什么时候使用C#结构(值类型)牺牲性能?

时间:2010-12-09 15:30:53

标签: c# performance struct non-nullable value-type

我一直在使用结构作为隐式验证复杂值对象的机制,以及围绕更复杂类的通用结构以确保有效值。我对性能影响有点无知,所以我希望你们都能帮助我。例如,如果我要做一些事情,比如将域对象注入值类型包装器,会导致问题吗?为什么?我理解值类型和引用类型之间的区别,我的目标是利用值类型的不同行为。为了负责任地做到这一点,我到底需要考虑什么?

这是我正在思考的一个非常基本的想法。

public struct NeverNull<T>
    where T: class, new()
{

    private NeverNull(T reference)
    {
        _reference = reference;
    }

    private T _reference;

    public T Reference
    {
        get
        {
            if(_reference == null)
            {
                _reference = new T();
            }
            return _reference;
        }
        set
        {
            _reference = value;
        }
    }

    public static implicit operator NeverNull<T>(T reference)
    {
        return new NeverNull<T>(reference);
    }

    public static implicit operator T(NeverNull<T> value)
    {
        return value.Reference;
    }
}

6 个答案:

答案 0 :(得分:11)

嗯,有一件令人讨厌的事情是,这并不像你想象的那样天真:

NeverNull<Foo> wrapper1 = new NeverNull<Foo>();
NeverNull<Foo> wrapper2 = wrapper1;

Foo foo1 = wrapper1;
Foo foo2 = wrapper2;

这将创建 Foo的两个实例,因为在wrapper1创建实例之前复制了原始版本。

基本上,你正在处理一个可变结构 - 这几乎永远是一件好事。另外,我一般不热衷于隐式转换。

感觉就像你在这里试图获得看起来很神奇的代码......而且我一般都反对这种事情。 也许它对您的特定用例有意义,但我想不出我个人想要使用它的位置。

答案 1 :(得分:7)

正如Jon正确指出的那样,问题在于该类型的行为是意外,而不是。从性能角度来看,围绕引用的struct wrapper的开销应该非常低。

如果你想要做的是表示一个不可为空的引用类型,那么结构是一种合理的方法;但是,我倾向于通过失去“自动创建”功能使结构不可变:

public struct NeverNull<T> where T: class 
{ 
    private NeverNull(T reference) : this()
    { 
        if (reference == null) throw new Exception(); // Choose the right exception
        this.Reference = reference; 
    } 

    public T Reference { get; private set; }

    public static implicit operator NeverNull<T>(T reference) 
    { 
        return new NeverNull<T>(reference); 
    } 

    public static implicit operator T(NeverNull<T> value) 
    { 
        return value.Reference; 
    } 
}

让来电者负责提供有效的参考资料;如果他们想要“新”一个,那就让他们吧。

另请注意,通用转换运算符可以为您提供意外结果。您应该阅读转换运算符的规范并彻底理解它。例如,你不能在“对象”周围创建一个非null包装器,然后将该事物隐式转换为展开转换;每个对对象的隐式转换都将在struct上进行装箱转换。您不能“替换”C#语言的内置转换。

答案 2 :(得分:2)

对于结构,主要的惩罚是拳击。它们也是按值传递的,因此传递给方法时的大型结构必须复制

MyStruct st;
foo.Bar(st); // st is copied

答案 3 :(得分:2)

好的,只是上面的注释。

MyStruct st; foo.Bar(ST); // st被复制

这不是装箱,除非Bar的参数是对象,例如。

void Bar(MyStruct parameter){}

不会对值类型进行包装。

默认情况下,参数在c#中按值传递,除非您使用ref或out关键字。按值传递的参数将被复制。传递结构和对象之间的区别在于传递的内容。使用值类型,将复制实际值,这意味着将创建新的值类型,因此您最终会得到一个副本。使用引用类型传入对引用类型的引用。我猜名称中的线索:)

因此结构性能会受到影响,因为整个结构都会被复制,除非你使用ref / out关键字,如果你正在广泛地这样做,我认为你的代码需要查看。

拳击是将值类型分配给引用类型变量的过程。创建一个新的引用类型(对象),并为其分配值类型的副本。

我在原始代码中得到了你正在做的事情,但它似乎是用一个具有许多隐含而非显性复杂性的问题来解决一个简单的问题。

答案 4 :(得分:2)

