我目前正在从事一个有趣的项目，其中有一个登录屏幕，后跟一个主菜单。这是我的第一个主要项目，因为我刚接触Python并仍在学习。
我想做的是，在用户正确登录后，他们面对的是主菜单（根窗口后面的顶级窗口）。在这个菜单中，我希望用户能够选择一个难度（简单，中等，困难）
这是我得到的错误：UnboundLocalError：赋值之前引用了局部变量'radius'
这是我的代码：
from turtle import Turtle, Screen
from random import random, randint
from time import time
import os
import sys
import tkinter.messagebox as tm
import hashlib, uuid
import re
import turtle
CURSOR_SIZE = 20
from tkinter import *
user_get = 0
variable = 1
diffSetting = 9
class Application(Frame):
def __init__(self,master):
Frame.__init__(self, master)#Set __init__ to the master class
self.grid()
self.create_main()#Creates function
self.Read()
changeVariable1(self)
changeVariable2(self)
changeVariable3(self)
def Read(self):
top = Tk()
top.geometry("%dx%d%+d%+d" % (420, 500, 250, 125))
top.title = Label(top, text="Menu ", font='Helvetica 10 bold')#TITLE
top.title.grid(row=0, column=2)
top.title = Label(top, text=" ", font='Helvetica 10 bold')#blank line
top.title.grid(row=1, column=1)
top.user_entry_label = Label(top, text="Difficulty: ", font='Helvetica 10 bold')#USERNAME LABEL
top.user_entry_label.grid(row=3, column=1)
top.easybutt = Button(top, text="Easy", font='Helvetica 10 bold', command = changeVariable1(self))#easy
top.easybutt.grid(row=3, column=2)
top.medbutt = Button(top, text="Medium", font='Helvetica 10 bold', command = changeVariable2(self))#med
top.medbutt.grid(row=3, column=3)
top.hrdbutt = Button(top, text="Hard", font='Helvetica 10 bold', command = changeVariable3(self))#hrd
top.hrdbutt.grid(row=3, column=4)
top.title = Label(top, text=" ", font='Helvetica 10 bold')#blank line
top.title.grid(row=4, column=1)
def create_main(self):
self.title = Label(self, text="Reflex Login ", font='Helvetica 10 bold')#TITLE
self.title.grid(row=0, column=2)
self.user_entry_label = Label(self, text="Username: ", font='Helvetica 10 bold')#USERNAME LABEL
self.user_entry_label.grid(row=1, column=1)
self.user_entry = Entry(self) #USERNAME ENTRY BOX
self.user_entry.grid(row=1, column=2)
self.pass_entry_label = Label(self, text="Password: ", font='Helvetica 10 bold')#PASSWORD LABEL
self.pass_entry_label.grid(row=2, column=1)
self.pass_entry = Entry(self, show="●") #PASSWORD ENTRY BOX
self.pass_entry.grid(row=2, column=2)
self.sign_in_butt = Button(self, text="Sign In", font='Helvetica 10 bold', command = self.logging_in)#SIGN IN BUTTON
self.sign_in_butt.grid(row=3, column=2)
self.register_butt = Button(self, text="Register",font='Helvetica 10 bold', command = self.register)#Register button
self.register_butt.grid(row=4, column=2)
self.title = Label(self, text=" ", font='Helvetica 10 bold')#blank line
self.title.grid(row=5, column=2)
self.title = Label(self, text=" ", font='Helvetica 10 bold')#blank line
self.title.grid(row=6, column=2)
#username criteria
self.title = Label(self, text="---------------------------------------", font='Helvetica 10 bold')#seperator
self.title.grid(row=6, column=2)
self.title = Label(self, text="Username Criteria: ", font='Helvetica 10 bold')#TITLE
self.title.grid(row=7, column=2)
self.title = Label(self, text="One number 1-9.", font='Helvetica 10')
self.title.grid(row=8, column=2)
self.title = Label(self, text="6-12 characters in length.", font='Helvetica 10')
self.title.grid(row=9, column=2)
self.title = Label(self, text="Include no spaces.", font='Helvetica 10')
self.title.grid(row=10, column=2)
#password criteria
self.title = Label(self, text=" ", font='Helvetica 10 bold')#blank line
self.title.grid(row=11, column=2)
self.title = Label(self, text="---------------------------------------", font='Helvetica 10 bold')#seperator
self.title.grid(row=11, column=2)
self.title = Label(self, text="Password Criteria: ", font='Helvetica 10 bold')#TITLE
self.title.grid(row=12, column=2)
self.title = Label(self, text="One number 1-9.", font='Helvetica 10')
self.title.grid(row=13, column=2)
