我正在处理大文件并且直接写入磁盘很慢。因为文件很大，我无法在TMemoryStream中加载它。
TFileStream没有缓冲，所以我想知道是否有一个可以提供缓冲流的自定义库，或者我是否只依赖于OS提供的缓冲。 OS缓冲是否可靠？我的意思是如果缓存已满，可以从缓存中刷新旧文件（我的），以便为新文件腾出空间。
我的文件在GB范围内。它包含数百万条记录。不幸的是，记录不是固定大小。所以，我必须做数百万的读数（4到500字节之间）。阅读（和写作）是顺序的。我不会上下跳入文件（我认为这是缓冲的理想选择）。
最后，我必须将这样的文件写回磁盘（再次写入数百万的小写）。
对David Heffernan赞不绝口！
David提供了一段很棒的代码，提供缓冲磁盘访问
人们你必须拥有他的BufferedFileStream！这是黄金。并且不要忘记upvote
谢谢大卫。
Speed tests:
Input file: 317MB.SFF
Delphi stream: 9.84sec
David's stream: 2.05sec
______________________________________
More tests:
Input file: input2_700MB.txt
Lines: 19 millions
Compiler optimization: ON
I/O check: On
FastMM: release mode
**HDD**
Reading: **linear** (ReadLine) (PS: multiply time with 10)
We see clear performance drop at 8KB. Recommended 16 or 32KB
Time: 618 ms Cache size: 64KB.
Time: 622 ms Cache size: 128KB.
Time: 622 ms Cache size: 24KB.
Time: 622 ms Cache size: 32KB.
Time: 622 ms Cache size: 64KB.
Time: 624 ms Cache size: 256KB.
Time: 625 ms Cache size: 18KB.
Time: 626 ms Cache size: 26KB.
Time: 626 ms Cache size: 1024KB.
Time: 626 ms Cache size: 16KB.
Time: 628 ms Cache size: 42KB.
Time: 644 ms Cache size: 8KB. <--- no difference until 8K
Time: 664 ms Cache size: 4KB.
Time: 705 ms Cache size: 2KB.
Time: 791 ms Cache size: 1KB.
Time: 795 ms Cache size: 1KB.
**SSD**
We see a small improvement as we go towards higher buffers. Recommended 16 or 32KB
Time: 610 ms Cache size: 128KB.
Time: 611 ms Cache size: 256KB.
Time: 614 ms Cache size: 32KB.
Time: 623 ms Cache size: 16KB.
Time: 625 ms Cache size: 66KB.
Time: 639 ms Cache size: 8KB. <--- definitively not good with 8K
Time: 660 ms Cache size: 4KB.
______
Reading: **Random** (ReadInteger) (100000 reads)
SSD
Time: 064 ms. Cache size: 1KB. Count: 100000. RAM: 13.27 MB <-- probably the best buffer size for ReadInteger is 4bytes!