这个问题的答案似乎已经不再讨论绩效,而是解决了可变价值类型的危险。

以防万一你觉得这很有用,这里有一个实现,我使用一个不可变的值类型包装器,它与你原来的例子类似。

不同之处在于我的值类型不直接引用它所引用的对象;相反,它包含一个键和对代理的引用,这些代理使用键(TryGetValueFunc)执行查找或使用键执行创建。 (注意:我的原始实现让包装器持有对IDictionary对象的引用,但我将其更改为TryGetValueFunc委托只是为了使它更灵活一点,虽然这可能更令人困惑,而且我不是100%肯定这样做并没有打开某种瑕疵)。

但请注意,如果您正在操作包装器访问的基础数据结构,这仍可能导致意外行为(取决于您的期望)。

下面是一个完整的工作示例,以及控制台程序的用法示例:

public delegate bool TryGetValueFunc<TKey, TValue>(TKey key, out TValue value);

public struct KeyedValueWrapper<TKey, TValue>
{
    private bool _KeyHasBeenSet;
    private TKey _Key;
    private TryGetValueFunc<TKey, TValue> _TryGetValue;
    private Func<TKey, TValue> _CreateValue;

    #region Constructors

    public KeyedValueWrapper(TKey key)
    {
        _Key = key;
        _KeyHasBeenSet = true;
        _TryGetValue = null;
        _CreateValue = null;
    }

    public KeyedValueWrapper(TKey key, TryGetValueFunc<TKey, TValue> tryGetValue)
    {
        _Key = key;
        _KeyHasBeenSet = true;
        _TryGetValue = tryGetValue;
        _CreateValue = null;
    }

    public KeyedValueWrapper(TKey key, Func<TKey, TValue> createValue)
    {
        _Key = key;
        _KeyHasBeenSet = true;
        _TryGetValue = null;
        _CreateValue = createValue;
    }

    public KeyedValueWrapper(TKey key, TryGetValueFunc<TKey, TValue> tryGetValue, Func<TKey, TValue> createValue)
    {
        _Key = key;
        _KeyHasBeenSet = true;
        _TryGetValue = tryGetValue;
        _CreateValue = createValue;
    }

    public KeyedValueWrapper(TryGetValueFunc<TKey, TValue> tryGetValue)
    {
        _Key = default(TKey);
        _KeyHasBeenSet = false;
        _TryGetValue = tryGetValue;
        _CreateValue = null;
    }

    public KeyedValueWrapper(TryGetValueFunc<TKey, TValue> tryGetValue, Func<TKey, TValue> createValue)
    {
        _Key = default(TKey);
        _KeyHasBeenSet = false;
        _TryGetValue = tryGetValue;
        _CreateValue = createValue;
    }

    public KeyedValueWrapper(Func<TKey, TValue> createValue)
    {
        _Key = default(TKey);
        _KeyHasBeenSet = false;
        _TryGetValue = null;
        _CreateValue = createValue;
    }

    #endregion

    #region "Change" methods

    public KeyedValueWrapper<TKey, TValue> Change(TKey key)
    {
        return new KeyedValueWrapper<TKey, TValue>(key, _TryGetValue, _CreateValue);
    }

    public KeyedValueWrapper<TKey, TValue> Change(TKey key, TryGetValueFunc<TKey, TValue> tryGetValue)
    {
        return new KeyedValueWrapper<TKey, TValue>(key, tryGetValue, _CreateValue);
    }

    public KeyedValueWrapper<TKey, TValue> Change(TKey key, Func<TKey, TValue> createValue)
    {
        return new KeyedValueWrapper<TKey, TValue>(key, _TryGetValue, createValue);
    }

    public KeyedValueWrapper<TKey, TValue> Change(TKey key, TryGetValueFunc<TKey, TValue> tryGetValue, Func<TKey, TValue> createValue)
    {
        return new KeyedValueWrapper<TKey, TValue>(key, tryGetValue, createValue);
    }

    public KeyedValueWrapper<TKey, TValue> Change(TryGetValueFunc<TKey, TValue> tryGetValue)
    {
        return new KeyedValueWrapper<TKey, TValue>(_Key, tryGetValue, _CreateValue);
    }

    public KeyedValueWrapper<TKey, TValue> Change(TryGetValueFunc<TKey, TValue> tryGetValue, Func<TKey, TValue> createValue)
    {
        return new KeyedValueWrapper<TKey, TValue>(_Key, tryGetValue, createValue);
    }

    public KeyedValueWrapper<TKey, TValue> Change(Func<TKey, TValue> createValue)
    {
        return new KeyedValueWrapper<TKey, TValue>(_Key, _TryGetValue, createValue);
    }

    #endregion

    public TValue Value
    {
        get
        {
            if (!_KeyHasBeenSet)
                throw new InvalidOperationException("A key must be specified.");

            if (_TryGetValue == null)
                throw new InvalidOperationException("A \"try get value\" delegate must be specified.");

