我正在制造许多启用了https的嵌入式设备，因此需要为其生成SSL证书。这些设备在客户的基于本地ip的网络上运行（通常不连接到较大的Internet），因此需要为每个设备的ip地址分配证书。
我正在研究的解决方案是拥有一个ROOT证书，两个中间证书级别（一个用于生产计算机，一个用于每个设备）以及一个针对每个设备的最终服务器证书。由于可以为这些设备配置新的ip地址，因此每次为它们分配新的ip时，它们都需要生成新的证书。
ROOT CA -> Production CA +--> Device 1 CA -> Device Certificate
|
+--> Device 2 CA -> Device Certificate
|
:
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+--> Device N CA -> Device Certificate
使用OpenSSL生成此证书链，我无法验证设备CA，因此无法验证设备证书。根据以下代码，无法从根CA验证到设备CA的问题是什么？
这是为了生成根证书：
cd /root
mkdir -p ca
cd ca
mkdir certs crl newcerts private
chmod 700 private
touch index.txt
openssl rand -hex 16 > serial
openssl genrsa -aes256 -out private/ca.key.pem 4096
chmod 400 private/ca.key.pem
openssl req -config openssl.cnf \
-key private/ca.key.pem \
-new -x509 -days 7300 \
-batch -sha256 \
-extensions v3_ca -out certs/ca.cert.pem
chmod 444 certs/ca.cert.pem
这是生成生产机器的中间证书
mkdir /root/ca/jenkins
cd /root/ca/jenkins/
mkdir certs crl csr newcerts private
chmod 700 private
touch index.txt
echo 1001 > serial
echo 1001 > /root/ca/jenkins/crlnumber
cd /root/ca
openssl genrsa -aes256 \
-out jenkins/private/jenkins.key.pem 4096
chmod 400 jenkins/private/jenkins.key.pem
openssl req -config jenkins/openssl.cnf \
-extensions v3_intermediate_ca \
-batch -new -sha256 \
-key jenkins/private/jenkins.key.pem \
-out jenkins/csr/jenkins.csr.pem
openssl ca -config openssl.cnf -extensions v3_ca -batch \
-days 3650 -notext -md sha256 \
-in jenkins/csr/jenkins.csr.pem \
-out jenkins/certs/jenkins.cert.pem
chmod 444 jenkins/certs/jenkins.cert.pem
cat jenkins/certs/jenkins.cert.pem \
certs/ca.cert.pem > jenkins/certs/ca-chain.cert.pem
openssl verify -verbose -CAfile certs/ca.cert.pem \
jenkins/certs/ca-chain.cert.pem
chmod 444 jenkins/certs/ca-chain.cert.pem
验证成功到此阶段。现在是第二个中间证书：
serial="00051"
