说我有两个名为IN和MASK的二进制输入。实际字段大小可能是32到256位，具体取决于用于完成任务的指令集。两个输入都会更改每个呼叫。
Inputs:
IN = ...1100010010010100...
MASK = ...0001111010111011...
Output:
OUT = ...0001111010111000...
编辑：一些评论讨论的另一个结果
IN = ...11111110011010110...
MASK = ...01011011001111110...
Output:
OUT = ...01011011001111110...
我想获得IN的1位在其中的连续相邻MASK的1位。 （是否有这种操作的总称？也许我没有适当地称呼我的搜索。）我正在尝试找到一种更快的方法。我愿意使用任何x86或x86 SIMD扩展，这些扩展都可以在最少的cpu周期内完成。首选更广泛的数据类型SIMD，因为它可以让我一次处理更多数据。
我想出的最好的天真解决方案是以下伪代码，该伪代码手动向左移动，直到不再有匹配的位，然后重复向右移动：
// (using the variables above)
testL = testR = OUT = (IN & MASK);
LoopL:
testL = (testL << 1) & MASK;
if (testL != 0) {
OUT = OUT | testL;
goto LoopL;
}
LoopR:
testR = (testR >> 1) & MASK;
if (testR != 0) {
OUT = OUT | testR;
goto LoopR;
}
return OUT;
答案 0 :(得分：8)
以下方法仅需要一个循环，迭代次数等于找到的“组”的数目。 我不知道这是否会比您的方法更有效；每个迭代中有6个arith / bitwise运算。
使用伪代码（类似C）：
OUT = 0;
a = MASK;
while (a)
{
e = a & ~(a + (a & (-a)));
if (e & IN) OUT |= e;
a ^= e;
}
使用11010111作为示例遮罩，逐步说明了它的工作原理：
OUT = 0
a = MASK 11010111
c = a & (-a) 00000001 keeps rightmost one only
d = a + c 11011000 clears rightmost group (and set the bit to its immediate left)
e = a & ~d 00000111 keeps rightmost group only
if (e & IN) OUT |= e; adds group to OUT
a = a ^ e 11010000 clears rightmost group, so we can proceed with the next group
c = a & (-a) 00010000
d = a + c 11100000
e = a & ~d 00010000
if (e & IN) OUT |= e;
a = a ^ e 11000000
c = a & (-a) 01000000
d = a + c 00000000 (ignoring carry when adding)
e = a & ~d 11000000
if (e & IN) OUT |= e;
a = a ^ e 00000000 done
@PeterCordes指出，某些操作可以使用x86 BMI1指令进行优化：
这种方法对于不支持按位反转的处理器体系结构很有用。在确实具有专用指令来反转整数位顺序的体系结构上，wim's answer效率更高。
答案 1 :(得分：7)
我猜@fuz评论在正确的轨道上。
以下示例显示了以下SSE和AVX2代码的工作方式。
该算法以IN_reduced = IN & MASK开头，因为我们不感兴趣
在IN为MASK的位置的0位中。
IN = . . . 0 0 0 0 . . . . p q r s . . .
MASK = . . 0 1 1 1 1 0 . . 0 1 1 1 1 0 . .
IN_reduced = IN & MASK = . . 0 0 0 0 0 0 . . 0 p q r s 0 . .
如果任何p q r s位是1，则IN_reduced + MASK的进位位为1
位于位置X的右侧
请求的连续位。
MASK = . . 0 1 1 1 1 0 . . 0 1 1 1 1 0 . .
IN_reduced = . . 0 0 0 0 0 0 . . 0 p q r s 0 . .
IN_reduced + MASK = . . 0 1 1 1 1 . . . 1 . . . . . .
X
(IN_reduced + MASK) >>1 = . . . 0 1 1 1 1 . . . 1 . . . . . .
通过>> 1，该进位位1与p位移到同一列
（连续位的第一位）。
现在，(IN_reduced + MASK) >>1实际上是IN_reduced和MASK的平均值。
为了避免加法的溢出，我们使用以下方法
平均：avg(a, b) = (a & b) + ((a ^ b) >> 1)（请参阅@Harold的评论，
另请参阅here和here。）
有了average = avg(IN_reduced, MASK)，我们得到了
MASK = . . 0 1 1 1 1 0 . . 0 1 1 1 1 0 . .
IN_reduced = . . 0 0 0 0 0 0 . . 0 p q r s 0 . .
average = . . . 0 1 1 1 1 . . . 1 . . . . . .