self.title = Label(self, text="6-12 characters in length.", font='Helvetica 10')
self.title.grid(row=14, column=2)
self.title = Label(self, text="One uppercase letter and one lowercase letter.", font='Helvetica 10')
self.title.grid(row=15, column=2)
self.title = Label(self, text="One special character [~!@#$%^&*].", font='Helvetica 10')
self.title.grid(row=16, column=2)
self.title = Label(self, text="Include no spaces.", font='Helvetica 10')
self.title.grid(row=17, column=2)
self.title = Label(self, text="---------------------------------------", font='Helvetica 10 bold')#seperator
self.title.grid(row=18, column=2)
def logging_in(self):
global user_get
user_get = self.user_entry.get()#Retrieve Username
global pass_get
pass_get = self.pass_entry.get()#Retrieve Password
hash_object = hashlib.md5(pass_get.encode())
for line in open("details.txt","r").readlines(): #Read the lines
login_info = line.split() #Split on the space, and store the results in a list of two strings
if user_get == login_info[0] and (hash_object.hexdigest()) == login_info[1]:
tm.showinfo("Success", 'Login Correct!')
root.destroy()
return True
tm.showerror('Error', 'Login Incorrect')
return False
def register(self):
global user_get
user_get = self.user_entry.get()
pass_get = self.pass_entry.get()
user_get = self.user_entry.get()#Retrieve Username
pass_get = self.pass_entry.get()#Retrieve Password
hash_object = hashlib.md5(pass_get.encode())
#validation check#
#passvalidation
is_valid = False
if (len(pass_get)<6 or len(pass_get)>12):
tm.showerror("Invalid!", 'Password should be between 6 and 12. Try again')
is_valid = False
elif not re.search("[A-Z]",pass_get):
tm.showerror("Invalid!", 'Password should contain one letter between [A-Z]. Try again')
is_valid = False
elif not re.search("[a-z]",pass_get):
tm.showerror("Invalid!", 'Password should contain one letter between [a-z]. Try again')
is_valid = False
elif not re.search("[1-9]",pass_get):
tm.showerror("Invalid!", 'Password should contain one number between [1-9]. Try again')
is_valid = False
elif not re.search("[~!@#$%^&*]",pass_get):
tm.showerror("Invalid!", 'Password should contain at least one letter in [~!@#$%^&*]. Try again')
is_valid = False
elif re.search("[\s]",pass_get):
tm.showerror("Invalid!", 'Password should not contain any space. Try again')
is_valid = False
else:
is_valid = True
#uservalidation
user_valid = False
if (len(user_get)<6 or len(user_get)>12):
tm.showerror("Invalid!", 'Username should be between 6 and 12. Try again')
user_valid = False
elif not re.search("[1-9]",user_get):
tm.showerror("Invalid!", 'Username should contain one number between [1-9]. Try again')
user_valid = False
elif re.search("[\s]",user_get):
tm.showerror("Invalid!", 'Username should not contain any space. Try again')
user_valid = False
else:
user_valid = True
if(is_valid) and (user_valid):
tm.showinfo("Valid!", 'Username and Password is valid')
file = open('details.txt', 'a+')
file.write(user_get)
file.write(" ")
file.write(hash_object.hexdigest())
file.write("\n")
file.close()
def changeVariable1(self):
global difficulty
self.difficulty = 12
def changeVariable2(self):
global difficulty
self.difficulty = 16
def changeVariable3(self):
global difficulty
self.difficulty = 20
######watch video
root = Tk()
root.title("Reflex Aim Training")
root.geometry("%dx%d%+d%+d" % (420, 500, 250, 125))
app = Application(root)#The frame is inside the widgit
#root.overrideredirect(True) ###############################
root.mainloop()#Keeps the window open/running
top = Toplevel()
top.title("Main Menu")
#reset
reset = int(input("Would you like to continue or start fresh? 1 for fresh start, Any other number for continue: "))
if reset == 1:
os.remove('stats.txt')
os.remove('maths.txt')
print("Your previous scores have been deleted")
else:
print("We will keep your previous scores stored.")
