所以我一直在用Python（战列舰，tic-tac-toe等）制作一些游戏，本周的项目是Snake。我有一个基本的设置;蛇可以移动并吃掉食物，但我没有编程进行碰撞检测或离开边缘。问题是响应时间。如果你运行下面的代码，你会看到蛇响应按键，但不是几个 - 我称之为框架 - 按下后。我不太明白listen（）方法是如何工作的;我使用得当吗？如果没有，我应该如何使用它，如果是，我该如何解决延迟？我知道Pygame，但是a）我找不到一个易于安装的64位版本的python 3.4（这个http://www.lfd.uci.edu/~gohlke/pythonlibs/#pygame不容易安装，什么是whl文件？）和b）我无论如何都要挑战自己。 任何帮助将不胜感激。
import random
import turtle
import time
class Square:
def __init__(self, x, y):
self.x = x
self.y = y
def drawself(self, turtle):
# draw a black box at its coordinates, leaving a small gap between cubes
turtle.goto(self.x - 9, self.y - 9)
turtle.begin_fill()
for i in range(4):
turtle.forward(18)
turtle.left(90)
turtle.end_fill()
class Food:
def __init__(self, x, y):
self.x = x
self.y = y
self.state = "ON"
def changelocation(self):
# I haven't programmed it to spawn outside the snake's body yet
self.x = random.randint(0, 20)*20 - 200
self.y = random.randint(0, 20)*20 - 200
def drawself(self, turtle):
# similar to the Square drawself, but blinks on and off
if self.state == "ON":
turtle.goto(self.x - 9, self.y - 9)
turtle.begin_fill()
for i in range(4):
turtle.forward(18)
turtle.left(90)
turtle.end_fill()
def changestate(self):
# controls the blinking
self.state = "OFF" if self.state == "ON" else "ON"
class Snake:
def __init__(self):
self.headposition = [20, 0] # keeps track of where it needs to go next
self.body = [Square(-20, 0), Square(0, 0), Square(20, 0)] # body is a list of squares
self.nextX = 1 # tells the snake which way it's going next
self.nextY = 0
self.crashed = False # I'll use this when I get around to collision detection
self.nextposition = [self.headposition[0] + 20*self.nextX,
self.headposition[1] + 20*self.nextY]
# prepares the next location to add to the snake
def moveOneStep(self):
if Square(self.nextposition[0], self.nextposition[1]) not in self.body:
# attempt (unsuccessful) at collision detection
self.body.append(Square(self.nextposition[0], self.nextposition[1]))
# moves the snake head to the next spot, deleting the tail
del self.body[0]
self.headposition[0], self.headposition[1] = self.body[-1].x, self.body[-1].y
# resets the head and nextposition
self.nextposition = [self.headposition[0] + 20*self.nextX,
self.headposition[1] + 20*self.nextY]
else:
self.crashed = True # more unsuccessful collision detection
def moveup(self): # pretty obvious what these do
self.nextX = 0
self.nextY = 1
def moveleft(self):
self.nextX = -1
self.nextY = 0
def moveright(self):
self.nextX = 1
self.nextY = 0
def movedown(self):
self.nextX = 0
self.nextY = -1
def eatFood(self):
# adds the next spot without deleting the tail, extending the snake by 1
self.body.append(Square(self.nextposition[0], self.nextposition[1]))
self.headposition[0], self.headposition[1] = self.body[-1].x, self.body[-1].y
self.nextposition = [self.headposition[0] + 20*self.nextX,
self.headposition[1] + 20*self.nextY]
def drawself(self, turtle): # draws the whole snake when called
for segment in self.body:
segment.drawself(turtle)
class Game:
def __init__(self):
# game object has a screen, a turtle, a basic snake and a food
self.screen = turtle.Screen()
self.artist = turtle.Turtle()
self.artist.up()
self.artist.hideturtle()
self.snake = Snake()
self.food = Food(100, 0)
self.counter = 0 # this will be used later
self.commandpending = False # as will this
def nextFrame(self):
while True: # now here's where it gets fiddly...
