尝试使dict表现得像一个干净的类/方法结构

时间:2016-03-09 17:17:25

标签: python class dictionary yaml

我正在尝试创建一个字典(从yaml数据中读取),表现得像一个类。因此,如果我要求class.key,我会检索他的价值。代码如下:

import errno
import sys
import yaml

backup_conf="""
loglevel: INFO
username: root
password: globalsecret
destdir: /dsk/bckdir/
avoidprojects: 

matchregex: /bkp/

depots:
    server1:
        password: asecret

    server2:
        username: root

    server3:

    server4:
        destdir: /disk2/bkp/

projects:
    proj1:
        matchregex: 
            - /backups/
            - /bkp/
"""

class Struct:
    def __init__(self, **entries): 
        self.__dict__.update(entries)

class Config:

    def __init__(self, filename="backup.cfg", data=None):
        self.cfg = {}
        if data is None:
            try:
                fd = open(filename,'r')
                try:
                    yamlcfg = yaml.safe_load(fd)
                except yaml.YAMLError as e:
                    sys.exit(e.errno)
                finally:
                    fd.close()
            except ( IOError, OSError ) as e:
                sys.exit(e.errno)
        else:
            try:
                yamlcfg = yaml.safe_load(data)
            except yaml.YAMLError as e:
                sys.exit(e.errno)

        self.cfg = Struct(**yamlcfg)

    def __getattribute__(self, name):
        try:
            return object.__getattribute__(self, name)
        except AttributeError:
            return self.cfg.__getattribute__(name)


    def get_depot_param(self,depot,param):
        try:
            self.depot_param = self.cfg.depots[depot][param]
        except ( TypeError, KeyError) as e:
            try:
                self.depot_param = getattr(self.cfg, param)
            except KeyError as e:
                    sys.exit(e.errno)

        return self.depot_param

    def get_project_param(self,project,param):
        try:
            self.project_param = self.cfg.projects[project][param]
        except ( TypeError, KeyError) as e:
            try:
                self.project_param = getattr(self.cfg, param)
            except KeyError as e:
                sys.exit(e.errno)

        return self.project_param

    def get_project_matches(self,project):
        try:
            self.reglist = self.cfg.projects[project]['matchregex']
        except KeyError as e:
            try:
                self.reglist = self.cfg.matchregex
            except KeyError as e:
                    print "Error in configuration file: {0}: No default regex defined. Please add a matchregex entry on conf file".format(e)
                    sys.exit(e.errno)

        if isinstance(self.reglist, str):
            self.reglist = self.reglist.split()

        return self.reglist

    def get_depots(self):
        return self.cfg.depots.keys()                                                        

if __name__ == '__main__':
    # Read config file to cfg
    config = Config(data=backup_conf)

代码运行正常,我可以获取如下所示的数据:config.cfg.loglevel按预期返回INFO。但是我希望知道如何以config.loglevel的方式调用cfg清除来自self.cfg实例变量的if(nodeTouched == ball){ runAction(SKAction.playSoundFileNamed("Tink", waitForCompletion: false)) } 。 (当然,欢迎任何增强代码的提示。)

3 个答案:

答案 0 :(得分:2)

嗯,最简单的解决方案是使用PYYaml构造函数,即将类映射到yaml类型。

①使用构造函数

您所要做的就是让您的班级成为yaml.YAMLObject的孩子,添加yaml_tag成员告诉yaml何时使用该类构建该类的实例(而不是dict) ,并且您已经设置:

class Config(yaml.YAMLObject):
    yaml_tag = '!Config'