#while True:
# diffSetting=int(input("Set the difficulty(1-3): "))
#
# if diffSetting == 1:
# difficulty = 12
# break
## elif diffSetting == 2:
# difficulty = 16
# break
# elif diffSetting == 3:
# difficulty = 20
# break
# else:
#print("Please choose a difficulty setting between 1 to 3.")
def addscore():
global score
score += 2
def deletescore():
global score
score -= 1
def my_circle(color):
if diffSetting==1:
radius = (30)
elif diffSetting==2:
radius = (20)
elif diffSetting==3:
radius = (10)
circle = Turtle('circle', visible=False)
circle.shapesize(radius / CURSOR_SIZE)
circle.color('black', color)
circle.penup()
while True:
nx = randint(2 * radius - width // 2, width // 2 - radius * 2)
ny = randint(2 * radius - height // 2, height // 2 - radius * 2)
circle.goto(nx, ny)
for other_radius, other_circle in circles:
if circle.distance(other_circle) < 2 * max(radius, other_radius):
break
else:
break
circle.onclick(lambda x,y,t=circle: (circle.hideturtle(), addscore()))
circle.showturtle()
return radius, circle
def play():
rgb = (random(), random(), random())
timeTaken = time() - startTime
circles.append(my_circle(rgb))
screen.title('SCORE: {}, TIME LEFT: {}'.format(score, int(round(gameLength - timeTaken, 0))))
if time() - startTime > gameLength:
screen.title('FINAL SCORE: {}'.format(score))
screen.onclick(None)
screen.clear()
else:
screen.ontimer(play, 1000 // difficulty)
screen = Screen()
screen.title("Reflex Aim Training")
screen.bgcolor("grey")
width, height = screen.window_width(), screen.window_height()
score = 0
circles = []
gameLength = 30
screen.onclick(lambda x, y: deletescore())
startTime = time()
play()
screen.mainloop()
print ("{} points, Well Done!".format(score))
#storingscore
file = open('scoreboard.txt', 'r')
name = file.readline()
high_score = int(file.readline())
file.close()
plus_score = (score)-(high_score)
minus_score = (high_score)-(score)
if score > high_score:
file = open('scoreboard.txt', 'w')
file.write(str(user_get) + '\n' + str(score) + '\n' "You beat the previous high score by: "+str(plus_score)+" points!")
file.close()
if high_score > score:
file = open('scoreboard.txt', 'w')
file.write(str(user_get) + '\n' + str(score) + '\n' "You missed the high score by: "+str(minus_score)+" points!")
file.close()
if score == high_score:
file = open('scoreboard.txt', 'w')
file.write(str(user_get) + '\n' + str(score) + '\n' "You drew with the high score!")
