在R中拟合正态分布

时间:2016-10-10 15:45:30

标签: r statistics distribution normal-distribution fitdistrplus

我使用以下代码来适应正态分布。 " b"的数据集的链接; (太大而无法直接发布)是:

link for b

setwd("xxxxxx")
library(fitdistrplus)

require(MASS)
tazur <-read.csv("b", header= TRUE, sep=",")
claims<-tazur$b
a<-log(claims)
plot(hist(a))

enter image description here

绘制直方图后,似乎正态分布应该很好。

f1n <- fitdistr(claims,"normal")
summary(f1n)

#Length Class  Mode   
#estimate 2      -none- numeric
#sd       2      -none- numeric
#vcov     4      -none- numeric
#n        1      -none- numeric
#loglik   1      -none- numeric

plot(f1n)
  

xy.coords(x,y,xlabel,ylabel,log)中的错误:

     

&#39; X&#39;是一个列表,但没有组件&#39; x&#39;和&#39;

当我尝试绘制拟合分布时,我得到了上述错误,甚至f1n的摘要统计信息都没有。

感谢任何帮助。

2 个答案:

答案 0 :(得分:13)

您似乎在MASS::fitdistrfitdistrplus::fitdist之间混淆。

  • MASS::fitdistr返回类&#34; fitdistr&#34;的对象,并且没有用于此的绘图方法。因此,您需要提取估计的参数并自己绘制估计的密度曲线。
  • 我不知道您为什么要加载包fitdistrplus,因为您的函数调用清楚地表明您正在使用MASS。无论如何,fitdistrplus具有函数fitdist,它返回类&#34; fitdist&#34;的对象。这个课程有情节方法,但它不适用于#34; fitdistr&#34;由MASS返回。

我将向您展示如何使用这两个包。

## reproducible example
set.seed(0); x <- rnorm(500)

使用MASS::fitdistr

没有可用的情节方法,所以自己动手。

library(MASS)
fit <- fitdistr(x, "normal")
class(fit)
# [1] "fitdistr"

para <- fit$estimate
#         mean            sd 
#-0.0002000485  0.9886248515 

hist(x, prob = TRUE)
curve(dnorm(x, para[1], para[2]), col = 2, add = TRUE)

enter image description here

使用fitdistrplus::fitdist

library(fitdistrplus)
FIT <- fitdist(x, "norm")    ## note: it is "norm" not "normal"
class(FIT)
# [1] "fitdist"

plot(FIT)    ## use method `plot.fitdist`

enter image description here

答案 1 :(得分:5)

回顾上一个回答

在之前的回答中,我没有提到两种方法之间的区别。一般来说,如果我们选择最大似然推断,我建议使用MASS::fitdistr,因为对于许多基本分布,它执行精确推理而不是数值优化。 ?fitdistr的文件清楚地说明了这一点:

For the Normal, log-Normal, geometric, exponential and Poisson
distributions the closed-form MLEs (and exact standard errors) are
used, and ‘start’ should not be supplied.

For all other distributions, direct optimization of the
log-likelihood is performed using ‘optim’.  The estimated standard
errors are taken from the observed information matrix, calculated
by a numerical approximation.  For one-dimensional problems the
Nelder-Mead method is used and for multi-dimensional problems the
BFGS method, unless arguments named ‘lower’ or ‘upper’ are
supplied (when ‘L-BFGS-B’ is used) or ‘method’ is supplied
explicitly.

另一方面,fitdistrplus::fitdist总是以数字方式执行推理,即使存在精确推理。当然,fitdist的优点是可以使用更多的推理原则:

Fit of univariate distributions to non-censored data by maximum
likelihood (mle), moment matching (mme), quantile matching (qme)
or maximizing goodness-of-fit estimation (mge).

