我从OpenCL开始进行一些计算机视觉任务。我使用python pyopencl模块。我的代码在Intel CPU上的运行速度比Nvidia GTX 750Ti快。
我有一个示例代码，该代码将（2000x4000）数组逐项相乘。它在我的CPU上的2ms和我的GPU上的8ms中运行。如您在代码中所看到的，花费的时间只是内核调用。
为什么我的GPU上这么慢？
import time
import numpy as np
import pyopencl as cl
devices = cl.get_platforms()[1].get_devices()
ctx = cl.Context(devices)
queue = cl.CommandQueue(ctx)
kernel = cl.Program(
ctx, """
kernel void mult(
global float *a,
global float *b,
global float *out
)
{
int row = get_global_id(0);
int col = get_global_id(1);
int cols = get_global_size(1);
int index = col + row * cols;
out[index] = a[index] * b[index];
}
""").build()
a = np.random.rand(2000, 4000).astype(np.float32)
a_b = cl.Buffer(ctx, cl.mem_flags.READ_ONLY | cl.mem_flags.COPY_HOST_PTR, hostbuf=a.flatten())
rows, cols = a.shape
out_b = cl.Buffer(ctx, cl.mem_flags.WRITE_ONLY, size=rows*cols*np.dtype(np.float32).itemsize)
start = time.time() * 1000
kernel.mult(queue, a.shape, None, a_b, a_b, out_b)
end = time.time() * 1000
print(f"{end-start}ms")
out = np.empty(a.shape, dtype=np.float32)
cl.enqueue_copy(queue, out, out_b)
# make sure result is correct
np.testing.assert_array_equal(a*a, out)
这是clinfo
> clinfo
Number of platforms 2
Platform Name NVIDIA CUDA
Platform Vendor NVIDIA Corporation
Platform Version OpenCL 1.2 CUDA 9.1.84
Platform Profile FULL_PROFILE
Platform Extensions cl_khr_global_int32_base_atomics cl_khr_global_int32_extended_atomics cl_khr_local_int32_base_atomics cl_khr_local_int32_extended_atomics cl_khr_fp64 cl_khr_byte_addressable_store cl_khr_icd cl_khr_gl_sharing cl_nv_compiler_options cl_nv_device_attribute_query cl_nv_pragma_unroll cl_nv_copy_opts cl_nv_create_buffer
Platform Extensions function suffix NV
Platform Name Intel(R) CPU Runtime for OpenCL(TM) Applications
Platform Vendor Intel(R) Corporation
Platform Version OpenCL 2.1 LINUX
Platform Profile FULL_PROFILE
Platform Extensions cl_khr_icd cl_khr_global_int32_base_atomics cl_khr_global_int32_extended_atomics cl_khr_local_int32_base_atomics cl_khr_local_int32_extended_atomics cl_khr_byte_addressable_store cl_khr_depth_images cl_khr_3d_image_writes cl_intel_exec_by_local_thread cl_khr_spir cl_khr_fp64 cl_khr_image2d_from_buffer cl_intel_vec_len_hint
Platform Host timer resolution 1ns
Platform Extensions function suffix INTEL
Platform Name NVIDIA CUDA
Number of devices 1
Device Name GeForce GTX 750 Ti
Device Vendor NVIDIA Corporation
Device Vendor ID 0x10de
Device Version OpenCL 1.2 CUDA
Driver Version 390.116
Device OpenCL C Version OpenCL C 1.2
Device Type GPU
Device Topology (NV) PCI-E, 01:00.0
Device Profile FULL_PROFILE
Device Available Yes
Compiler Available Yes
Linker Available Yes
Max compute units 5
Max clock frequency 1084MHz
Compute Capability (NV) 5.0
Device Partition (core)
Max number of sub-devices 1
Supported partition types None
Max work item dimensions 3
Max work item sizes 1024x1024x64
Max work group size 1024
Preferred work group size multiple 32
Warp size (NV) 32
Preferred / native vector sizes
char 1 / 1
short 1 / 1
int 1 / 1
long 1 / 1
half 0 / 0 (n/a)
float 1 / 1
double 1 / 1 (cl_khr_fp64)
Half-precision Floating-point support (n/a)
Single-precision Floating-point support (core)
Denormals Yes
Infinity and NANs Yes
Round to nearest Yes
Round to zero Yes
Round to infinity Yes
IEEE754-2008 fused multiply-add Yes
Support is emulated in software No
Correctly-rounded divide and sqrt operations Yes