            // try to find a value in the given dictionary using the given key
            TValue value;
            if (!_TryGetValue(_Key, out value))
            {
                if (_CreateValue == null)
                    throw new InvalidOperationException("A \"create value\" delegate must be specified.");

                // if not found, create a value
                value = _CreateValue(_Key);
            }
            // then return that value
            return value;
        }
    }
}

class Foo
{
    public string ID { get; set; }
}

class Program
{
    static void Main(string[] args)
    {
        var dictionary = new Dictionary<string, Foo>();

        Func<string, Foo> createValue = (key) =>
        {
            var foo = new Foo { ID = key };
            dictionary.Add(key, foo);
            return foo;
        };

        // this wrapper object is not useable, since no key has been specified for it yet
        var wrapper = new KeyedValueWrapper<string, Foo>(dictionary.TryGetValue, createValue);

        // create wrapper1 based on the wrapper object but changing the key to "ABC"
        var wrapper1 = wrapper.Change("ABC");
        var wrapper2 = wrapper1;

        Foo foo1 = wrapper1.Value;
        Foo foo2 = wrapper2.Value;

        Console.WriteLine("foo1 and foo2 are equal? {0}", object.ReferenceEquals(foo1, foo2));
        // Output: foo1 and foo2 are equal? True

        // create wrapper1 based on the wrapper object but changing the key to "BCD"
        var wrapper3 = wrapper.Change("BCD");
        var wrapper4 = wrapper3;

        Foo foo3 = wrapper3.Value;
        dictionary = new Dictionary<string, Foo>(); // throw a curve ball by reassigning the dictionary variable
        Foo foo4 = wrapper4.Value;

        Console.WriteLine("foo3 and foo4 are equal? {0}", object.ReferenceEquals(foo3, foo4));
        // Output: foo3 and foo4 are equal? True

        Console.WriteLine("foo1 and foo3 are equal? {0}", object.ReferenceEquals(foo1, foo3));
        // Output: foo1 and foo3 are equal? False
    }
}

使用IDictionary<string, Foo>代替TryGetValueFunc<string, Foo>的替代实施。请注意我在使用代码中输入的反例:

public struct KeyedValueWrapper<TKey, TValue>
{
    private bool _KeyHasBeenSet;
    private TKey _Key;
    private IDictionary<TKey, TValue> _Dictionary;
    private Func<TKey, TValue> _CreateValue;

    #region Constructors

    public KeyedValueWrapper(TKey key)
    {
        _Key = key;
        _KeyHasBeenSet = true;
        _Dictionary = null;
        _CreateValue = null;
    }

    public KeyedValueWrapper(TKey key, IDictionary<TKey, TValue> dictionary)
    {
        _Key = key;
        _KeyHasBeenSet = true;
        _Dictionary = dictionary;
        _CreateValue = null;
    }

    public KeyedValueWrapper(TKey key, Func<TKey, TValue> createValue)
    {
        _Key = key;
        _KeyHasBeenSet = true;
        _Dictionary = null;
        _CreateValue = createValue;
    }

    public KeyedValueWrapper(TKey key, IDictionary<TKey, TValue> dictionary, Func<TKey, TValue> createValue)
    {
        _Key = key;
        _KeyHasBeenSet = true;
        _Dictionary = dictionary;
        _CreateValue = createValue;
    }

    public KeyedValueWrapper(IDictionary<TKey, TValue> dictionary)
    {
        _Key = default(TKey);
        _KeyHasBeenSet = false;
        _Dictionary = dictionary;
        _CreateValue = null;
    }

    public KeyedValueWrapper(IDictionary<TKey, TValue> dictionary, Func<TKey, TValue> createValue)
    {
        _Key = default(TKey);
        _KeyHasBeenSet = false;
        _Dictionary = dictionary;
        _CreateValue = createValue;
    }

    public KeyedValueWrapper(Func<TKey, TValue> createValue)
    {
        _Key = default(TKey);
        _KeyHasBeenSet = false;
        _Dictionary = null;
        _CreateValue = createValue;
    }