MASK >> 1 = . . . 0 1 1 1 1 0 . . 0 1 1 1 1 0 .
leading_bits = (~(MASK>>1))&average = . . . 0 0 0 0 0 . . . 1 0 0 0 0 . .
我们可以用
leading_bits = (~(MASK>>1) ) & average，因为MASK>>1在以下位置为零
进位位
我们感兴趣的。
正常加法时，进位从右向左传播。在这里我们使用
反向加法：从左向右携带。
反向添加MASK和leading_bits：
rev_added = bit_swap(bit_swap(MASK) + bit_swap(leading_bits))，
这将零位
想要的职位。
使用OUT = (~rev_added) & MASK，我们得到结果。
MASK = . . 0 1 1 1 1 0 . . 0 1 1 1 1 0 . .
leading_bits = . . . 0 0 0 0 0 . . . 1 0 0 0 0 . .
rev_added (MASK,leading_bits) = . . . 1 1 1 1 0 . . . 0 0 0 0 1 . .
OUT = ~rev_added & MASK = . . 0 0 0 0 0 0 . . . 1 1 1 1 0 . .
该算法尚未经过全面测试，但输出看起来还可以。
下面的代码块包含两个单独的代码： 上半部分是SSE代码， 下半部分是AVX2代码。 （为了避免 用两个大代码块使答案过分膨胀。） SSE算法适用于2 x 64位元素，而AVX2版本适用于4 x 64位元素。
使用gcc 9.1的算法compiles to about 29 instructions，
除了4 vmovdqa -s之外，还用于加载一些常量，这很可能
（在内联之后）在现实世界的应用程序中脱离循环。
这29条指令是9条随机混音（vpshufb）的有效组合，它们可以执行
在Intel Skylake的端口5（p5）上，以及许多其他可能经常
在p0，p1或p5上执行。
因此，每个周期可能执行约3条指令。
在这种情况下，吞吐量约为1个函数调用（内联）
每10个周期。在AVX2中，这意味着每个结果有4 uint64_t OUT个结果
大约10个周期。
请注意，性能与data（！）无关，这非常好 我认为这个答案的好处。该解决方案是无分支的和无循环的，并且 不会遭受分支预测失败的困扰。
/* gcc -O3 -m64 -Wall -march=skylake select_bits.c */
#include <immintrin.h>
#include <stdio.h>
#include <stdint.h>
int print_sse_128_bin(__m128i x);
__m128i bit_128_k(unsigned int k);
__m128i mm_bitreverse_epi64(__m128i x);
__m128i mm_revadd_epi64(__m128i x, __m128i y);
/* Select specific pieces of contiguous bits from `MASK` based on selector `IN` */
__m128i mm_select_bits_epi64(__m128i IN, __m128i MASK){
__m128i IN_reduced = _mm_and_si128(IN, MASK);
/* Compute the average of IN_reduced and MASK with avg(a,b)=(a&b)+((a^b)>>1) */
/* (IN_reduced & MASK) + ((IN_reduced ^ MASK) >>1) = */
/* ((IN & MASK) & MASK) + ((IN_reduced ^ MASK) >>1) = */
/* IN_reduced + ((IN_reduced ^ MASK) >>1) */
__m128i tmp = _mm_xor_si128(IN_reduced, MASK);
__m128i tmp_div2 = _mm_srli_epi64(tmp, 1);
__m128i average = _mm_add_epi64(IN_reduced, tmp_div2); /* average is the average */
__m128i MASK_div2 = _mm_srli_epi64(MASK, 1);
__m128i leading_bits = _mm_andnot_si128(MASK_div2, average);
__m128i rev_added = mm_revadd_epi64(MASK, leading_bits);
__m128i OUT = _mm_andnot_si128(rev_added, MASK);
/* Uncomment the next lines to check the arithmetic */ /*
printf("IN ");print_sse_128_bin(IN );
printf("MASK ");print_sse_128_bin(MASK );
printf("IN_reduced ");print_sse_128_bin(IN_reduced );
printf("tmp ");print_sse_128_bin(tmp );
printf("tmp_div2 ");print_sse_128_bin(tmp_div2 );
printf("average ");print_sse_128_bin(average );
printf("MASK_div2 ");print_sse_128_bin(MASK_div2 );
printf("leading_bits ");print_sse_128_bin(leading_bits );
printf("rev_added ");print_sse_128_bin(rev_added );
printf("OUT ");print_sse_128_bin(OUT );
printf("\n");*/
return OUT;
}
int main(){
__m128i IN = _mm_set_epi64x(0b11111110011010110, 0b1100010010010100);
__m128i MASK = _mm_set_epi64x(0b01011011001111110, 0b0001111010111011);
__m128i OUT;
printf("Example 1 \n");
OUT = mm_select_bits_epi64(IN, MASK);
printf("IN ");print_sse_128_bin(IN);
printf("MASK ");print_sse_128_bin(MASK);
printf("OUT ");print_sse_128_bin(OUT);
printf("\n\n");
/* 0b7654321076543210765432107654321076543210765432107654321076543210 */
IN = _mm_set_epi64x(0b1000001001001010000010000000100000010000000000100000000111100011,
0b11111110011010111);