Time: 067 ms. Cache size: 2KB. Count: 100000. RAM: 13.27 MB
Time: 080 ms. Cache size: 4KB. Count: 100000. RAM: 13.27 MB
Time: 098 ms. Cache size: 8KB. Count: 100000. RAM: 13.27 MB
Time: 140 ms. Cache size: 16KB. Count: 100000. RAM: 13.27 MB
Time: 213 ms. Cache size: 32KB. Count: 100000. RAM: 13.27 MB
Time: 360 ms. Cache size: 64KB. Count: 100000. RAM: 13.27 MB
Conclusion: don't use it for "random" reading
答案 0 :(得分：85)
Windows文件缓存非常有效，尤其是在使用Vista或更高版本时。 TFileStream是围绕Windows ReadFile()和WriteFile() API函数的松散包装器，对于许多用例来说，唯一更快的是内存映射文件。
但是，有一种常见的情况是TFileStream成为性能瓶颈。也就是说，如果每次调用流读取或写入函数时读取或写入少量数据。例如，如果您一次读取一个整数数组，则在ReadFile()的调用中一次读取4个字节会产生很大的开销。
同样，内存映射文件是解决此瓶颈的一种很好的方法，但另一种常用的方法是读取更大的缓冲区，许多千字节说，然后解决将来从内存缓存中读取的流而不是进一步拨打ReadFile()。这种方法仅适用于顺序访问。
根据您更新的问题中描述的使用模式，我认为您可能会发现以下类可以改善您的效果：
unit BufferedFileStream;
interface
uses
SysUtils, Math, Classes, Windows;
type
TBaseCachedFileStream = class(TStream)
private
function QueryInterface(const IID: TGUID; out Obj): HResult; stdcall;
function _AddRef: Integer; stdcall;
function _Release: Integer; stdcall;
protected
FHandle: THandle;
FOwnsHandle: Boolean;
FCache: PByte;
FCacheSize: Integer;
FPosition: Int64;//the current position in the file (relative to the beginning of the file)
FCacheStart: Int64;//the postion in the file of the start of the cache (relative to the beginning of the file)
FCacheEnd: Int64;//the postion in the file of the end of the cache (relative to the beginning of the file)
FFileName: string;
FLastError: DWORD;
procedure HandleError(const Msg: string);
procedure RaiseSystemError(const Msg: string; LastError: DWORD); overload;
procedure RaiseSystemError(const Msg: string); overload;
procedure RaiseSystemErrorFmt(const Msg: string; const Args: array of const);
function CreateHandle(FlagsAndAttributes: DWORD): THandle; virtual; abstract;
function GetFileSize: Int64; virtual;
procedure SetSize(NewSize: Longint); override;
procedure SetSize(const NewSize: Int64); override;
function FileRead(var Buffer; Count: Longword): Integer;
function FileWrite(const Buffer; Count: Longword): Integer;
function FileSeek(const Offset: Int64; Origin: TSeekOrigin): Int64;
public
constructor Create(const FileName: string); overload;
constructor Create(const FileName: string; CacheSize: Integer); overload;
constructor Create(const FileName: string; CacheSize: Integer; Handle: THandle); overload; virtual;
destructor Destroy; override;
property CacheSize: Integer read FCacheSize;
function Read(var Buffer; Count: Longint): Longint; override;
function Write(const Buffer; Count: Longint): Longint; override;
function Seek(const Offset: Int64; Origin: TSeekOrigin): Int64; override;
end;
TBaseCachedFileStreamClass = class of TBaseCachedFileStream;
IDisableStreamReadCache = interface
['{0B6D0004-88D1-42D5-BC0F-447911C0FC21}']
procedure DisableStreamReadCache;
procedure EnableStreamReadCache;
end;
TReadOnlyCachedFileStream = class(TBaseCachedFileStream, IDisableStreamReadCache)
(* This class works by filling the cache each time a call to Read is made and
FPosition is outside the existing cache. By filling the cache we mean
reading from the file into the temporary cache. Calls to Read when
FPosition is in the existing cache are then dealt with by filling the
buffer with bytes from the cache.
*)
private
FUseAlignedCache: Boolean;
FViewStart: Int64;
FViewLength: Int64;
FDisableStreamReadCacheRefCount: Integer;
procedure DisableStreamReadCache;
procedure EnableStreamReadCache;
procedure FlushCache;
protected
function CreateHandle(FlagsAndAttributes: DWORD): THandle; override;
function GetFileSize: Int64; override;
public
constructor Create(const FileName: string; CacheSize: Integer; Handle: THandle); overload; override;
property UseAlignedCache: Boolean read FUseAlignedCache write FUseAlignedCache;
function Read(var Buffer; Count: Longint): Longint; override;
procedure SetViewWindow(const ViewStart, ViewLength: Int64);
end;
TWriteCachedFileStream = class(TBaseCachedFileStream, IDisableStreamReadCache)
(* This class works by caching calls to Write. By this we mean temporarily
storing the bytes to be written in the cache. As each call to Write is
processed the cache grows. The cache is written to file when:
1. A call to Write is made when the cache is full.
2. A call to Write is made and FPosition is outside the cache (this
must be as a result of a call to Seek).