    @classmethod
    def load(self, filename="backup.cfg", data=None):
        self.cfg = {}
        if data is None:
            with open(filename,'r') as f:
                yamlcfg = yaml.load(f)
        else:
            yamlcfg = yaml.load(data)
        return yamlcfg

backup_conf="""
!Config
loglevel: INFO
username: root
password: globalsecret
destdir: /dsk/bckdir/
avoidprojects:

matchregex: /bkp/

depots:
    server1:
        password: asecret

    server2:
        username: root

    server3:

    server4:
        destdir: /disk2/bkp/

projects:
    proj1:
        matchregex:
            - /backups/
            - /bkp/
"""


if __name__ == '__main__':
    # Read config file to cfg
    config = Config.load(data=backup_conf)

正如您所看到的,我使用工厂方法加载数据并创建实例,这就是load类方法的用途。

该方法的一个优点是,您可以通过在yaml数据中编写类型标记来直接键入所有元素。因此,如果您需要,您也可以使用类似的方法键入您的服务器,使您的yaml像:

depots:
   server1: !Server
     password: asecret
   server2: !Server
     username: root
   server3: !Server
   server4: !Server
     destdir: /disk2/bkp

与项目密钥中的每个项目相同。

②使用namedtuple s

如果您不想更改您的yaml,那么您可以使Config类成为namedtuple的孩子,当您加载yaml数据时,可以创建namedtuple一个字典。

为此,在下面的代码片段中,我创建了一个遍历所有dict s(和嵌套dict s)的递归函数(嵌套在load类方法中)并将它们转换为namedtuple s。

import yaml
from collections import namedtuple

class Config:
    @classmethod
    def load(self, filename='backup.cfg', data=None):
        """Load YAML document"""

        def convert_to_namedtuple(d):
            """Convert a dict into a namedtuple"""
            if not isinstance(d, dict):
                raise ValueError("Can only convert dicts into namedtuple")
            for k,v in d.iteritems():
                if isinstance(v, dict):
                    d[k] = convert_to_namedtuple(v)
            return namedtuple('ConfigDict', d.keys())(**d)

        if data is None:
            with open(filename, 'r') as f:
                yamlcfg = yaml.load(f)
        else:
            yamlcfg = yaml.load(data)
        return convert_to_namedtuple(yamlcfg)

当你运行它时:

>>> cfg = Config.load(data=backup_conf)
>>> print cfg.username, cfg.destdir
root /dsk/bckdir/
>>> print cfg.depots.server4.destdir
/disk2/bkp/
>>> print cfg.depots.server2.username
root

③使用自定义yaml.Loader构建namedtuple s

我试图找到一种方法来做到这一点,但经过一些尝试和错误之后,我明白这需要花费太多时间来弄明白,而且它太复杂了,因为它易于理解它是可行的解。 只是为了好玩,这就是难以实现的原因。

有一种方法可以创建自己的默认加载器,并更改默认节点的转换方式。在默认加载器中,您可以覆盖创建dict的方法以使其创建namedtuple s:

class ConfigLoader(yaml.Loader):
    def construct_mapping(self, node, deep=False):
        # do whatever it does per default to create a dict, i.e. call the ConfigLoader.construct_mapping() method
        mapping = super(ConfigLoader, self).construct_mapping(node, deep)
        # then convert the returned mapping into a namedtuple
        return namedtuple('ConfigDict', mapping.keys())(**mapping)

唯一的问题是another method calling that one期望首先构建dict树,然后才用值更新它:

def construct_yaml_map(self, node):
    data = {}
    yield data ## the object is returned here, /before/ it is being populated
    value = self.construct_mapping(node)
    data.update(value)

所以,正如我所说的那样,当然可以解决这个问题,但如果我花了太多时间去弄清楚,那么就没有必要告诉你如何去做,因为它会让你(以及未来的读者)难以理解。 在我看到@user1340544's answer时,您可能需要考虑使用EasyDict代替collections.namedtuple(如果您还好的话) 使用外部包裹。)

结论

因此,您可以在此处看到data字段构建为空字典,dict yield在调用者添加到调用者之前namedtuple。因此,只有在构建dict之后才会添加值。 但是cut需要在一个步骤中构建(即:您需要知道所有键之前),因此不能使用该方法。

