链接器错误与虚函数c ++

时间:2017-12-25 00:24:39

标签: c++ linker-errors virtual-functions

我不确定此代码有什么问题,我正在学习Builder pattern。示例代码是在Java中,我试图在C ++中编写相同的代码,但我收到了链接器错误。我搜索并阅读了所有内容,仍然无法找到正确的方法,因此,在此处发布。如果我遗漏了一些非常微不足道的话,我很抱歉。

#include <iostream>
#include <string>
#include <list>
#include <memory>
#include <conio.h>

using namespace std;
using std::string;
using std::unique_ptr;
using std::list;

class Packing
{
public:
    virtual string pack() = 0;
};

template<typename T>
class Item
{
public:
    virtual string name();
    virtual Packing* packing();
    virtual float price();
};

/* 
  As per comments, I have now defined the functions in my Item class, but
  the actual definition is in the derived classes and because of these 
  definitions, I am not getting the actual output. I have provided the 
  required and actual output of this code. 

  I also read about CRTP and have incorporated those changes as well. But 
  still am not able to figure out how to get Items in the list. 
*/
template<typename T>
string Item<T>::name()
{
    return "Item Class";
}

template<typename T>
Packing* Item<T>::packing()
{
    return (nullptr);
}

template<typename T>
float Item<T>::price()
{
    return 0.0f;
}

class Wrapper : public Packing
{
public:
    string pack() override
    {
        return "Wrapper";
    }
};

class Bottle : public Packing
{
public:
    string pack() override
    {
        return "Bottle";
    }
};

class Burger : public Item<Burger>
{
public:
    Packing* packing() override;
};

Packing* Burger::packing()
{
    return (new Wrapper());
}

class ColdDrink : public Item<ColdDrink>
{
public:
    Packing* packing() override;
};

Packing* ColdDrink::packing()
{
    return (new Bottle());
}

class VegBurger : public Burger
{
public:
    float price() override
    {
        return 25.0f;
    }

    string name() override
    {
        return "Veg Burger";
    }
};

class ChickenBurger : public Burger
{
public:
    float price() override
    {
        return 50.5f;
    }

    string name() override
    {
        return "Chicken Burger";
    }
};

class Coke : public Burger
{
public:
    float price() override
    {
        return 30.0f;
    }

    string name() override
    {
        return "Coke";
    }
};

class Pepsi : public Burger
{
public:
    float price() override
    {
        return 35.0f;
    }

    string name() override
    {
        return "Pepsi";
    }
};

class Meal
{
public:
    Meal() {}

    void addItem(Item& item)  // This is the error place after changing my 
                              // code to use templates. The error is:       
                              // 1>c:\users\xxx\documents\visual studio 
                  //2015\projects\mealbuilder\mealbuilder\mealbuilder.h(14):
                              // error C2955: 'Item': use of class template 
                              // requires template argument list

    {
        items.push_back(std::move(item));
    }

    float getCost()
    {
        float cost = 0.0f;
        for (auto& item : items)
        {
            cost += item.price();
        }

        return cost;
    }

    void showItems()
    {
        for (auto& item : items)
        {
            cout << "Item : " << item.name() << endl;
            cout << "Packing : " << item.packing() << endl;
            cout << "Price : " << item.price() << endl << endl;
        }
    }

private:
    list<Item> items;
};

class MealBuilder
{
public:
    Meal prepareVegMeal()
    {
        Meal meal;
        VegBurger vegBurger;
        Coke coke;
        meal.addItem(vegBurger);
        meal.addItem(coke);
        return meal;
    }

    Meal prepareNonVegMeal()
    {
        Meal meal;
        ChickenBurger chickenBurger;
        Pepsi pepsi;
        meal.addItem(chickenBurger);
        meal.addItem(pepsi);
        return meal;
    }
};

int main()
{
    MealBuilder mealBuilder;

    Meal vegMeal = mealBuilder.prepareVegMeal();
    cout << "Veg Meal: " << endl;
    vegMeal.showItems();
    cout << "Total cost: " << vegMeal.getCost();

    Meal nonVegMeal = mealBuilder.prepareNonVegMeal();
    cout << "Non-Veg Meal: " << endl;
    nonVegMeal.showItems();
    cout << "Total cost: " << nonVegMeal.getCost();

    _getch();
    return 0;
}

在评论之后,这是我在添加Item类定义之前得到的错误:

1>------ Build started: Project: MealBuilder, Configuration: Debug Win32 ------
1>  MealBuilder.cpp
1>MealBuilder.obj : error LNK2001: unresolved external symbol "public: 
virtual class std::basic_string<char,struct std::char_traits<char>,class 
std::allocator<char> > __thiscall Item::name(void)" (?name@Item@@UAE?AV?
$basic_string@DU?$char_traits@D@std@@V?$allocator@D@2@@std@@XZ)
1>MealBuilder.obj : error LNK2001: unresolved external symbol "public: 
virtual class Packing * __thiscall Item::packing(void)" (?
packing@Item@@UAEPAVPacking@@XZ)
1>MealBuilder.obj : error LNK2001: unresolved external symbol "public: 
virtual float __thiscall Item::price(void)" (?price@Item@@UAEMXZ)
1>C:\Users\XXX\documents\visual studio 
2015\Projects\MealBuilder\Debug\MealBuilder.exe : fatal error LNK1120: 3 
unresolved externals
========== Build: 0 succeeded, 1 failed, 0 up-to-date, 0 skipped ==========

添加定义后,我得到以下输出:

Veg Meal:
Item : Item Class
Packing : 00000000
Price : 0

Item : Item Class
Packing : 00000000
Price : 0

Total cost: 0

Non-Veg Meal:
Item : Item Class
Packing : 00000000
Price : 0

Item : Item Class
Packing : 00000000
Price : 0

Total cost: 0

但所需的输出是:

Veg Meal
Item : Veg Burger, Packing : Wrapper, Price : 25.0
Item : Coke, Packing : Bottle, Price : 30.0
Total Cost: 55.0


Non-Veg Meal
Item : Chicken Burger, Packing : Wrapper, Price : 50.5
Item : Pepsi, Packing : Bottle, Price : 35.0
Total Cost: 85.5

我不知道如何更改我的代码以获得所需的输出。请帮忙。

非常感谢,提前。

2 个答案:

答案 0 :(得分:0)

错误在以下几行:

class MealBuilder
{
public:
    Meal prepareVegMeal()  <-- changed this line, removed reference
    {
        ....
    }

    Meal prepareNonVegMeal()  <-- changed this line, removed reference
    {
       ....
    }
};

修复此问题后,您将需要Item类中的成员函数。

原因: 在C ++中,非const引用不能绑定到临时对象。 C ++并不希望你不小心修改临时对象。你正在使用std :: move返回。 std :: move是一个转换为右值引用。按照惯例,rvalue引用被视为&#34;您可以将数据移出的引用,因为调用者承诺他们真的不再需要这些数据&#34;。

查看此答案以获取更多详细信息。

How come a non-const reference cannot bind to a temporary object?

答案 1 :(得分:0)

您的Item类成员函数已声明但从未定义过。如果你永远不会实例化这个类或从它派生的类,你可能会侥幸逃脱它。但是不应该依赖它。

虚拟成员函数可以是普通函数,也可以是纯虚函数。

class A {
  virtual void func1() {};
  virtual void func2() = 0;
}

至少有一个纯虚函数的类无法实例化,但可以使用指针和对它的引用。

必须定义声明的虚函数。

class B {
  virtual func1();
}

int main() {
  new B;
}

此代码会产生类似于您获得的链接错误。

虽然您可能没有显式实例化该类,但是一旦实例化从它派生的类,您就会隐式实例化它:

class B {
  virtual func1();
}

class C : B {
  virtual func2() {}
}

int main() {
  new C;
}

此代码会产生类似的链接错误。

回到你的案子。确保所有功能都是纯虚拟或正确定义。

您的代码中还有其他错误。令人惊讶的是编译器让它通过。

在函数中

Meal& prepareVegMeal()
{
    Meal meal;
    //...
    return std::move(meal);
}

您正在创建一个临时对象并通过引用返回它。范围结束时,此临时对象将自动销毁。返回指针或对临时对象的引用是一个常见错误,会导致内存损坏。大多数编译器都可以轻松检测到它们看看你在这里使用std::move来阻止警告的尝试是错误的。 std::move只是告诉程序员该对象正在从未指定状态移动和离开的方法。你真正想要做的是通过它的值返回对象:

Meal prepareVegMeal() // Notice no reference
{
    Meal meal;
    //...
    return meal;
}

但要小心,因为虚函数调用不适用于值语义。