file.close()
file = open('stats.txt', 'a+')
file.write('\n' + 'Score: ' +str(score))
file.close()
numbers = []
with open('stats.txt') as fh:
count = 0
for line in fh:
count += 1
numbers.append(float(line.split()[1]))
file = open('maths.txt', 'w+')
file.write('Average Score: ' + str(sum(numbers)/len(numbers)) + "\n")
file.write('Maximum Score: ' + str(max(numbers)) + "\n")
file.write('Minimum Score: ' + str(min(numbers)) + "\n")
maxn = max(numbers)
minn = min(numbers)
rangex = (maxn) - (minn)
file.write('Range of Scores: ' + str(rangex) + "\n")
l = []
with open('stats.txt', 'r') as f:
for i in f:
l.append(int(i.split(':')[1].strip()))
import statistics
stdevi = statistics.stdev(l)
file.write('Standard Deviation: ' + str(stdevi) + "\n")
file.close()
不确定我需要多少代码
我的GUI如下：https://gyazo.com/db67e84b7d7b1dbff5408d8151c168be
在尝试使用其他人对此主题的答案时，我遇到了多个错误，这就是为什么我想重新提出这个问题。感谢您的帮助
答案 0 :(得分：0)
问题不仅仅在于您收到错误，还在于您为什么认为此问题会一直运行。前半部分严重损坏，但至少与您对代码的描述匹配。下半部从######watch video开始，是一圈马戏团，视频，随机数，高分列表，统计信息等的马戏团。看起来您收集了所有看起来很有趣的东西，并将其全部粘贴在同一文件中，希望会发生一些积极的事情。
抛开这些废话，这是我对代码部分的重做，这些部分试图实现您概述的目标：
import re
import hashlib
from tkinter import *
import tkinter.messagebox as tm
class Application(Frame):
def __init__(self, master):
super().__init__(master)
self.difficulty = -1
self.grid()
self.login = self.create_main()
self.read = None
self.changeVariable1()
def changeVariable1(self):
self.difficulty = 12
def changeVariable2(self):
self.difficulty = 16
def changeVariable3(self):
self.difficulty = 20
def create_read(self):
read = Toplevel()
read.geometry("%dx%d%+d%+d" % (420, 500, 250, 125))
Label(read, text="Menu ", font='Helvetica 10 bold').grid(row=0, column=2)
Label(read, text=" ", font='Helvetica 10 bold').grid(row=1, column=1)
Label(read, text="Difficulty: ", font='Helvetica 10 bold').grid(row=3, column=1)
Button(read, text="Easy", font='Helvetica 10 bold', command=self.changeVariable1()).grid(row=3, column=2)
Button(read, text="Medium", font='Helvetica 10 bold', command=self.changeVariable2()).grid(row=3, column=3)
Button(read, text="Hard", font='Helvetica 10 bold', command=self.changeVariable3()).grid(row=3, column=4)
Label(read, text=" ", font='Helvetica 10 bold').grid(row=4, column=1)
return read
def create_main(self):
login = Toplevel()
Label(login, text="Reflex Login ", font='Helvetica 10 bold').grid(row=0, column=2)
Label(login, text="Username: ", font='Helvetica 10 bold').grid(row=1, column=1)
self.user_entry = Entry(login) # USERNAME ENTRY BOX
self.user_entry.grid(row=1, column=2)
Label(login, text="Password: ", font='Helvetica 10 bold').grid(row=2, column=1)
self.pass_entry = Entry(login, show="●") # PASSWORD ENTRY BOX
self.pass_entry.grid(row=2, column=2)
Button(login, text="Sign In", font='Helvetica 10 bold', command=self.logging_in).grid(row=3, column=2)
Button(login, text="Register", font='Helvetica 10 bold', command=self.register).grid(row=4, column=2)
Label(login, text=" ", font='Helvetica 10 bold').grid(row=5, column=2)
Label(login, text=" ", font='Helvetica 10 bold').grid(row=6, column=2)
# username criteria
Label(login, text="---------------------------------------", font='Helvetica 10 bold').grid(row=6, column=2)
Label(login, text="Username Criteria: ", font='Helvetica 10 bold').grid(row=7, column=2)
Label(login, text="One number 1-9.", font='Helvetica 10').grid(row=8, column=2)
