我想确定我对某些基本C ++参考原则的理解是否正确。据我所知,宣布;
void foo(string &arg); //Means get the memory reference of passed argument
{
cout << arg;
}
string arg;
string& arg1; //Means pass the memory reference of arg
我说错了吗?
EDITED
答案 0 :(得分:13)
不同之处在于&
限定符适用于什么:类型或变量?
假设您有类型T
。
对于声明/参数(&
是一个类型限定符):
T v1 = 13 ; // v1 is a variable of type T, whose value is 13
T v2 = 42 ; // v2 is another variable of type T, whose value is 42
T * v3 ; // v3 is an uninitialized pointer to a variable of type T
T * v4 = &v1; // v4 is pointer pointing to v1 (the value of v4 is the
// address of v1)
T & v5 = v1 ; // v5 is an alias of v1
T & v6 ; // WON'T COMPILE. An alias MUST be initialized.
对于操作(&
是操作员):
&v1 ; // returns the address of v1 (e.g. 0x00ABCDEF)
v4 ; // returns 0x00ABCDEF (because v4 was initialized to point to
// v1)
*v4 ; // returns the dereferenced value of pointer v4, that is: 13
v5 ; // returns the value inside v1 (the aliased variable of v5),
// that is: 13
我们现在可以混合使用两种符号:
// We can reattribute the variables pointed by pointers
T * v7 = &v1 ; // v7 is a pointer to the variable v1
*v7 ; // returns v1's value, that is 13
v7 = &v2 ; // v7 is now pointing to v2
*v7 ; // returns v2's value, that is 42
// We cannot reattribute the aliases referencing variables
// because once initialized, aliases **are** the variable they
// were initialized to.
v5 = v2 ; // v5 is an alias of v1, so this won't reattribute it
// instead, it will put the value of v2 into v5 and
// thus v1
// this, writing v5 = v2 is like writing v1 = v2
v2 ; // v2 is still 42
v1 ; // v1 has a value of 42 (since the v5 = v2 line above)
v5 ; // v5 is still the alias of v1, and thus, its value is 42
v2 = 57 ; // v2's value is now 57
v1 ; // v1's value is still 42 (changing v2 has no impact on
// v1 because they are NOT aliases. They are distinct
// variables
v5 ; // v5 is still the alias of v1, and thus, its value is
// still 42
C语言只有value的概念,指向value的指针(以及指向value的指针和指向...等的指针),这意味着你有一个引用/解除引用的概念(与C ++引用无关) ......)使用一元运算符&
和*
。
T ** p ; // is the declaration of a pointer to a pointer
// to a value of type T
p ; // is still the pointer to pointer
&p ; // returns the address of the p variable
// meaning you can put that address in a variable
// of type T ***:
T *** pp = &p ;
&&p ; // This has no meaning whatsoever in C and C++
// because an address is a simple raw number, and a
// a number has no address: Only variables have
// addresses
*p ; // this is p, dereferenced once, meaning you get
// to have the value at the address given by p, which
// is still an address (a pointer of type T *)
**p ; // this is p, dereferenced twice, meaning you get
// to have the value at the address given by *p,
// which is of type T
问题在于,一元运算符&
和*
并不是真正对称的。例如:
T t = v ;
T * p = &t ;
T * p2 = &t ; // p and p2 are two different pointers containing
// the same address, and thus pointing at the same
// value v
p == p2 ; // is true, because both different pointers contain
// the same address
*p == *p2 ; // is true, because both different pointers point
// to the same value (as they contain the same
// address)
&p == &p2 ; // is false, because each variable p and p2 is
// distinct from the other, and thus, have different
// addresses
所以,在C:
*
将在指针变量&
将检索变量的地址在C ++中,由于多种原因(但最初是为运营商发现需求,但还有其他多种原因,比如值构造函数,并且主要是避免使用指针和无用的NULL测试来污染代码),有一个概念( C ++)引用,即值的别名:
在C ++中,除了将&
限定符应用于变量(检索其地址)之外,您还可以将其应用于类型(使其变量成为引用/别名)
所以,当你有:
T t = v ;
T * p = &t ; // p is a pointer containing the address of the t
// variable
T ** pp = &p ; // pp is a pointer containing the address of the p
// variable
T & r = t ; // r is a reference to/an alias of t. It behaves as
// if it was t in all aspects
T *& r = p ; // If you understand that line, then you're ready for
// C++ references (i.e. r is an alias of a pointer to T,
// here, an alias of p)
T **& rr = pp ; // rr is an alias of a pointer to a pointer to T,
// here, an alias of pp)
我在这里猜测,但很有可能在编译时优化引用r
和rr
(即仅剩t
和p
)< / p>
由于这个问题被标记为C++0x
,我会谈论它,以及新的&&
r值参考。
引用/别名没有从C ++更改为C ++ 11。但是除了C ++简单引用/别名之外,还引入了另一种类型的“引用”(作为&&
类型限定符),即r值引用。
因为C ++具有值语义,所以某些处理可能非常昂贵。例如,如果你以错误的方式编写代码,你可能会有很多无用的临时工具。
添加了移动语义来处理这个问题:为什么要创建同一个对象的大量副本,如果最终,我们会将副本转储到垃圾堆中,并且只保留最后一个?