game.screen.listen()
game.screen.onkey(game.snakedown, "Down")
game.screen.onkey(game.snakeup, "Up")
game.screen.onkey(game.snakeleft, "Left")
game.screen.onkey(game.snakeright, "Right")
turtle.tracer(0) # follow it so far?
self.artist.clear()
if self.counter == 5:
# only moves to next frame every 5 loops, this was an attempt to get rid of the turning delay
if (self.snake.nextposition[0], self.snake.nextposition[1]) == (self.food.x, self.food.y):
self.snake.eatFood()
self.food.changelocation()
else:
self.snake.moveOneStep()
self.counter = 0
else:
self.counter += 1
self.food.changestate() # makes the food flash
self.food.drawself(self.artist) # show the food and snake
self.snake.drawself(self.artist)
turtle.update()
self.commandpending = False
time.sleep(0.05)
def snakeup(self):
print("going up") # put this in for debugging purposes
if not self.commandpending:
# should allow only one turn each frame; I don't think it's working
self.snake.moveup()
self.commandpending = True
def snakedown(self):
print("going down")
if not self.commandpending:
self.snake.movedown()
self.commandpending = True
def snakeleft(self):
print("going left")
if not self.commandpending:
self.snake.moveleft()
self.commandpending = True
def snakeright(self):
print("going right")
if not self.commandpending:
self.snake.moveright()
self.commandpending = True
game = Game()
game.nextFrame()
print("game over!")
game.screen.mainloop()
答案 0 :(得分：3)
每当你在乌龟代码中使用while True:（没有break）时，你就会击败事件处理者。您应该使用ontimer()事件来与事件处理程序兼容地运行代码。下面是我重写你的代码以及其他一些功能和样式调整：
from turtle import Turtle, Screen
import random
import time
SIZE = 20
class Square:
def __init__(self, x, y):
self.x = x
self.y = y
def drawself(self, turtle):
""" draw a black box at its coordinates, leaving a small gap between cubes """
turtle.goto(self.x - SIZE // 2 - 1, self.y - SIZE // 2 - 1)
turtle.begin_fill()
for _ in range(4):
turtle.forward(SIZE - SIZE // 10)
turtle.left(90)
turtle.end_fill()
class Food:
def __init__(self, x, y):
self.x = x
self.y = y
self.is_blinking = True
def changelocation(self):
# I haven't programmed it to spawn outside the snake's body yet
self.x = random.randint(0, SIZE) * SIZE - 200
self.y = random.randint(0, SIZE) * SIZE - 200
def drawself(self, turtle):
# similar to the Square drawself, but blinks on and off
if self.is_blinking:
turtle.goto(self.x - SIZE // 2 - 1, self.y - SIZE // 2 - 1)
turtle.begin_fill()
for _ in range(4):
turtle.forward(SIZE - SIZE // 10)
turtle.left(90)
turtle.end_fill()
def changestate(self):
# controls the blinking
self.is_blinking = not self.is_blinking
class Snake:
def __init__(self):
self.headposition = [SIZE, 0] # keeps track of where it needs to go next
self.body = [Square(-SIZE, 0), Square(0, 0), Square(SIZE, 0)] # body is a list of squares
self.nextX = 1 # tells the snake which way it's going next
self.nextY = 0
self.crashed = False # I'll use this when I get around to collision detection
self.nextposition = [self.headposition[0] + SIZE * self.nextX, self.headposition[1] + SIZE * self.nextY]
# prepares the next location to add to the snake
def moveOneStep(self):
if Square(self.nextposition[0], self.nextposition[1]) not in self.body:
# attempt (unsuccessful) at collision detection
self.body.append(Square(self.nextposition[0], self.nextposition[1]))
# moves the snake head to the next spot, deleting the tail
del self.body[0]
self.headposition[0], self.headposition[1] = self.body[-1].x, self.body[-1].y
# resets the head and nextposition
self.nextposition = [self.headposition[0] + SIZE * self.nextX, self.headposition[1] + SIZE * self.nextY]
else:
self.crashed = True # more unsuccessful collision detection
def moveup(self): # pretty obvious what these do
self.nextX, self.nextY = 0, 1
def moveleft(self):
self.nextX, self.nextY = -1, 0
def moveright(self):
self.nextX, self.nextY = 1, 0
def movedown(self):
self.nextX, self.nextY = 0, -1
def eatFood(self):
# adds the next spot without deleting the tail, extending the snake by 1
self.body.append(Square(self.nextposition[0], self.nextposition[1]))
self.headposition[0], self.headposition[1] = self.body[-1].x, self.body[-1].y
self.nextposition = [self.headposition[0] + SIZE * self.nextX, self.headposition[1] + SIZE * self.nextY]
def drawself(self, turtle): # draws the whole snake when called
for segment in self.body:
segment.drawself(turtle)
class Game:
def __init__(self):
# game object has a screen, a turtle, a basic snake and a food
self.screen = Screen()
self.artist = Turtle(visible=False)
self.artist.up()
self.artist.speed("slowest")
self.snake = Snake()
self.food = Food(100, 0)
self.counter = 0 # this will be used later
self.commandpending = False # as will this
self.screen.tracer(0) # follow it so far?