3. The class is destroyed.
Note that data can be read from these streams but the reading is not
cached and in fact a read operation will flush the cache before
attempting to read the data.
*)
private
FFileSize: Int64;
FReadStream: TReadOnlyCachedFileStream;
FReadStreamCacheSize: Integer;
FReadStreamUseAlignedCache: Boolean;
procedure DisableStreamReadCache;
procedure EnableStreamReadCache;
procedure CreateReadStream;
procedure FlushCache;
protected
function CreateHandle(FlagsAndAttributes: DWORD): THandle; override;
function GetFileSize: Int64; override;
public
constructor Create(const FileName: string; CacheSize, ReadStreamCacheSize: Integer; ReadStreamUseAlignedCache: Boolean); overload;
destructor Destroy; override;
function Read(var Buffer; Count: Longint): Longint; override;
function Write(const Buffer; Count: Longint): Longint; override;
end;
implementation
function GetFileSizeEx(hFile: THandle; var FileSize: Int64): BOOL; stdcall; external kernel32;
function SetFilePointerEx(hFile: THandle; DistanceToMove: Int64; lpNewFilePointer: PInt64; dwMoveMethod: DWORD): BOOL; stdcall; external kernel32;
{ TBaseCachedFileStream }
constructor TBaseCachedFileStream.Create(const FileName: string);
begin
Create(FileName, 0);
end;
constructor TBaseCachedFileStream.Create(const FileName: string; CacheSize: Integer);
begin
Create(FileName, CacheSize, 0);
end;
constructor TBaseCachedFileStream.Create(const FileName: string; CacheSize: Integer; Handle: THandle);
const
DefaultCacheSize = 16*1024;
//16kb - this was chosen empirically - don't make it too large otherwise the progress report is 'jerky'
begin
inherited Create;
FFileName := FileName;
FOwnsHandle := Handle=0;
if FOwnsHandle then begin
FHandle := CreateHandle(FILE_ATTRIBUTE_NORMAL);
end else begin
FHandle := Handle;
end;
FCacheSize := CacheSize;
if FCacheSize<=0 then begin
FCacheSize := DefaultCacheSize;
end;
GetMem(FCache, FCacheSize);
end;
destructor TBaseCachedFileStream.Destroy;
begin
FreeMem(FCache);
if FOwnsHandle and (FHandle<>0) then begin
CloseHandle(FHandle);
end;
inherited;
end;
function TBaseCachedFileStream.QueryInterface(const IID: TGUID; out Obj): HResult;
begin
if GetInterface(IID, Obj) then begin
Result := S_OK;
end else begin
Result := E_NOINTERFACE;
end;
end;
function TBaseCachedFileStream._AddRef: Integer;
begin
Result := -1;
end;
function TBaseCachedFileStream._Release: Integer;
begin
Result := -1;
end;
procedure TBaseCachedFileStream.HandleError(const Msg: string);
begin
if FLastError<>0 then begin
RaiseSystemError(Msg, FLastError);
end;
end;
procedure TBaseCachedFileStream.RaiseSystemError(const Msg: string; LastError: DWORD);
begin
raise EStreamError.Create(Trim(Msg+' ')+SysErrorMessage(LastError));
end;
procedure TBaseCachedFileStream.RaiseSystemError(const Msg: string);
begin
RaiseSystemError(Msg, GetLastError);
end;
procedure TBaseCachedFileStream.RaiseSystemErrorFmt(const Msg: string; const Args: array of const);