    #endregion

    #region "Change" methods

    public KeyedValueWrapper<TKey, TValue> Change(TKey key)
    {
        return new KeyedValueWrapper<TKey, TValue>(key, _Dictionary, _CreateValue);
    }

    public KeyedValueWrapper<TKey, TValue> Change(TKey key, IDictionary<TKey, TValue> dictionary)
    {
        return new KeyedValueWrapper<TKey, TValue>(key, dictionary, _CreateValue);
    }

    public KeyedValueWrapper<TKey, TValue> Change(TKey key, Func<TKey, TValue> createValue)
    {
        return new KeyedValueWrapper<TKey, TValue>(key, _Dictionary, createValue);
    }

    public KeyedValueWrapper<TKey, TValue> Change(TKey key, IDictionary<TKey, TValue> dictionary, Func<TKey, TValue> createValue)
    {
        return new KeyedValueWrapper<TKey, TValue>(key, dictionary, createValue);
    }

    public KeyedValueWrapper<TKey, TValue> Change(IDictionary<TKey, TValue> dictionary)
    {
        return new KeyedValueWrapper<TKey, TValue>(_Key, dictionary, _CreateValue);
    }

    public KeyedValueWrapper<TKey, TValue> Change(IDictionary<TKey, TValue> dictionary, Func<TKey, TValue> createValue)
    {
        return new KeyedValueWrapper<TKey, TValue>(_Key, dictionary, createValue);
    }

    public KeyedValueWrapper<TKey, TValue> Change(Func<TKey, TValue> createValue)
    {
        return new KeyedValueWrapper<TKey, TValue>(_Key, _Dictionary, createValue);
    }

    #endregion

    public TValue Value
    {
        get
        {
            if (!_KeyHasBeenSet)
                throw new InvalidOperationException("A key must be specified.");

            if (_Dictionary == null)
                throw new InvalidOperationException("A dictionary must be specified.");

            // try to find a value in the given dictionary using the given key
            TValue value;
            if (!_Dictionary.TryGetValue(_Key, out value))
            {
                if (_CreateValue == null)
                    throw new InvalidOperationException("A \"create value\" delegate must be specified.");

                // if not found, create a value and add it to the dictionary
                value = _CreateValue(_Key);
                _Dictionary.Add(_Key, value);
            }
            // then return that value
            return value;
        }
    }
}

class Foo
{
    public string ID { get; set; }
}

class Program
{
    static void Main(string[] args)
    {
        // this wrapper object is not useable, since no key has been specified for it yet
        var wrapper = new KeyedValueWrapper<string, Foo>(new Dictionary<string, Foo>(), (key) => new Foo { ID = key });

        // create wrapper1 based on the wrapper object but changing the key to "ABC"
        var wrapper1 = wrapper.Change("ABC");
        var wrapper2 = wrapper1;

        Foo foo1 = wrapper1.Value;
        Foo foo2 = wrapper2.Value;

        Console.WriteLine("foo1 and foo2 are equal? {0}", object.ReferenceEquals(foo1, foo2));
        // Output: foo1 and foo2 are equal? True

        // create wrapper1 based on the wrapper object but changing the key to "BCD"
        var wrapper3 = wrapper.Change("BCD");
        var wrapper4 = wrapper3;

        Foo foo3 = wrapper3.Value;
        Foo foo4 = wrapper4.Value;

        Console.WriteLine("foo3 and foo4 are equal? {0}", object.ReferenceEquals(foo3, foo4));
        // Output: foo3 and foo4 are equal? True

        Console.WriteLine("foo1 and foo3 are equal? {0}", object.ReferenceEquals(foo1, foo3));
        // Output: foo1 and foo3 are equal? False


        // Counter-example: manipulating the dictionary instance that was provided to the wrapper can disrupt expected behavior
        var dictionary = new Dictionary<string, Foo>();

        var wrapper5 = wrapper.Change("CDE", dictionary);
        var wrapper6 = wrapper5;

        Foo foo5 = wrapper5.Value;
        dictionary.Clear();
        Foo foo6 = wrapper6.Value;

        // one might expect this to be true:
        Console.WriteLine("foo5 and foo6 are equal? {0}", object.ReferenceEquals(foo5, foo6));
        // Output: foo5 and foo6 are equal? False
    }
}

答案 5 :(得分:1)

将结构放入集合时会出现另一个性能问题。例如,假设您有一个List<SomeStruct>,并且您想要修改列表中第一个项目的Prop1属性。最初的倾向是写下这个:

List<SomeStruct> MyList = CreateList();
MyList[0].Prop1 = 42;

那不会编译。为了完成这项工作,你必须写:

SomeStruct myThing = MyList[0];
myThing.Prop1 = 42;
MyList[0] = myThing.Prop1;

这导致两个问题(主要是)。首先,您最终将整个结构复制两次:一次进入工作myThing实例,然后返回列表。第二个问题是你不能在foreach中执行此操作,因为它会更改集合并导致枚举器抛出异常。

顺便说一句,你的NeverNull事情有一种奇怪的行为。可以将Reference属性设置为null。这句话让我感到非常奇怪:

var Contradiction = new NeverNull<object>(null);

有效。

我很想知道您尝试创建此类结构的原因。