m[10] = mz[2]; m[11] = 0;
      m[12] = tx;    m[13] = ty;    m[14] = tz;    m[15] = 1; 
      return m;
  } 
  
  var ShaderProgram = {};
  ShaderProgram.Create = function( shaderList ) {
      var shaderObjs = [];
      for ( var i_sh = 0; i_sh < shaderList.length; ++ i_sh ) {
          var shderObj = this.CompileShader( shaderList[i_sh].source, shaderList[i_sh].stage );
          if ( shderObj == 0 )
              return 0;
          shaderObjs.push( shderObj );
      }
      var prog = {}
      prog.progObj = this.LinkProgram( shaderObjs )
      if ( prog.progObj ) {
          prog.attribIndex = {};
          var noOfAttributes = gl.getProgramParameter( prog.progObj, gl.ACTIVE_ATTRIBUTES );
          for ( var i_n = 0; i_n < noOfAttributes; ++ i_n ) {
              var name = gl.getActiveAttrib( prog.progObj, i_n ).name;
              prog.attribIndex[name] = gl.getAttribLocation( prog.progObj, name );
          }
          prog.unifomLocation = {};
          var noOfUniforms = gl.getProgramParameter( prog.progObj, gl.ACTIVE_UNIFORMS );
          for ( var i_n = 0; i_n < noOfUniforms; ++ i_n ) {
              var name = gl.getActiveUniform( prog.progObj, i_n ).name;
              prog.unifomLocation[name] = gl.getUniformLocation( prog.progObj, name );
          }
      }
      return prog;
  }
  ShaderProgram.AttributeIndex = function( prog, name ) { return prog.attribIndex[name]; } 
  ShaderProgram.UniformLocation = function( prog, name ) { return prog.unifomLocation[name]; } 
  ShaderProgram.Use = function( prog ) { gl.useProgram( prog.progObj ); } 
  ShaderProgram.SetUniformI1  = function( prog, name, val ) { if(prog.unifomLocation[name]) gl.uniform1i( prog.unifomLocation[name], val ); }
  ShaderProgram.SetUniformF1  = function( prog, name, val ) { if(prog.unifomLocation[name]) gl.uniform1f( prog.unifomLocation[name], val ); }
  ShaderProgram.SetUniformF2  = function( prog, name, arr ) { if(prog.unifomLocation[name]) gl.uniform2fv( prog.unifomLocation[name], arr ); }
  ShaderProgram.SetUniformF3  = function( prog, name, arr ) { if(prog.unifomLocation[name]) gl.uniform3fv( prog.unifomLocation[name], arr ); }
  ShaderProgram.SetUniformF4  = function( prog, name, arr ) { if(prog.unifomLocation[name]) gl.uniform4fv( prog.unifomLocation[name], arr ); }
  ShaderProgram.SetUniformM33 = function( prog, name, mat ) { if(prog.unifomLocation[name]) gl.uniformMatrix3fv( prog.unifomLocation[name], false, mat ); }
  ShaderProgram.SetUniformM44 = function( prog, name, mat ) { if(prog.unifomLocation[name]) gl.uniformMatrix4fv( prog.unifomLocation[name], false, mat ); }
  ShaderProgram.CompileShader = function( source, shaderStage ) {
      var shaderScript = document.getElementById(source);
      if (shaderScript)
        source = shaderScript.text;
      var shaderObj = gl.createShader( shaderStage );
      gl.shaderSource( shaderObj, source );
      gl.compileShader( shaderObj );
      var status = gl.getShaderParameter( shaderObj, gl.COMPILE_STATUS );
      if ( !status ) alert(gl.getShaderInfoLog(shaderObj));
      return status ? shaderObj : null;
  } 
  ShaderProgram.LinkProgram = function( shaderObjs ) {
      var prog = gl.createProgram();
      for ( var i_sh = 0; i_sh < shaderObjs.length; ++ i_sh )
          gl.attachShader( prog, shaderObjs[i_sh] );
      gl.linkProgram( prog );
      status = gl.getProgramParameter( prog, gl.LINK_STATUS );
      if ( !status ) alert("Could not initialise shaders");
      gl.useProgram( null );
      return status ? prog : null;
  }
  