mkdir -p /root/ca/$serial
cd /root/ca/$serial/
mkdir certs crl csr newcerts private
chmod 700 private
touch index.txt
echo 1002 > serial
echo 1002 > /root/ca/$serial/crlnumber
cd /root/ca
openssl genrsa -aes256 -out $serial/private/$serial.key.pem 4096
chmod 400 $serial/private/$serial.key.pem
openssl req -config $serial/openssl.cnf \
-extensions v3_intermediate_ca \
-batch -passin pass:hamedunit -new -sha256 \
-key $serial/private/$serial.key.pem \
-out $serial/csr/$serial.csr.pem
openssl ca -config jenkins/openssl.cnf \
-extensions v3_intermediate_ca \
-batch -days 3650 -notext -md sha256 \
-in $serial/csr/$serial.csr.pem \
-out $serial/certs/$serial.cert.pem
chmod 444 $serial/certs/$serial.cert.pem
cat $serial/certs/$serial.cert.pem \
jenkins/certs/ca-chain.cert.pem > $serial/certs/$serial-chain.cert.pem
chmod 444 $serial/certs/$serial-chain.cert.pem
最后一个无法通过以下消息进行验证：
openssl verify -verbose \
-CAfile certs/ca.cert.pem \
$serial/certs/$serial.cert.pem
error 20 at 0 depth lookup:unable to get local issuer certificate
但是可以使用生产证书进行验证：
openssl verify -verbose \
-CAfile jenkins/certs/ca-chain.cert.pem \
$serial/certs/$serial.cert.pem
00051/certs/00051.cert.pem: OK
我正在使用的配置文件是：
# OpenSSL root CA configuration file.
# Copy to `/root/ca/openssl.cnf`.
[ ca ]
# `man ca`
default_ca = CA_default
[ CA_default ]
# Directory and file locations.
dir = /root/ca
certs = $dir/certs
crl_dir = $dir/crl
new_certs_dir = $dir/newcerts
database = $dir/index.txt
serial = $dir/serial
RANDFILE = $dir/private/.rand
# The root key and root certificate.
private_key = $dir/private/ca.key.pem
certificate = $dir/certs/ca.cert.pem
# For certificate revocation lists.
crlnumber = $dir/crlnumber
crl = $dir/crl/ca.crl.pem
crl_extensions = crl_ext
default_crl_days = 30
# SHA-1 is deprecated, so use SHA-2 instead.
default_md = sha256
name_opt = ca_default
cert_opt = ca_default
default_days = 375
preserve = no
policy = policy_loose
[ policy_strict ]
# The root CA should only sign intermediate certificates that match.
# See the POLICY FORMAT section of `man ca`.
countryName = match
stateOrProvinceName = match
organizationName = match
organizationalUnitName = optional
commonName = supplied
emailAddress = optional
[ policy_loose ]
# Allow the intermediate CA to sign a more diverse range of certificates.
# See the POLICY FORMAT section of the `ca` man page.
countryName = optional
stateOrProvinceName = optional
localityName = optional
organizationName = optional
organizationalUnitName = optional
commonName = supplied
emailAddress = optional
[ req ]
# Options for the `req` tool (`man req`).
default_bits = 2048
distinguished_name = req_distinguished_name
string_mask = utf8only
# SHA-1 is deprecated, so use SHA-2 instead.
default_md = sha256
# Extension to add when the -x509 option is used.
x509_extensions = v3_ca
[ req_distinguished_name ]
# See <https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Certificate_signing_request>.
countryName = Country Name (2 letter code)
stateOrProvinceName = State or Province Name
localityName = Locality Name
0.organizationName = Organization Name
organizationalUnitName = Organizational Unit Name
commonName = Common Name
emailAddress = Email Address
[ v3_ca ]
# Extensions for a typical CA (`man x509v3_config`).
subjectKeyIdentifier = hash
authorityKeyIdentifier = keyid:always,issuer
basicConstraints = critical, CA:true
keyUsage = critical, digitalSignature, cRLSign, keyCertSign
[ v3_intermediate_ca ]
# Extensions for a typical intermediate CA (`man x509v3_config`).
subjectKeyIdentifier = hash
authorityKeyIdentifier = keyid:always,issuer
basicConstraints = critical, CA:true
keyUsage = critical, digitalSignature, cRLSign, keyCertSign
[ usr_cert ]
# Extensions for client certificates (`man x509v3_config`).
basicConstraints = CA:FALSE
nsCertType = client, email
nsComment = "OpenSSL Generated Client Certificate"
subjectKeyIdentifier = hash
authorityKeyIdentifier = keyid,issuer
keyUsage = critical, nonRepudiation, digitalSignature, keyEncipherment
extendedKeyUsage = clientAuth, emailProtection
[ server_cert ]
# Extensions for server certificates (`man x509v3_config`).
basicConstraints = CA:FALSE
nsCertType = server
nsComment = "OpenSSL Generated Server Certificate"
subjectKeyIdentifier = hash
authorityKeyIdentifier = keyid,issuer:always
keyUsage = critical, digitalSignature, keyEncipherment
extendedKeyUsage = serverAuth
[ crl_ext ]
# Extension for CRLs (`man x509v3_config`).
authorityKeyIdentifier=keyid:always
[ ocsp ]
# Extension for OCSP signing certificates (`man ocsp`).
basicConstraints = CA:FALSE
subjectKeyIdentifier = hash
authorityKeyIdentifier = keyid,issuer
keyUsage = critical, digitalSignature
extendedKeyUsage = critical, OCSPSigning
上述步骤中哪些问题无法从根CA验证到设备CA？