Label(login, text="6-12 characters in length.", font='Helvetica 10').grid(row=9, column=2)
Label(login, text="Include no spaces.", font='Helvetica 10').grid(row=10, column=2)
# password criteria
Label(login, text=" ", font='Helvetica 10 bold').grid(row=11, column=2)
Label(login, text="---------------------------------------", font='Helvetica 10 bold').grid(row=11, column=2)
Label(login, text="Password Criteria: ", font='Helvetica 10 bold').grid(row=12, column=2)
Label(login, text="One number 1-9.", font='Helvetica 10').grid(row=13, column=2)
Label(login, text="6-12 characters in length.", font='Helvetica 10').grid(row=14, column=2)
Label(login, text="One uppercase letter and one lowercase letter.", font='Helvetica 10').grid(row=15, column=2)
Label(login, text="One special character [~!@#$%^&*].", font='Helvetica 10').grid(row=16, column=2)
Label(login, text="Include no spaces.", font='Helvetica 10').grid(row=17, column=2)
Label(login, text="---------------------------------------", font='Helvetica 10 bold').grid(row=18, column=2)
return login
def logging_in(self):
user_get = self.user_entry.get() # Retrieve Username
pass_get = self.pass_entry.get() # Retrieve Password
hash_object = hashlib.md5(pass_get.encode())
for line in open("details.txt", "r").readlines():
login_info = line.split() # Split on the space, and store the results in a list of two strings
if user_get == login_info[0] and hash_object.hexdigest() == login_info[1]:
tm.showinfo("Success", 'Login Correct!')
self.login.destroy()
self.read = self.create_read()
return True
tm.showerror('Error', 'Login Incorrect')
return False
def register(self):
user_get = self.user_entry.get() # Retrieve Username
pass_get = self.pass_entry.get() # Retrieve Password
hash_object = hashlib.md5(pass_get.encode())
# validation check
# pass validation
is_valid = False
if len(pass_get) < 6 or len(pass_get) > 12:
tm.showerror("Invalid!", 'Password should be between 6 and 12. Try again')
elif not re.search(r"[A-Z]", pass_get):
tm.showerror("Invalid!", 'Password should contain one letter between [A-Z]. Try again')
elif not re.search(r"[a-z]", pass_get):
tm.showerror("Invalid!", 'Password should contain one letter between [a-z]. Try again')
elif not re.search(r"[1-9]", pass_get):
tm.showerror("Invalid!", 'Password should contain one number between [1-9]. Try again')
elif not re.search(r"[~!@#$%^&*]", pass_get):
tm.showerror("Invalid!", 'Password should contain at least one letter in [~!@#$%^&*]. Try again')
elif re.search(r"\s", pass_get):
tm.showerror("Invalid!", 'Password should not contain any space. Try again')
else:
is_valid = True
# user validation
user_valid = False
if len(user_get) < 6 or len(user_get) > 12:
tm.showerror("Invalid!", 'Username should be between 6 and 12. Try again')
elif not re.search(r"[1-9]", user_get):
tm.showerror("Invalid!", 'Username should contain one number between [1-9]. Try again')
elif re.search(r"\s", user_get):
tm.showerror("Invalid!", 'Username should not contain any space. Try again')
else:
user_valid = True
if is_valid and user_valid:
tm.showinfo("Valid!", 'Username and Password is valid')
file = open('details.txt', 'a+')
file.write(user_get)
file.write(" ")
file.write(hash_object.hexdigest())
file.write("\n")
file.close()
root = Tk()
app = Application(root)
root.mainloop()
它将打开一个初始窗口，让您注册和登录。如果您成功登录，它将关闭该窗口，并使用三个难度按钮打开另一个窗口。添加一小段代码，对其进行测试，一旦工作，请继续进行下一个代码段。