Double-precision Floating-point support (cl_khr_fp64)
Denormals Yes
Infinity and NANs Yes
Round to nearest Yes
Round to zero Yes
Round to infinity Yes
IEEE754-2008 fused multiply-add Yes
Support is emulated in software No
Address bits 64, Little-Endian
Global memory size 2096300032 (1.952GiB)
Error Correction support No
Max memory allocation 524075008 (499.8MiB)
Unified memory for Host and Device No
Integrated memory (NV) No
Minimum alignment for any data type 128 bytes
Alignment of base address 4096 bits (512 bytes)
Global Memory cache type Read/Write
Global Memory cache size 81920 (80KiB)
Global Memory cache line size 128 bytes
Image support Yes
Max number of samplers per kernel 32
Max size for 1D images from buffer 134217728 pixels
Max 1D or 2D image array size 2048 images
Max 2D image size 16384x16384 pixels
Max 3D image size 4096x4096x4096 pixels
Max number of read image args 256
Max number of write image args 16
Local memory type Local
Local memory size 49152 (48KiB)
Registers per block (NV) 65536
Max number of constant args 9
Max constant buffer size 65536 (64KiB)
Max size of kernel argument 4352 (4.25KiB)
Queue properties
Out-of-order execution Yes
Profiling Yes
Prefer user sync for interop No
Profiling timer resolution 1000ns
Execution capabilities
Run OpenCL kernels Yes
Run native kernels No
Kernel execution timeout (NV) Yes
Concurrent copy and kernel execution (NV) Yes
Number of async copy engines 1
printf() buffer size 1048576 (1024KiB)
Built-in kernels
Device Extensions cl_khr_global_int32_base_atomics cl_khr_global_int32_extended_atomics cl_khr_local_int32_base_atomics cl_khr_local_int32_extended_atomics cl_khr_fp64 cl_khr_byte_addressable_store cl_khr_icd cl_khr_gl_sharing cl_nv_compiler_options cl_nv_device_attribute_query cl_nv_pragma_unroll cl_nv_copy_opts cl_nv_create_buffer
Platform Name Intel(R) CPU Runtime for OpenCL(TM) Applications
Number of devices 1
Device Name Intel(R) Core(TM) i5-2400 CPU @ 3.10GHz
Device Vendor Intel(R) Corporation
Device Vendor ID 0x8086
Device Version OpenCL 2.1 (Build 0)
Driver Version 18.1.0.0920
Device OpenCL C Version OpenCL C 2.0
Device Type CPU
Device Profile FULL_PROFILE
Device Available Yes
Compiler Available Yes
Linker Available Yes
Max compute units 4
Max clock frequency 3100MHz
Device Partition (core)
Max number of sub-devices 4
Supported partition types by counts, equally, by names (Intel)
Max work item dimensions 3
Max work item sizes 8192x8192x8192
Max work group size 8192
Preferred work group size multiple 128
Max sub-groups per work group 1
Preferred / native vector sizes
char 1 / 16
short 1 / 8
int 1 / 4
long 1 / 2
half 0 / 0 (n/a)
float 1 / 8
double 1 / 4 (cl_khr_fp64)
Half-precision Floating-point support (n/a)
Single-precision Floating-point support (core)
Denormals Yes
Infinity and NANs Yes
Round to nearest Yes
Round to zero No
Round to infinity No
IEEE754-2008 fused multiply-add No
Support is emulated in software No
Correctly-rounded divide and sqrt operations No
Double-precision Floating-point support (cl_khr_fp64)
Denormals Yes
Infinity and NANs Yes
Round to nearest Yes
Round to zero Yes
Round to infinity Yes
IEEE754-2008 fused multiply-add Yes
Support is emulated in software No
Address bits 64, Little-Endian
Global memory size 8308092928 (7.738GiB)
Error Correction support No
Max memory allocation 2077023232 (1.934GiB)