var
LastError: DWORD;
begin
LastError := GetLastError; // must call GetLastError before Format
RaiseSystemError(Format(Msg, Args), LastError);
end;
function TBaseCachedFileStream.GetFileSize: Int64;
begin
if not GetFileSizeEx(FHandle, Result) then begin
RaiseSystemErrorFmt('GetFileSizeEx failed for %s.', [FFileName]);
end;
end;
procedure TBaseCachedFileStream.SetSize(NewSize: Longint);
begin
SetSize(Int64(NewSize));
end;
procedure TBaseCachedFileStream.SetSize(const NewSize: Int64);
begin
Seek(NewSize, soBeginning);
if not Windows.SetEndOfFile(FHandle) then begin
RaiseSystemErrorFmt('SetEndOfFile for %s.', [FFileName]);
end;
end;
function TBaseCachedFileStream.FileRead(var Buffer; Count: Longword): Integer;
begin
if Windows.ReadFile(FHandle, Buffer, Count, LongWord(Result), nil) then begin
FLastError := 0;
end else begin
FLastError := GetLastError;
Result := -1;
end;
end;
function TBaseCachedFileStream.FileWrite(const Buffer; Count: Longword): Integer;
begin
if Windows.WriteFile(FHandle, Buffer, Count, LongWord(Result), nil) then begin
FLastError := 0;
end else begin
FLastError := GetLastError;
Result := -1;
end;
end;
function TBaseCachedFileStream.FileSeek(const Offset: Int64; Origin: TSeekOrigin): Int64;
begin
if not SetFilePointerEx(FHandle, Offset, @Result, ord(Origin)) then begin
RaiseSystemErrorFmt('SetFilePointerEx failed for %s.', [FFileName]);
end;
end;
function TBaseCachedFileStream.Read(var Buffer; Count: Integer): Longint;
begin
raise EAssertionFailed.Create('Cannot read from this stream');
end;
function TBaseCachedFileStream.Write(const Buffer; Count: Integer): Longint;
begin
raise EAssertionFailed.Create('Cannot write to this stream');
end;
function TBaseCachedFileStream.Seek(const Offset: Int64; Origin: TSeekOrigin): Int64;
//Set FPosition to the value specified - if this has implications for the
//cache then overriden Write and Read methods must deal with those.
begin
case Origin of
soBeginning:
FPosition := Offset;
soEnd:
FPosition := GetFileSize+Offset;
soCurrent:
inc(FPosition, Offset);
end;
Result := FPosition;
end;
{ TReadOnlyCachedFileStream }
constructor TReadOnlyCachedFileStream.Create(const FileName: string; CacheSize: Integer; Handle: THandle);
begin
inherited;
SetViewWindow(0, inherited GetFileSize);
end;
function TReadOnlyCachedFileStream.CreateHandle(FlagsAndAttributes: DWORD): THandle;
begin
Result := Windows.CreateFile(
PChar(FFileName),
GENERIC_READ,
FILE_SHARE_READ,
nil,
OPEN_EXISTING,
FlagsAndAttributes,
0
);
if Result=INVALID_HANDLE_VALUE then begin
RaiseSystemErrorFmt('Cannot open %s.', [FFileName]);
end;
end;
procedure TReadOnlyCachedFileStream.DisableStreamReadCache;
begin
inc(FDisableStreamReadCacheRefCount);
end;
procedure TReadOnlyCachedFileStream.EnableStreamReadCache;
begin
dec(FDisableStreamReadCacheRefCount);
end;
procedure TReadOnlyCachedFileStream.FlushCache;
begin
FCacheStart := 0;
FCacheEnd := 0;
end;