  var VertexBuffer = {};
  VertexBuffer.Create = function( attributes, indices ) {
      var buffer = {};
      buffer.buf = [];
      buffer.attr = []
      for ( var i = 0; i < attributes.length; ++ i ) {
          buffer.buf.push( gl.createBuffer() );
          buffer.attr.push( { size : attributes[i].attrSize, loc : attributes[i].attrLoc } );
          gl.bindBuffer( gl.ARRAY_BUFFER, buffer.buf[i] );
          gl.bufferData( gl.ARRAY_BUFFER, new Float32Array( attributes[i].data ), gl.STATIC_DRAW );
      }
      buffer.inx = gl.createBuffer();
      gl.bindBuffer( gl.ELEMENT_ARRAY_BUFFER, buffer.inx );
      gl.bufferData( gl.ELEMENT_ARRAY_BUFFER, new Uint16Array( indices ), gl.STATIC_DRAW );
      buffer.inxLen = indices.length;
      gl.bindBuffer( gl.ARRAY_BUFFER, null );
      gl.bindBuffer( gl.ELEMENT_ARRAY_BUFFER, null );
      return buffer;
  }
  VertexBuffer.Draw = function( bufObj ) {
    for ( var i = 0; i < bufObj.buf.length; ++ i ) {
          gl.bindBuffer( gl.ARRAY_BUFFER, bufObj.buf[i] );
          gl.vertexAttribPointer( bufObj.attr[i].loc, bufObj.attr[i].size, gl.FLOAT, false, 0, 0 );
          gl.enableVertexAttribArray( bufObj.attr[i].loc );
      }
      gl.bindBuffer( gl.ELEMENT_ARRAY_BUFFER, bufObj.inx );
      gl.drawElements( gl.TRIANGLES, bufObj.inxLen, gl.UNSIGNED_SHORT, 0 );
      for ( var i = 0; i < bufObj.buf.length; ++ i )
         gl.disableVertexAttribArray( bufObj.attr[i].loc );
      gl.bindBuffer( gl.ARRAY_BUFFER, null );
      gl.bindBuffer( gl.ELEMENT_ARRAY_BUFFER, null );
  }
  
  initScene();
  
  })();

＆＃13;

html,body {
    height: 100%;
    width: 100%;
    margin: 0;
    overflow: hidden;
}

#gui {
    position : absolute;
    top : 0;
    left : 0;
}

＆＃13;

<script id="draw-shader-vs" type="x-shader/x-vertex">
    precision highp float;
    
    attribute vec3 inPos;
    attribute vec3 inNV;
    attribute vec3 inCol;
  
    varying vec3  vertPos;
    varying vec3  vertNV;
    varying vec3  vertCol;
    varying float clip_distance;
    
    uniform mat4 u_projectionMat44;
    uniform mat4 u_viewMat44;
    uniform mat4 u_modelMat44;
    uniform vec4 u_clipPlane;
    
    void main()
    {   
        mat4 mv       = u_viewMat44 * u_modelMat44; 
        vertCol       = inCol;
        vertNV        = normalize(mat3(mv) * inNV);
        vec4 viewPos  = mv * vec4( inPos, 1.0 );
        vertPos       = viewPos.xyz;
        gl_Position   = u_projectionMat44 * viewPos;

        vec4 modelPos  = u_modelMat44 * vec4( inPos, 1.0 );
        vec4 clipPlane = vec4(normalize(u_clipPlane.xyz), u_clipPlane.w); 
        clip_distance  = dot(modelPos, clipPlane);
    }
</script>
  
<script id="draw-shader-fs" type="x-shader/x-fragment">
    precision mediump float;

    varying vec3  vertPos;
    varying vec3  vertNV;
    varying vec3  vertCol;
    varying float clip_distance;
    
    void main()
    {
        if ( clip_distance < 0.0 )
            discard;
        vec3 color   = vertCol;
        gl_FragColor = vec4( color.rgb, 1.0 );
    } 
</script>

<div>
    <form id="gui" name="inputs">
        <table>
            <tr> <td> <font color= #CCF>clipping</font> </td> 
                 <td> <input type="range" id="clip" min="0" max="100" value="50" onchange="changeEventHandler(event);"/></td> </tr>
        </table>
    </form>
</div>


<canvas id="canvas" style="border: none;" width="100%" height="100%"></canvas>

＆＃13;

Answer 3

我不知道这是否适用于OpenGL ES，但OpenGL具有glEnable（GL_CLIP_DISTANCE0）启用的gl_ClipDistance变化输出。启用后，将剪切图元，使顶点和几何着色器后的gl_ClipDistance [0]> = 0。

剪辑距离可以指定为具有世界空间平面方程的点积：

http://github.prideout.net/clip-planes/

OpenGL ES 2.0中的剪切平面

3 个答案: