我正在考虑自动将子类添加到父级,以便使用元类“链接”。但是,从父类继承这些属性会让事情变得混乱。有一种很好的方法可以避免这种情况吗?
class MetaError(type):
def __init__(cls, name, bases, attrs):
for base in bases:
setattr(base, name, cls)
super(MetaError, cls).__init__(name, bases, attrs)
class BaseError(Exception, object):
def __init__(self, message):
super(BaseError, self).__init__(message)
class HttpError(BaseError):
__metaclass__ = MetaError
class HttpBadRequest(HttpError):
pass
class HttpNotFound(HttpError):
pass
class FileNotFound(HttpNotFound):
pass
class InvalidJson(HttpBadRequest):
pass
http = HttpError
# now I can do
raise http.HttpNotFound('Not found')
raise http.HttpNotFound.FileNotFound('File not found')
raise http.HttpBadRequest.InvalidJson('Invalid json')
# unfortunately this also works
raise http.HttpBadRequest.HttpBadRequest('Bad request')
raise http.HttpBadRequest.HttpNotFound('Not found')
答案 0 :(得分:1)
嗯,事实证明这比起初看起来更棘手 -
因为基本上你想拥有类继承关系,但是不要在类继承上使用普通的属性查找路径 -
否则,HTTPError(作为BaseError的子类)将始终具有BaseError本身中存在的所有属性 - 因此,
链BaseError.HTTPError.HTTPError.HTTPError.HTTPError...
始终有效。
幸运的是,Python 提供一种机制来将类注册为其他类的子类,而没有" physical"继承 - 也就是说,它被报告为子类,但在其基础或__mro__
中没有父类 - 因此,派生类(采用?)上的属性查找不会搜索&#34中的属性;培育"父节点。
此机制通过" abstract base classes"提供。通过ABCMeta Metaclass和"注册"方法
现在,由于你也可能想宣布这一事实
你的类层次结构使用普通的继承语法 - 也就是说,
能够写class HTTPError(BaseError):
来表示新的
class派生自BaseError - 你得到实际的"物理"继承。
因此,我们可以继承ABCMeta类(而不是type
)并编写
__new__
方法,以便排除物理继承 -
我们也使用setattr
包含您对代码的遏制,并且我们直接在元类上触发对parentclass.register
的所需调用。
(注意,由于我们现在正在改变基类,我们需要摆弄
在元类的__new__
方法中,而不是__init__
:
from abc import ABCMeta
class MetaError(ABCMeta):
def __new__(metacls, name, bases, attrs):
new_bases = []
base_iter = list(reversed(bases))
seen = []
register_this = None
while base_iter:
base = base_iter.pop(0)
if base in seen:
continue
seen.append(base)
if isinstance(base, MetaError):
register_this = base
base_iter = list(reversed(base.__mro__)) + base_iter
else:
new_bases.insert(0, base)
cls = super(MetaError, metacls).__new__(metacls, name, tuple(new_bases), attrs)
if register_this:
setattr(register_this, name, cls)
register_this.register(cls)
return cls
快速测试:
class BaseError(Exception):
__metaclass__ = MetaError
class HTTPError(BaseError):
pass
class HTTPBadRequest(HTTPError):
pass
在交互模式下,检查它是否按预期工作:
In [38]: BaseError.HTTPError
Out[38]: __main__.HTTPError
In [39]: BaseError.HTTPError.HTTPError
---------------------------------------------------------------------------
AttributeError Traceback (most recent call last)
<ipython-input-39-5d5d03751646> in <module>()
----> 1 BaseError.HTTPError.HTTPError
AttributeError: type object 'HTTPError' has no attribute 'HTTPError'
In [40]: HTTPError.__mro__
Out[40]: (__main__.HTTPError, Exception, BaseException, object)
In [41]: issubclass(HTTPError, BaseError)
Out[41]: True
In [42]: issubclass(HTTPBadRequest, BaseError)
Out[42]: True
In [43]: BaseError.HTTPError.HTTPBadRequest
Out[43]: __main__.HTTPBadRequest
In [44]: BaseError.HTTPBadRequest
---------------------------------------------------------------------------
AttributeError Traceback (most recent call last)
<ipython-input-44-b40d65ca66c6> in <module>()
----> 1 BaseError.HTTPBadRequest
AttributeError: type object 'BaseError' has no attribute 'HTTPBadRequest'
然后,最重要的是,测试Exception层次结构是否真的以这种方式工作:
In [45]: try:
....: raise HTTPError
....: except BaseError:
....: print("it works")
....: except HTTPError:
....: print("not so much")
....:
it works
一些注意事项:无需明确地继承Exception
和object
- Exception
本身已经从object
继承。而且,最重要的是:无论你正在做什么项目,都可以做任何事情将它移动到Python 3.x而不是Python 2.Python 2可以计算日期,Python 3中有很多很多新功能你是不包括使用。 (这个答案中的代码与Python 2/3兼容,但当然是__metaclass__
用法声明)。
答案 1 :(得分:0)
一个相当天真的全球映射解决方案似乎也在起作用:
m = {}
class MetaError(type):
def __init__(cls, name, bases, attrs):
for base in bases:
m[(base, name)] = cls
super(MetaError, cls).__init__(name, bases, attrs)
def __getattribute__(self, value):
if (self, value) in m:
return m[self, value]
return type.__getattribute__(self, value)
class BaseError(Exception):
__metaclass__ = MetaError
class HttpError(BaseError):
pass
class HttpBadRequest(HttpError):
pass
class HttpNotFound(HttpError):
pass
class FileNotFound(HttpNotFound):
pass
class InvalidJson(HttpBadRequest):
pass