例如,以下代码:
1 | T foo()
2 | {
3 | T a ;
4 | // put some values in T
5 | return a ;
6 | }
7 |
8 | void bar()
9 | {
10 | T b = foo() ;
11 | }
除非考虑优化(return-value-optimization,还要考虑inlining),否则此代码将创建值a
(第3行)或类型T
。当它返回类型T
(第5行)时,它会生成a
的临时副本,我们将其称为x
,然后销毁a
。
在第10行,将使用临时值b
(即所谓的r值)初始化值x
,然后,x
将被销毁。< / p>
意味着要初始化b
,你创建了两个变量,一个是显式的(a
),一个是隐含的x
),很快被销毁,如果构建类型T
很贵。
(作为一个有趣的侧节点,我不得不为这个例子添加了很多复杂性来阻止g ++通过rvo进行优化并演示我的示例代码的移动语义效果......) < / p>
解决方案是创建一个移动构造函数(为了完整性,可能需要移动operator =
),即具有以下原型的东西:
T::T(T && p_t) ; // move constructor
T & T::operator = (T && p_t) ; // move operator =
可与C ++通常的拷贝构造函数/ operator =
进行比较:
T::T(const T & p_t) ; // copy constructor
T & T::operator = (const T & p_t) ; // operator =
回到上面的例子,我们将移动语义添加到T:
class T
{
V * m_v ; // some complex data, expensive to create
// and expensive to destroy
// etc.
}
// destructor :
// Clean its internals if needed
T::~T()
{
delete this->m_v ; // potentially expensive if m_v is not NULL
}
// copy constructor :
// Do not modify the original, and make a copy of its internals
T::T(const T & p_t)
{
this->m_v = new V(p_t.m_v) ; // potentially expensive
}
// move constructor
// the original is a temporary (guaranteed by the compiler)
// so you can steal its internals, as long as you keep the
// temporary clean, no one cares
T::T(T && t)
{
this->m_v = t.m_v ; // stealing the internals of the temporary
t.m_v = NULL ; // the temporary is now "empty"
}
这样,上面的代码(使用foo
和bar
,没有任何更改)将避免创建两个T类型的临时对象,因为T支持移动语义。
P.S。:添加移动构造函数意味着您也应该添加移动operator =
。
答案 1 :(得分:7)
string str;
string &arg1 = str;
string& arg2 = str;
string *ptr = &str;
意味着arg1
&amp; arg2
是对str
类型的变量string
的引用,这意味着它们只是变量str
的别名。
它们基本上都是如上所述声明一个引用变量,它只是放置&
的样式问题。
ptr
是指向变量str
的指针,其类型为string
。
注意:强>
必须在创建时将引用初始化为变量,并且在初始化之后不能引用任何其他变量。 Reference始终是同一变量的别名。所以你不应该只是做:
string& arg2;
编译器会给你一个错误,例如:
错误:'arg2'声明为引用但未初始化
答案 2 :(得分:0)
由于分号,您的所有示例都不合法。但忽略那些
没有上下文,这是不可能说出意义的。因此,如果不清楚发布更完整的代码。