基准代码:
func BenchmarkSth(b *testing.B) {
var x []int
b.ResetTimer()
for i := 0; i < b.N; i++ {
x = append(x, i)
}
}
结果:
BenchmarkSth-4 50000000 20.7 ns/op 40 B/op 0 allocs/op
问题/ S:
答案 0 :(得分:4)
The Go Programming Language Specification
Appending to and copying slices
可变参数函数append将零或更多值x附加到s type S,必须是切片类型,并返回结果切片, 也是S型。
append(s S, x ...T) S // T is the element type of S
如果s的容量不足以容纳附加值, append分配一个适合的新的,足够大的底层数组 现有的切片元素和附加值。除此以外, append重新使用底层数组。
对于您的示例,平均而言,每个操作分配[40,41]个字节以在必要时增加切片的容量。使用摊销的恒定时间算法增加容量:最多len 1024增加到2倍上限然后增加到1.25倍上限。平均而言,每次操作有[0,1]分配。
例如,
func BenchmarkMem(b *testing.B) {
b.ReportAllocs()
var x []int64
var a, ac int64
b.ResetTimer()
for i := 0; i < b.N; i++ {
c := cap(x)
x = append(x, int64(i))
if cap(x) != c {
a++
ac += int64(cap(x))
}
}
b.StopTimer()
sizeInt64 := int64(8)
B := ac * sizeInt64 // bytes
b.Log("op", b.N, "B", B, "alloc", a, "lx", len(x), "cx", cap(x))
}
输出:
BenchmarkMem-4 50000000 26.6 ns/op 40 B/op 0 allocs/op
--- BENCH: BenchmarkMem-4
bench_test.go:32: op 1 B 8 alloc 1 lx 1 cx 1
bench_test.go:32: op 100 B 2040 alloc 8 lx 100 cx 128
bench_test.go:32: op 10000 B 386296 alloc 20 lx 10000 cx 12288
bench_test.go:32: op 1000000 B 45188344 alloc 40 lx 1000000 cx 1136640
bench_test.go:32: op 50000000 B 2021098744 alloc 57 lx 50000000 cx 50539520
op = 50000000
,
B/op = floor(2021098744 / 50000000) = floor(40.421974888) = 40
allocs/op = floor(57 / 50000000) = floor(0.00000114) = 0
读:
Go Slices: usage and internals
Arrays, slices (and strings): The mechanics of 'append'
要使附加零B / op(和零分配/操作),在附加之前分配一个具有足够容量的切片。
例如,使用var x = make([]int64, 0, b.N)
,
func BenchmarkZero(b *testing.B) {
b.ReportAllocs()
var x = make([]int64, 0, b.N)
var a, ac int64
b.ResetTimer()
for i := 0; i < b.N; i++ {
c := cap(x)
x = append(x, int64(i))
if cap(x) != c {
a++
ac += int64(cap(x))
}
}
b.StopTimer()
sizeInt64 := int64(8)
B := ac * sizeInt64 // bytes
b.Log("op", b.N, "B", B, "alloc", a, "lx", len(x), "cx", cap(x))
}
输出:
BenchmarkZero-4 100000000 11.7 ns/op 0 B/op 0 allocs/op
--- BENCH: BenchmarkZero-4
bench_test.go:51: op 1 B 0 alloc 0 lx 1 cx 1
bench_test.go:51: op 100 B 0 alloc 0 lx 100 cx 100
bench_test.go:51: op 10000 B 0 alloc 0 lx 10000 cx 10000
bench_test.go:51: op 1000000 B 0 alloc 0 lx 1000000 cx 1000000
bench_test.go:51: op 100000000 B 0 alloc 0 lx 100000000 cx 100000000
请注意基准CPU时间从大约26.6 ns / op减少到大约11.7 ns / op。