我个人更喜欢选项①,使用标签,然后您可以使用它映射到的类来验证配置(并在丢失配置项或错误输入项或额外项时发出警报)。 您还可以通过为每种类型使用不同的名称来获得收益,从而可以轻松地在解析配置文件时报告错误,以及使用最少额外代码的所有内容。当然,选项②可以很好地完成工作。

HTH

答案 1 :(得分:0)

在将它们分配为属性后,不能轻易地迭代不同的映射键,您可以执行以下操作:

from __future__ import print_function

import errno
import sys
import yaml

backup_conf="""
loglevel: INFO
username: root
password: globalsecret
destdir: /dsk/bckdir/
avoidprojects:

matchregex: /bkp/

depots:
    server1:
        password: asecret

    server2:
        username: root

    server3:

    server4:
        destdir: /disk2/bkp/

projects:
    proj1:
        matchregex:
            - /backups/
            - /bkp/
"""

class Struct:
    pass

    def __repr__(self):
        res = {}
        for x in dir(self):
            if x.startswith('__'):
                continue
            res[x] = getattr(self, x)
        return repr(res)


def assign_dict_as_attr(obj, d):
    assert isinstance(d, dict)
    for key in d:
        value = d[key]
        if isinstance(value, dict):
            x = Struct()
            setattr(obj, key, x)
            assign_dict_as_attr(x, value)
        else:
            setattr(obj, key, value)

class Config:

    def __init__(self, filename="backup.cfg", data=None):
        self.cfg = {}
        if data is None:
            try:
                fd = open(filename,'r')
                try:
                    yamlcfg = yaml.safe_load(fd)
                except yaml.YAMLError as e:
                    sys.exit(e.errno)
                finally:
                    fd.close()
            except ( IOError, OSError ) as e:
                sys.exit(e.errno)
        else:
            try:
                yamlcfg = yaml.safe_load(data)
            except yaml.YAMLError as e:
                sys.exit(e.errno)

        print('yamlcfg', yamlcfg)
        assign_dict_as_attr(self, yamlcfg)


if __name__ == '__main__':
    # Read config file to cfg
    config = Config(data=backup_conf)
    print('loglevel', config.loglevel)
    print('depots.server1', config.depots.server1)
    print('depots.server1.password', config.depots.server1.password)

得到:

loglevel INFO
depots.server1 {'password': 'asecret'}
depots.server1.password asecret

另一种解决方案是让__getattr__()更聪明:

class Struct:
    def __init__(self, d):
        self._cfg = d

    def __getattr__(self, name):
        res = self._cfg[name]
        if isinstance(res, dict):
            res = Struct(res)
        return res

    def __str__(self):
        res = {}
        for x in self._cfg:
            if x.startswith('__'):
                continue
            res[x] = self._cfg[x]
        return repr(res)


class Config:

    def __init__(self, filename="backup.cfg", data=None):
        self.cfg = {}
        if data is None:
            try:
                fd = open(filename,'r')
                try:
                    self._cfg = yaml.safe_load(fd)
                except yaml.YAMLError as e:
                    sys.exit(e.errno)
                finally:
                    fd.close()
            except ( IOError, OSError ) as e:
                sys.exit(e.errno)
        else:
            try:
                self._cfg = yaml.safe_load(data)
            except yaml.YAMLError as e:
                sys.exit(e.errno)


    def __getattr__(self, name):
        res = self._cfg[name]
        if isinstance(res, dict):
            res = Struct(res)
        return res



if __name__ == '__main__':
    # Read config file to cfg
    config = Config(data=backup_conf)
    print('loglevel', config.loglevel)
    print('depots.server1', config.depots.server1)
    print('depots.server1.password', config.depots.server1.password)

它为您提供与以前相同的输出。

答案 2 :(得分:0)

只需将easydictanyconfig结合使用。