MASK = _mm_set_epi64x(0b1110011110101110111111000000000111011111101101111100011111000001,
0b01011011001111111);
printf("Example 2 \n");
OUT = mm_select_bits_epi64(IN, MASK);
printf("IN ");print_sse_128_bin(IN);
printf("MASK ");print_sse_128_bin(MASK);
printf("OUT ");print_sse_128_bin(OUT);
printf("\n\n");
return 0;
}
int print_sse_128_bin(__m128i x){
for (int i = 127; i >= 0; i--){
printf("%1u", _mm_testnzc_si128(bit_128_k(i), x));
if (((i & 7) == 0) && (i > 0)) printf(" ");
}
printf("\n");
return 0;
}
/* From my answer here https://stackoverflow.com/a/39595704/2439725, adapted to 128-bit */
inline __m128i bit_128_k(unsigned int k){
__m128i indices = _mm_set_epi32(96, 64, 32, 0);
__m128i one = _mm_set1_epi32(1);
__m128i kvec = _mm_set1_epi32(k);
__m128i shiftcounts = _mm_sub_epi32(kvec, indices);
__m128i kbit = _mm_sllv_epi32(one, shiftcounts);
return kbit;
}
/* Copied from Harold's answer https://stackoverflow.com/a/46318399/2439725 */
/* Adapted to epi64 and __m128i: bit reverse two 64 bit elements */
inline __m128i mm_bitreverse_epi64(__m128i x){
__m128i shufbytes = _mm_setr_epi8(7, 6, 5, 4, 3, 2, 1, 0, 15, 14, 13, 12, 11, 10, 9, 8);
__m128i luthigh = _mm_setr_epi8(0, 8, 4, 12, 2, 10, 6, 14, 1, 9, 5, 13, 3, 11, 7, 15);
__m128i lutlow = _mm_slli_epi16(luthigh, 4);
__m128i lowmask = _mm_set1_epi8(15);
__m128i rbytes = _mm_shuffle_epi8(x, shufbytes);
__m128i high = _mm_shuffle_epi8(lutlow, _mm_and_si128(rbytes, lowmask));
__m128i low = _mm_shuffle_epi8(luthigh, _mm_and_si128(_mm_srli_epi16(rbytes, 4), lowmask));
return _mm_or_si128(low, high);
}
/* Add in the reverse direction: With a carry from left to */
/* right, instead of right to left */
inline __m128i mm_revadd_epi64(__m128i x, __m128i y){
x = mm_bitreverse_epi64(x);
y = mm_bitreverse_epi64(y);
__m128i sum = _mm_add_epi64(x, y);
return mm_bitreverse_epi64(sum);
}
/* End of SSE code */
/************* AVX2 code starts here ********************************************/
/* gcc -O3 -m64 -Wall -march=skylake select_bits256.c */
#include <immintrin.h>
#include <stdio.h>
#include <stdint.h>
int print_avx_256_bin(__m256i x);
__m256i bit_256_k(unsigned int k);
__m256i mm256_bitreverse_epi64(__m256i x);
__m256i mm256_revadd_epi64(__m256i x, __m256i y);
/* Select specific pieces of contiguous bits from `MASK` based on selector `IN` */
__m256i mm256_select_bits_epi64(__m256i IN, __m256i MASK){
__m256i IN_reduced = _mm256_and_si256(IN, MASK);
/* Compute the average of IN_reduced and MASK with avg(a,b)=(a&b)+((a^b)>>1) */
/* (IN_reduced & MASK) + ((IN_reduced ^ MASK) >>1) = */
/* ((IN & MASK) & MASK) + ((IN_reduced ^ MASK) >>1) = */
/* IN_reduced + ((IN_reduced ^ MASK) >>1) */
__m256i tmp = _mm256_xor_si256(IN_reduced, MASK);
__m256i tmp_div2 = _mm256_srli_epi64(tmp, 1);
__m256i average = _mm256_add_epi64(IN_reduced, tmp_div2); /* average is the average */
__m256i MASK_div2 = _mm256_srli_epi64(MASK, 1);
__m256i leading_bits = _mm256_andnot_si256(MASK_div2, average);
__m256i rev_added = mm256_revadd_epi64(MASK, leading_bits);
__m256i OUT = _mm256_andnot_si256(rev_added, MASK);
/* Uncomment the next lines to check the arithmetic */ /*
printf("IN ");print_avx_256_bin(IN );
printf("MASK ");print_avx_256_bin(MASK );
printf("IN_reduced ");print_avx_256_bin(IN_reduced );
printf("tmp ");print_avx_256_bin(tmp );
printf("tmp_div2 ");print_avx_256_bin(tmp_div2 );
printf("average ");print_avx_256_bin(average );
printf("MASK_div2 ");print_avx_256_bin(MASK_div2 );
printf("leading_bits ");print_avx_256_bin(leading_bits );
printf("rev_added ");print_avx_256_bin(rev_added );
printf("OUT ");print_avx_256_bin(OUT );
printf("\n");*/
return OUT;
}
int main(){
__m256i IN = _mm256_set_epi64x(0b11111110011010110,
0b1100010010010100,
0b1000001001001010000010000000100000010000000000100000000111100011,
0b11111110011010111
);
__m256i MASK = _mm256_set_epi64x(0b01011011001111110,
0b0001111010111011,
0b1110011110101110111111000000000111011111101101111100011111000001,
0b01011011001111111);
__m256i OUT;
printf("Example \n");
OUT = mm256_select_bits_epi64(IN, MASK);
printf("IN ");print_avx_256_bin(IN);
printf("MASK ");print_avx_256_bin(MASK);
printf("OUT ");print_avx_256_bin(OUT);
printf("\n");
return 0;
}
int print_avx_256_bin(__m256i x){
for (int i=255;i>=0;i--){
printf("%1u",_mm256_testnzc_si256(bit_256_k(i),x));
if (((i&7) ==0)&&(i>0)) printf(" ");
}
printf("\n");
return 0;
}
/* From my answer here https://stackoverflow.com/a/39595704/2439725 */
inline __m256i bit_256_k(unsigned int k){
__m256i indices = _mm256_set_epi32(224,192,160,128,96,64,32,0);
__m256i one = _mm256_set1_epi32(1);
__m256i kvec = _mm256_set1_epi32(k);
__m256i shiftcounts = _mm256_sub_epi32(kvec, indices);
__m256i kbit = _mm256_sllv_epi32(one, shiftcounts);
return kbit;
}
/* Copied from Harold's answer https://stackoverflow.com/a/46318399/2439725 */
/* Adapted to epi64: bit reverse four 64 bit elements */
inline __m256i mm256_bitreverse_epi64(__m256i x){
__m256i shufbytes = _mm256_setr_epi8(7, 6, 5, 4, 3, 2, 1, 0, 15, 14, 13, 12, 11, 10, 9, 8, 7, 6, 5, 4, 3, 2, 1, 0, 15, 14, 13, 12, 11, 10, 9, 8);
__m256i luthigh = _mm256_setr_epi8(0, 8, 4, 12, 2, 10, 6, 14, 1, 9, 5, 13, 3, 11, 7, 15, 0, 8, 4, 12, 2, 10, 6, 14, 1, 9, 5, 13, 3, 11, 7, 15);
__m256i lutlow = _mm256_slli_epi16(luthigh, 4);
__m256i lowmask = _mm256_set1_epi8(15);
__m256i rbytes = _mm256_shuffle_epi8(x, shufbytes);
__m256i high = _mm256_shuffle_epi8(lutlow, _mm256_and_si256(rbytes, lowmask));
__m256i low = _mm256_shuffle_epi8(luthigh, _mm256_and_si256(_mm256_srli_epi16(rbytes, 4), lowmask));
return _mm256_or_si256(low, high);
}
/* Add in the reverse direction: With a carry from left to */
/* right, instead of right to left */
inline __m256i mm256_revadd_epi64(__m256i x, __m256i y){
x = mm256_bitreverse_epi64(x);
y = mm256_bitreverse_epi64(y);
__m256i sum = _mm256_add_epi64(x, y);
return mm256_bitreverse_epi64(sum);
}
带有未注释调试部分的SSE代码输出：
Example 1
IN 00000000 00000000 00000000 00000000 00000000 00000001 11111100 11010110 00000000 00000000 00000000 00000000 00000000 00000000 11000100 10010100
MASK 00000000 00000000 00000000 00000000 00000000 00000000 10110110 01111110 00000000 00000000 00000000 00000000 00000000 00000000 00011110 10111011
IN_reduced 00000000 00000000 00000000 00000000 00000000 00000000 10110100 01010110 00000000 00000000 00000000 00000000 00000000 00000000 00000100 10010000
tmp 00000000 00000000 00000000 00000000 00000000 00000000 00000010 00101000 00000000 00000000 00000000 00000000 00000000 00000000 00011010 00101011
