如何在Python中发送和接收UDP多播?有标准库吗?
答案 0 :(得分:86)
这对我有用:
接收
import socket
import struct
MCAST_GRP = '224.1.1.1'
MCAST_PORT = 5007
IS_ALL_GROUPS = True
sock = socket.socket(socket.AF_INET, socket.SOCK_DGRAM, socket.IPPROTO_UDP)
sock.setsockopt(socket.SOL_SOCKET, socket.SO_REUSEADDR, 1)
if IS_ALL_GROUPS:
# on this port, receives ALL multicast groups
sock.bind(('', MCAST_PORT))
else:
# on this port, listen ONLY to MCAST_GRP
sock.bind((MCAST_GRP, MCAST_PORT))
mreq = struct.pack("4sl", socket.inet_aton(MCAST_GRP), socket.INADDR_ANY)
sock.setsockopt(socket.IPPROTO_IP, socket.IP_ADD_MEMBERSHIP, mreq)
while True:
print sock.recv(10240)
发送
import socket
MCAST_GRP = '224.1.1.1'
MCAST_PORT = 5007
# regarding socket.IP_MULTICAST_TTL
# ---------------------------------
# for all packets sent, after two hops on the network the packet will not
# be re-sent/broadcast (see https://www.tldp.org/HOWTO/Multicast-HOWTO-6.html)
MULTICAST_TTL = 2
sock = socket.socket(socket.AF_INET, socket.SOCK_DGRAM, socket.IPPROTO_UDP)
sock.setsockopt(socket.IPPROTO_IP, socket.IP_MULTICAST_TTL, MULTICAST_TTL)
sock.sendto("robot", (MCAST_GRP, MCAST_PORT))
它基于http://wiki.python.org/moin/UdpCommunication中不起作用的示例。
我的系统是...... Linux 2.6.31-15-generic#50-Ubuntu SMP Tue 11月10日14:54:29 UTC 2009 i686 GNU / Linux Python 2.6.4
答案 1 :(得分:17)
广播到多播组的多播发送方:
#!/usr/bin/env python
import socket
import struct
def main():
MCAST_GRP = '224.1.1.1'
MCAST_PORT = 5007
sock = socket.socket(socket.AF_INET, socket.SOCK_DGRAM, socket.IPPROTO_UDP)
sock.setsockopt(socket.IPPROTO_IP, socket.IP_MULTICAST_TTL, 32)
sock.sendto('Hello World!', (MCAST_GRP, MCAST_PORT))
if __name__ == '__main__':
main()
从多播组读取并将十六进制数据打印到控制台的多播接收器:
#!/usr/bin/env python
import socket
import binascii
def main():
MCAST_GRP = '224.1.1.1'
MCAST_PORT = 5007
sock = socket.socket(socket.AF_INET, socket.SOCK_DGRAM, socket.IPPROTO_UDP)
try:
sock.setsockopt(socket.SOL_SOCKET, socket.SO_REUSEADDR, 1)
except AttributeError:
pass
sock.setsockopt(socket.IPPROTO_IP, socket.IP_MULTICAST_TTL, 32)
sock.setsockopt(socket.IPPROTO_IP, socket.IP_MULTICAST_LOOP, 1)
sock.bind((MCAST_GRP, MCAST_PORT))
host = socket.gethostbyname(socket.gethostname())
sock.setsockopt(socket.SOL_IP, socket.IP_MULTICAST_IF, socket.inet_aton(host))
sock.setsockopt(socket.SOL_IP, socket.IP_ADD_MEMBERSHIP,
socket.inet_aton(MCAST_GRP) + socket.inet_aton(host))
while 1:
try:
data, addr = sock.recvfrom(1024)
except socket.error, e:
print 'Expection'
hexdata = binascii.hexlify(data)
print 'Data = %s' % hexdata
if __name__ == '__main__':
main()
答案 2 :(得分:11)
更好用:
sock.bind((MCAST_GRP, MCAST_PORT))
而不是:
sock.bind(('', MCAST_PORT))
因为,如果您想在同一端口上侦听多个多播组,您将获得所有侦听器上的所有消息。
答案 3 :(得分:4)
为了加入组播组,Python使用本机OS套接字接口。由于Python环境的可移植性和稳定性,许多套接字选项直接转发到本机套接字setsockopt调用。多播操作模式(例如加入和删除组成员资格)只能由setsockopt
完成。
接收组播IP数据包的基本程序如下:
from socket import *
multicast_port = 55555
multicast_group = "224.1.1.1"
interface_ip = "10.11.1.43"
s = socket(AF_INET, SOCK_DGRAM )
s.bind(("", multicast_port ))
mreq = inet_aton(multicast_group) + inet_aton(interface_ip)
s.setsockopt(IPPROTO_IP, IP_ADD_MEMBERSHIP, str(mreq))
while 1:
print s.recv(1500)
首先,它创建套接字,绑定它并通过发出setsockopt
触发触发多播组加入。在最后它永远收到数据包。
发送多播IP帧是直截了当的。如果您的系统中有单个NIC,则发送此类数据包与通常的UDP帧发送没有区别。您需要注意的只是在sendto()
方法中设置正确的目标IP地址。
我注意到很多关于互联网的例子实际上是偶然的。即使是官方的python文档。所有这些问题都错误地使用了struct.pack。请注意,典型示例使用4sl
作为格式,并且它与实际的OS套接字接口结构不一致。
我将尝试描述在执行setockopt调用python套接字对象时发生在幕后的内容。
Python将setsockopt方法调用转发给本机C套接字接口。 Linux套接字文档(参见man 7 ip
)为IP_ADD_MEMBERSHIP选项引入了两种形式的ip_mreqn
结构。最短的形式是8个字节长,更长的是12个字节长。上面的示例生成8字节setsockopt
调用,其中字节的第一个定义multicast_group
和第二个interface_ip
。
答案 4 :(得分:2)
看看py-multicast。网络模块可以检查接口是否支持多播(至少在Linux上)。
import multicast
from multicast import network
receiver = multicast.MulticastUDPReceiver ("eth0", "238.0.0.1", 1234 )
data = receiver.read()
receiver.close()
config = network.ifconfig()
print config['eth0'].addresses
# ['10.0.0.1']
print config['eth0'].multicast
#True - eth0 supports multicast
print config['eth0'].up
#True - eth0 is up
未看到IGMP的问题可能是由不支持多播的接口引起的?
答案 5 :(得分:2)
有一个框架可以从http://twistedmatrix.com/trac/执行此操作。 以下是示例https://twistedmatrix.com/documents/12.2.0/core/howto/udp.html
答案 6 :(得分:2)
是另一个答案,以解释其他答案的代码中的一些细微之处:
socket.INADDR_ANY
-并不会真正绑定到所有接口,而只是选择本地接口之一有关多播如何工作的更多信息,请参见What does it mean to bind a multicast (UDP) socket?
多播接收器:
import socket
import struct
import argparse
def run(groups, port, iface=None, bind_group=None):
# generally speaking you want to bind to one of the groups you joined in
# this script,
# but it is also possible to bind to group which is added by some other
# programs (like another python program instance of this)
# assert bind_group in groups + [None], \
# 'bind group not in groups to join'
sock = socket.socket(socket.AF_INET, socket.SOCK_DGRAM, socket.IPPROTO_UDP)
# allow reuse of socket (to allow another instance of python running this
# script binding to the same ip/port)
sock.setsockopt(socket.SOL_SOCKET, socket.SO_REUSEADDR, 1)
sock.bind(('' if bind_group is None else bind_group, port))
for group in groups:
mreq = struct.pack(
'4sl' if iface is None else '4s4s',
socket.inet_aton(group),
socket.INADDR_ANY if iface is None else socket.inet_aton(iface))
sock.setsockopt(socket.IPPROTO_IP, socket.IP_ADD_MEMBERSHIP, mreq)
while True:
print(sock.recv(10240))
if __name__ == '__main__':
parser = argparse.ArgumentParser()
parser.add_argument('--port', type=int, default=19900)
parser.add_argument('--join-mcast-groups', default=[], nargs='*',
help='multicast groups (ip addrs) to listen to join')
parser.add_argument(
'--iface', default=None,
help='local interface to use for listening to multicast data; '