function TReadOnlyCachedFileStream.GetFileSize: Int64;
begin
Result := FViewLength;
end;
procedure TReadOnlyCachedFileStream.SetViewWindow(const ViewStart, ViewLength: Int64);
begin
if ViewStart<0 then begin
raise EAssertionFailed.Create('Invalid view window');
end;
if (ViewStart+ViewLength)>inherited GetFileSize then begin
raise EAssertionFailed.Create('Invalid view window');
end;
FViewStart := ViewStart;
FViewLength := ViewLength;
FPosition := 0;
FCacheStart := 0;
FCacheEnd := 0;
end;
function TReadOnlyCachedFileStream.Read(var Buffer; Count: Longint): Longint;
var
NumOfBytesToCopy, NumOfBytesLeft, NumOfBytesRead: Longint;
CachePtr, BufferPtr: PByte;
begin
if FDisableStreamReadCacheRefCount>0 then begin
FileSeek(FPosition+FViewStart, soBeginning);
Result := FileRead(Buffer, Count);
if Result=-1 then begin
Result := 0;//contract is to return number of bytes that were read
end;
inc(FPosition, Result);
end else begin
Result := 0;
NumOfBytesLeft := Count;
BufferPtr := @Buffer;
while NumOfBytesLeft>0 do begin
if (FPosition<FCacheStart) or (FPosition>=FCacheEnd) then begin
//the current position is not available in the cache so we need to re-fill the cache
FCacheStart := FPosition;
if UseAlignedCache then begin
FCacheStart := FCacheStart - (FCacheStart mod CacheSize);
end;
FileSeek(FCacheStart+FViewStart, soBeginning);
NumOfBytesRead := FileRead(FCache^, CacheSize);
if NumOfBytesRead=-1 then begin
exit;
end;
Assert(NumOfBytesRead>=0);
FCacheEnd := FCacheStart+NumOfBytesRead;
if NumOfBytesRead=0 then begin
FLastError := ERROR_HANDLE_EOF;//must be at the end of the file
break;
end;
end;
//read from cache to Buffer
NumOfBytesToCopy := Min(FCacheEnd-FPosition, NumOfBytesLeft);
CachePtr := FCache;
inc(CachePtr, FPosition-FCacheStart);
Move(CachePtr^, BufferPtr^, NumOfBytesToCopy);
inc(Result, NumOfBytesToCopy);
inc(FPosition, NumOfBytesToCopy);
inc(BufferPtr, NumOfBytesToCopy);
dec(NumOfBytesLeft, NumOfBytesToCopy);
end;
end;
end;
{ TWriteCachedFileStream }
constructor TWriteCachedFileStream.Create(const FileName: string; CacheSize, ReadStreamCacheSize: Integer; ReadStreamUseAlignedCache: Boolean);
begin
inherited Create(FileName, CacheSize);
FReadStreamCacheSize := ReadStreamCacheSize;
FReadStreamUseAlignedCache := ReadStreamUseAlignedCache;
end;
destructor TWriteCachedFileStream.Destroy;
begin
FlushCache;//make sure that the final calls to Write get recorded in the file
FreeAndNil(FReadStream);
inherited;
end;
function TWriteCachedFileStream.CreateHandle(FlagsAndAttributes: DWORD): THandle;
begin
Result := Windows.CreateFile(
PChar(FFileName),
GENERIC_READ or GENERIC_WRITE,
0,
nil,
CREATE_ALWAYS,
FlagsAndAttributes,
0
);
if Result=INVALID_HANDLE_VALUE then begin
RaiseSystemErrorFmt('Cannot create %s.', [FFileName]);
end;
end;
procedure TWriteCachedFileStream.DisableStreamReadCache;
begin
CreateReadStream;
FReadStream.DisableStreamReadCache;
end;
procedure TWriteCachedFileStream.EnableStreamReadCache;
begin