Unified memory for Host and Device Yes
Shared Virtual Memory (SVM) capabilities (core)
Coarse-grained buffer sharing Yes
Fine-grained buffer sharing Yes
Fine-grained system sharing Yes
Atomics Yes
Minimum alignment for any data type 128 bytes
Alignment of base address 1024 bits (128 bytes)
Preferred alignment for atomics
SVM 64 bytes
Global 64 bytes
Local 0 bytes
Max size for global variable 65536 (64KiB)
Preferred total size of global vars 65536 (64KiB)
Global Memory cache type Read/Write
Global Memory cache size 262144 (256KiB)
Global Memory cache line size 64 bytes
Image support Yes
Max number of samplers per kernel 480
Max size for 1D images from buffer 129813952 pixels
Max 1D or 2D image array size 2048 images
Base address alignment for 2D image buffers 64 bytes
Pitch alignment for 2D image buffers 64 pixels
Max 2D image size 16384x16384 pixels
Max 3D image size 2048x2048x2048 pixels
Max number of read image args 480
Max number of write image args 480
Max number of read/write image args 480
Max number of pipe args 16
Max active pipe reservations 65535
Max pipe packet size 1024
Local memory type Global
Local memory size 32768 (32KiB)
Max number of constant args 480
Max constant buffer size 131072 (128KiB)
Max size of kernel argument 3840 (3.75KiB)
Queue properties (on host)
Out-of-order execution Yes
Profiling Yes
Local thread execution (Intel) Yes
Queue properties (on device)
Out-of-order execution Yes
Profiling Yes
Preferred size 4294967295 (4GiB)
Max size 4294967295 (4GiB)
Max queues on device 4294967295
Max events on device 4294967295
Prefer user sync for interop No
Profiling timer resolution 1ns
Execution capabilities
Run OpenCL kernels Yes
Run native kernels Yes
Sub-group independent forward progress No
IL version SPIR-V_1.0
SPIR versions 1.2
printf() buffer size 1048576 (1024KiB)
Built-in kernels
Device Extensions cl_khr_icd cl_khr_global_int32_base_atomics cl_khr_global_int32_extended_atomics cl_khr_local_int32_base_atomics cl_khr_local_int32_extended_atomics cl_khr_byte_addressable_store cl_khr_depth_images cl_khr_3d_image_writes cl_intel_exec_by_local_thread cl_khr_spir cl_khr_fp64 cl_khr_image2d_from_buffer cl_intel_vec_len_hint
NULL platform behavior
clGetPlatformInfo(NULL, CL_PLATFORM_NAME, ...) No platform
clGetDeviceIDs(NULL, CL_DEVICE_TYPE_ALL, ...) No platform
clCreateContext(NULL, ...) [default] No platform
clCreateContext(NULL, ...) [other] Success [NV]
clCreateContextFromType(NULL, CL_DEVICE_TYPE_DEFAULT) No platform
clCreateContextFromType(NULL, CL_DEVICE_TYPE_CPU) No platform
clCreateContextFromType(NULL, CL_DEVICE_TYPE_GPU) No platform
clCreateContextFromType(NULL, CL_DEVICE_TYPE_ACCELERATOR) No platform
clCreateContextFromType(NULL, CL_DEVICE_TYPE_CUSTOM) No platform
clCreateContextFromType(NULL, CL_DEVICE_TYPE_ALL) No platform
答案 0 :(得分：1)
我对pyOpenCL不太了解，但是我对OpenCL有点了解...
GTX 750 TI具有5个计算单元和640个CUDA内核，这意味着您的最佳本地工作规模为640/5 = 128。使用较小/较大的值只会浪费资源。当您通过“ None”时，我不知道库会做什么，但这是获得性能的关键方面。我强烈建议您看看使用了哪些值。
通常来说，直接读和写回全局内存是“缓慢的”。每个计算单元都有一定数量的本地内存，可以（并且应该）利用它们。我不确定这是否适用于像您这样简单的内核，但是我会尝试将结果存储在本地内存中，然后再传输回主内存。您还可以转换为更大的数据类型，以提高本地和全局内存之间的吞吐量。
最后，在GPU之间传输数据要比实际计算花费更多的时间也就不足为奇了。
答案 1 :(得分：0)
从CPU到GPU的内存传输以及通过PCIe的内存传输通常有大约10µs的延迟，与传输的数据量无关。这意味着大数据传输效率更高，而对于小数据集，延迟可能会比CPU上的执行时间更长。
您的矩阵乘法内核可以进行优化，以使其运行速度快大约10倍。此处的关键词是使用本地内存进行缓存切片。这个想法是通过一次合并的传输将大块数据从全局内存加载到本地内存，然后一次从本地内存访问一个元素。这样可以大大减少全局内存访问延迟，并可以显着提高内核速度。