尝试将(+)
推广到Num
以上,我写了一个Addable
类:
{-# LANGUAGE FlexibleContexts, FlexibleInstances, UndecidableInstances #-}
class Addable a where
(+) :: Addable a => a -> a -> a
instance Addable [a] where
(+) = (++)
instance Num a => Addable a where
(+) = (Prelude.+)
当尝试添加(连接)列表时,GHC抱怨重叠实例:
*Test> "abc" + "defghi"
<interactive>:84:7:
Overlapping instances for Addable [Char] arising from a use of `+'
Matching instances:
instance Num a => Addable a -- Defined at Utils.hs:23:10
instance Addable [a] -- Defined at Utils.hs:20:10
In the expression: "abc" + "defghi"
In an equation for `it': it = "abc" + "defghi"
我知道GHC在选择类型类的实例时会忽略上下文,因此尝试在Addable [a]
和Addable a
之间进行选择确实是个问题。但是,我希望GHC选择第一个定义,因为它更具体。 为什么不发生这种情况?
此外,这个问题有一个优雅的解决方法吗?或者我是从错误的角度去做这个?
答案 0 :(得分:4)
您需要启用重叠实例才能实际使用它们。在旧版本的编译器中,您可以使用OverlappingInstances
扩展名为每个模块执行此操作:
{-# LANGUAGE OverlappingInstances #-}
这适用于此代码:
λ> :set -XOverlappingInstances
λ> "abc" + "def"
"abcdef"
但是,这种方法在较新版本的GHC中被弃用(至少在8.0中):
Misc.hs:1:73-92: warning: …
-XOverlappingInstances is deprecated:
instead use per-instance pragmas OVERLAPPING/OVERLAPPABLE/OVERLAPS
因此,更现代的方法是在每个实例的基础上指定它:
instance {-# OVERLAPPABLE #-} Num a => Addable a where
(+) = (Prelude.+)
OVERLAPPING
,OVERLAPS
和INCOHERENT
也存在此样式的pragma,允许您使用这些属性注释特定实例。