Assert(Assigned(FReadStream));
FReadStream.EnableStreamReadCache;
end;
function TWriteCachedFileStream.GetFileSize: Int64;
begin
Result := FFileSize;
end;
procedure TWriteCachedFileStream.CreateReadStream;
begin
if not Assigned(FReadStream) then begin
FReadStream := TReadOnlyCachedFileStream.Create(FFileName, FReadStreamCacheSize, FHandle);
FReadStream.UseAlignedCache := FReadStreamUseAlignedCache;
end;
end;
procedure TWriteCachedFileStream.FlushCache;
var
NumOfBytesToWrite: Longint;
begin
if Assigned(FCache) then begin
NumOfBytesToWrite := FCacheEnd-FCacheStart;
if NumOfBytesToWrite>0 then begin
FileSeek(FCacheStart, soBeginning);
if FileWrite(FCache^, NumOfBytesToWrite)<>NumOfBytesToWrite then begin
RaiseSystemErrorFmt('FileWrite failed for %s.', [FFileName]);
end;
if Assigned(FReadStream) then begin
FReadStream.FlushCache;
end;
end;
FCacheStart := FPosition;
FCacheEnd := FPosition;
end;
end;
function TWriteCachedFileStream.Read(var Buffer; Count: Integer): Longint;
begin
FlushCache;
CreateReadStream;
Assert(FReadStream.FViewStart=0);
if FReadStream.FViewLength<>FFileSize then begin
FReadStream.SetViewWindow(0, FFileSize);
end;
FReadStream.Position := FPosition;
Result := FReadStream.Read(Buffer, Count);
inc(FPosition, Result);
end;
function TWriteCachedFileStream.Write(const Buffer; Count: Longint): Longint;
var
NumOfBytesToCopy, NumOfBytesLeft: Longint;
CachePtr, BufferPtr: PByte;
begin
Result := 0;
NumOfBytesLeft := Count;
BufferPtr := @Buffer;
while NumOfBytesLeft>0 do begin
if ((FPosition<FCacheStart) or (FPosition>FCacheEnd))//the current position is outside the cache
or (FPosition-FCacheStart=FCacheSize)//the cache is full
then begin
FlushCache;
Assert(FCacheStart=FPosition);
end;
//write from Buffer to the cache
NumOfBytesToCopy := Min(FCacheSize-(FPosition-FCacheStart), NumOfBytesLeft);
CachePtr := FCache;
inc(CachePtr, FPosition-FCacheStart);
Move(BufferPtr^, CachePtr^, NumOfBytesToCopy);
inc(Result, NumOfBytesToCopy);
inc(FPosition, NumOfBytesToCopy);
FCacheEnd := Max(FCacheEnd, FPosition);
inc(BufferPtr, NumOfBytesToCopy);
dec(NumOfBytesLeft, NumOfBytesToCopy);
end;
FFileSize := Max(FFileSize, FPosition);
end;
end.
答案 1 :(得分：13)
TFileStream类在内部使用CreateFile函数，该函数总是使用缓冲区来管理文件，除非您指定FILE_FLAG_NO_BUFFERING标志（请注意哪些不能指定此直接使用TFileStream标记）。对于
您可以查看这些链接的更多信息
您也可以尝试TGpHugeFileStream，它是Primoz Gabrijelcic GpHugeFile单元的一部分。
答案 2 :(得分：7)
如果你有这种代码
而Stream.Position＆lt; Stream.Size做
您可以通过将FileStream.Size缓存到变量来优化它，它会加速。 Stream.Size使用三个虚函数调用来查找实际大小
干杯
答案 3 :(得分：7)
为了每个人的兴趣：Embarcadero在最新版本的 Delphi 10.1柏林中添加了TBufferedFileStream（see the documentation）。
不幸的是，我无法说出它与这里给出的解决方案的竞争方式，因为我还没有购买更新。我也知道这个问题是在Delphi 7上提出的，但我确信将来Delphi自身实现的引用会很有用。
答案 4 :(得分：0)
所以TFileStream要慢，它会从磁盘读取所有内容。 并且TMemoryStream不够大。 （如果你这样说）
那为什么不使用TFileStream将一个高达100MB的块加载到TMemoryStream中进行处理？这可以通过简单的预分析器来完成，该预分析器只查看数据中的大小标题，但这会恢复您的问题。
让你的代码意识到它的大文件可能会出错并完全避免它是一件坏事：允许它从TMemoryStream处理（不完整）块，这也会将线程增强带入视图（hdd访问不是瓶颈）需要的。