tmp_div2 00000000 00000000 00000000 00000000 00000000 00000000 00000001 00010100 00000000 00000000 00000000 00000000 00000000 00000000 00001101 00010101
average 00000000 00000000 00000000 00000000 00000000 00000000 10110101 01101010 00000000 00000000 00000000 00000000 00000000 00000000 00010001 10100101
MASK_div2 00000000 00000000 00000000 00000000 00000000 00000000 01011011 00111111 00000000 00000000 00000000 00000000 00000000 00000000 00001111 01011101
leading_bits 00000000 00000000 00000000 00000000 00000000 00000000 10100100 01000000 00000000 00000000 00000000 00000000 00000000 00000000 00010000 10100000
rev_added 00000000 00000000 00000000 00000000 00000000 00000000 01001001 00000001 00000000 00000000 00000000 00000000 00000000 00000000 00000001 01000111
OUT 00000000 00000000 00000000 00000000 00000000 00000000 10110110 01111110 00000000 00000000 00000000 00000000 00000000 00000000 00011110 10111000
IN 00000000 00000000 00000000 00000000 00000000 00000001 11111100 11010110 00000000 00000000 00000000 00000000 00000000 00000000 11000100 10010100
MASK 00000000 00000000 00000000 00000000 00000000 00000000 10110110 01111110 00000000 00000000 00000000 00000000 00000000 00000000 00011110 10111011
OUT 00000000 00000000 00000000 00000000 00000000 00000000 10110110 01111110 00000000 00000000 00000000 00000000 00000000 00000000 00011110 10111000
Example 2
IN 10000010 01001010 00001000 00001000 00010000 00000010 00000001 11100011 00000000 00000000 00000000 00000000 00000000 00000001 11111100 11010111
MASK 11100111 10101110 11111100 00000001 11011111 10110111 11000111 11000001 00000000 00000000 00000000 00000000 00000000 00000000 10110110 01111111
IN_reduced 10000010 00001010 00001000 00000000 00010000 00000010 00000001 11000001 00000000 00000000 00000000 00000000 00000000 00000000 10110100 01010111
tmp 01100101 10100100 11110100 00000001 11001111 10110101 11000110 00000000 00000000 00000000 00000000 00000000 00000000 00000000 00000010 00101000
tmp_div2 00110010 11010010 01111010 00000000 11100111 11011010 11100011 00000000 00000000 00000000 00000000 00000000 00000000 00000000 00000001 00010100
average 10110100 11011100 10000010 00000000 11110111 11011100 11100100 11000001 00000000 00000000 00000000 00000000 00000000 00000000 10110101 01101011
MASK_div2 01110011 11010111 01111110 00000000 11101111 11011011 11100011 11100000 00000000 00000000 00000000 00000000 00000000 00000000 01011011 00111111
leading_bits 10000100 00001000 10000000 00000000 00010000 00000100 00000100 00000001 00000000 00000000 00000000 00000000 00000000 00000000 10100100 01000000
rev_added 00010000 01100001 00000010 00000001 11000000 01110000 00100000 00100000 00000000 00000000 00000000 00000000 00000000 00000000 01001001 00000000
OUT 11100111 10001110 11111100 00000000 00011111 10000111 11000111 11000001 00000000 00000000 00000000 00000000 00000000 00000000 10110110 01111111
IN 10000010 01001010 00001000 00001000 00010000 00000010 00000001 11100011 00000000 00000000 00000000 00000000 00000000 00000001 11111100 11010111
MASK 11100111 10101110 11111100 00000001 11011111 10110111 11000111 11000001 00000000 00000000 00000000 00000000 00000000 00000000 10110110 01111111
OUT 11100111 10001110 11111100 00000000 00011111 10000111 11000111 11000001 00000000 00000000 00000000 00000000 00000000 00000000 10110110 01111111