此答案的目的

这个答案将探讨正态分布的确切推论。它具有理论风味,但没有可能性原理的证据;只给出了结果。基于这些结果,我们编写了自己的R函数进行精确推理,可以与MASS::fitdistr进行比较。另一方面,为了与fitdistrplus::fitdist进行比较,我们使用optim在数值上最小化负对数似然函数。

这是学习optim的统计数据和相对高级用法的绝佳机会。为方便起见,我将估算尺度参数:方差,而不是标准误差。

正态分布的精确推断

enter image description here

enter image description here

自己编写推理功能

以下代码评论很好。有一个开关exact。如果设置FALSE,则选择数值解法。

## fitting a normal distribution
fitnormal <- function (x, exact = TRUE) {
  if (exact) {
    ################################################
    ## Exact inference based on likelihood theory ##
    ################################################
    ## minimum negative log-likelihood (maximum log-likelihood) estimator of `mu` and `phi = sigma ^ 2`
    n <- length(x)
    mu <- sum(x) / n
    phi <- crossprod(x - mu)[1L] / n  # (a bised estimator, though)
    ## inverse of Fisher information matrix evaluated at MLE
    invI <- matrix(c(phi, 0, 0, phi * phi), 2L,
                   dimnames = list(c("mu", "sigma2"), c("mu", "sigma2")))
    ## log-likelihood at MLE
    loglik <- -(n / 2) * (log(2 * pi * phi) + 1)
    ## return
    return(list(theta = c(mu = mu, sigma2 = phi), vcov = invI, loglik = loglik, n = n))
    }
  else {
    ##################################################################
    ## Numerical optimization by minimizing negative log-likelihood ##
    ##################################################################
    ## negative log-likelihood function
    ## define `theta = c(mu, phi)` in order to use `optim`
    nllik <- function (theta, x) {
      (length(x) / 2) * log(2 * pi * theta[2]) + crossprod(x - theta[1])[1] / (2 * theta[2])
      }
    ## gradient function (remember to flip the sign when using partial derivative result of log-likelihood)
    ## define `theta = c(mu, phi)` in order to use `optim`
    gradient <- function (theta, x) {
      pl2pmu <- -sum(x - theta[1]) / theta[2]
      pl2pphi <- -crossprod(x - theta[1])[1] / (2 * theta[2] ^ 2) + length(x) / (2 * theta[2])
      c(pl2pmu, pl2pphi)
      }
    ## ask `optim` to return Hessian matrix by `hessian = TRUE`
    ## use "..." part to pass `x` as additional / further argument to "fn" and "gn"
    ## note, we want `phi` as positive so box constraint is used, with "L-BFGS-B" method chosen
    init <- c(sample(x, 1), sample(abs(x) + 0.1, 1))  ## arbitrary valid starting values
    z <- optim(par = init, fn = nllik, gr = gradient, x = x, lower = c(-Inf, 0), method = "L-BFGS-B", hessian = TRUE)
    ## post processing ##
    theta <- z$par
    loglik <- -z$value  ## flip the sign to get log-likelihood
    n <- length(x)
    ## Fisher information matrix (don't flip the sign as this is the Hessian for negative log-likelihood)
    I <- z$hessian / n  ## remember to take average to get mean
    invI <- solve(I, diag(2L))  ## numerical inverse
    dimnames(invI) <- list(c("mu", "sigma2"), c("mu", "sigma2"))
    ## return
    return(list(theta = theta, vcov = invI, loglik = loglik, n = n))
    }
  }

我们仍然使用以前的数据进行测试:

set.seed(0); x <- rnorm(500)

## exact inference
fit <- fitnormal(x)

#$theta
#           mu        sigma2 
#-0.0002000485  0.9773790969 
#
#$vcov
#              mu    sigma2
#mu     0.9773791 0.0000000
#sigma2 0.0000000 0.9552699
#
#$loglik
#[1] -703.7491
#
#$n
#[1] 500

hist(x, prob = TRUE)
curve(dnorm(x, fit$theta[1], sqrt(fit$theta[2])), add = TRUE, col = 2)

enter image description here

数值方法也相当准确,只是方差协方差在对角线上没有精确的0:

fitnormal(x, FALSE)

#$theta
#[1] -0.0002235315  0.9773732277
#
#$vcov
#                 mu       sigma2
#mu     9.773826e-01 5.359978e-06
#sigma2 5.359978e-06 1.910561e+00
#
#$loglik
#[1] -703.7491
#
#$n
#[1] 500