'if unspecified, any interface would be chosen')
parser.add_argument(
'--bind-group', default=None,
help='multicast groups (ip addrs) to bind to for the udp socket; '
'should be one of the multicast groups joined globally '
'(not necessarily joined in this python program) '
'in the interface specified by --iface. '
'If unspecified, bind to 0.0.0.0 '
'(all addresses (all multicast addresses) of that interface)')
args = parser.parse_args()
run(args.join_mcast_groups, args.port, args.iface, args.bind_group)
示例用法:(在两个控制台中运行以下命令,然后选择自己的--iface(必须与接收多播数据的接口相同)
python3 multicast_recv.py --iface='192.168.56.102' --join-mcast-groups '224.1.1.1' '224.1.1.2' '224.1.1.3' --bind-group '224.1.1.2'
python3 multicast_recv.py --iface='192.168.56.102' --join-mcast-groups '224.1.1.4'
多播发件人:
import socket
import argparse
def run(group, port):
MULTICAST_TTL = 20
sock = socket.socket(socket.AF_INET, socket.SOCK_DGRAM, socket.IPPROTO_UDP)
sock.setsockopt(socket.IPPROTO_IP, socket.IP_MULTICAST_TTL, MULTICAST_TTL)
sock.sendto(b'from multicast_send.py: ' +
f'group: {group}, port: {port}'.encode(), (group, port))
if __name__ == '__main__':
parser = argparse.ArgumentParser()
parser.add_argument('--mcast-group', default='224.1.1.1')
parser.add_argument('--port', default=19900)
args = parser.parse_args()
run(args.mcast_group, args.port)
样本用法:#假设接收者绑定到下面的多播组地址,并且某些程序请求加入该组。为了简化这种情况,假设接收方和发送方在同一子网中
python3 multicast_send.py --mcast-group '224.1.1.2'
python3 multicast_send.py --mcast-group '224.1.1.4'
答案 7 :(得分:0)
要使客户端代码(来自tolomea)在Solaris上运行,您需要将IP_MULTICAST_TTL
套接字选项的ttl值作为unsigned char传递。否则你会收到错误。
这在Solaris 10和11上适用于我:
import socket
import struct
MCAST_GRP = '224.1.1.1'
MCAST_PORT = 5007
ttl = struct.pack('B', 2)
sock = socket.socket(socket.AF_INET, socket.SOCK_DGRAM, socket.IPPROTO_UDP)
sock.setsockopt(socket.IPPROTO_IP, socket.IP_MULTICAST_TTL, ttl)
sock.sendto("robot", (MCAST_GRP, MCAST_PORT))
答案 8 :(得分:0)
由于一个晦涩的原因,此示例对我不起作用。
不是很模糊,它是简单的路由。
在OpenBSD上
route add -inet 224.0.0.0/4 224.0.0.1
您可以在Linux上为开发者设置路由
route add -net 224.0.0.0 netmask 240.0.0.0 dev wlp2s0
将所有多播流量强制到Linux上的一个接口
ifconfig wlp2s0 allmulti
tcpdump非常简单
tcpdump -n multicast
在您的代码中,您拥有:
while True:
# For Python 3, change next line to "print(sock.recv(10240))"
为什么 10240 ?
多播数据包的大小应为 1316字节
答案 9 :(得分:-1)
class ThreadedMulticastServer(socketserver.ThreadingMixIn, socketserver.UDPServer):
def __init__(self, *args):
super().__init__(*args)
self.socket = socket.socket(socket.AF_INET, socket.SOCK_DGRAM, socket.IPPROTO_UDP)
self.socket.setsockopt(socket.SOL_SOCKET, socket.SO_REUSEADDR, 1)
self.socket.bind((MCAST_GRP, MCAST_PORT))
mreq = struct.pack('4sl', socket.inet_aton(MCAST_GRP), socket.INADDR_ANY)
self.socket.setsockopt(socket.IPPROTO_IP, socket.IP_ADD_MEMBERSHIP, mreq)
答案 10 :(得分:-4)
除IP地址外,组播流量与常规UDP没有区别。看看标准socket library。您可能能够找到基于套接字构建的内容并且更易于使用。