self.screen.listen()
self.screen.onkey(self.snakedown, "Down")
self.screen.onkey(self.snakeup, "Up")
self.screen.onkey(self.snakeleft, "Left")
self.screen.onkey(self.snakeright, "Right")
def nextFrame(self):
self.artist.clear()
if (self.snake.nextposition[0], self.snake.nextposition[1]) == (self.food.x, self.food.y):
self.snake.eatFood()
self.food.changelocation()
else:
self.snake.moveOneStep()
if self.counter == 10:
self.food.changestate() # makes the food flash slowly
self.counter = 0
else:
self.counter += 1
self.food.drawself(self.artist) # show the food and snake
self.snake.drawself(self.artist)
self.screen.update()
self.screen.ontimer(lambda: self.nextFrame(), 100)
def snakeup(self):
if not self.commandpending:
self.commandpending = True
self.snake.moveup()
self.commandpending = False
def snakedown(self):
if not self.commandpending:
self.commandpending = True
self.snake.movedown()
self.commandpending = False
def snakeleft(self):
if not self.commandpending:
self.commandpending = True
self.snake.moveleft()
self.commandpending = False
def snakeright(self):
if not self.commandpending:
self.commandpending = True
self.snake.moveright()
self.commandpending = False
game = Game()
screen = Screen()
screen.ontimer(lambda: game.nextFrame(), 100)
screen.mainloop()
这是否提供了您正在寻找的响应类型？
答案 1 :(得分：0)
以这种方式制作快速游戏可能是一个挑战（但这并非全是坏事）。我认为listen()应该在onkey()之后。
您还应该考虑删除所有重复的代码。短期内复制/粘贴然后改变似乎很容易。但是如果你必须做出重大改变（比如在论坛上提问之后），那将会很乏味且容易出错。
PS（EDIT）你的Snake.moveOneStep（）方法也只是为了检查自碰撞而制作Square的新实例，这对于优雅来说似乎是奢侈的。最好只保留python（ho，ho）可以检查的位置列表。 （除此之外可能无效。请尝试print(Square(1,2) in [Square(1,2)])）
def check_self_collision(self, x, y):
for s in self.body:
if s.x == x and s.y == y:
return False
return True
def moveOneStep(self):
if self.check_self_collision(self.nextposition[0], self.nextposition[1]):
# attempt (unsuccessful) at collision detection
self.body.append(Square(self.nextposition[0], self.nextposition[1]))
答案 2 :(得分：-2)
我的版本：
#coding: utf-8
from Tkinter import *
import random
import time
class Levely:
def __init__(self):
self.urovne=[
[[0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1], [0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0], [0, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 0, 0, 0, 0], [0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 1, 0, 1, 1, 0], [0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 1, 0, 0], [0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 1, 1, 0, 0], [0, 0, 1, 1, 1, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0], [0, 0, 0, 0, 1, 1, 1, 0, 0, 0], [0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0], [0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 1, 1, 1, 1]],
[[0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 1], [0, 1, 1, 1, 0, 1, 1, 1, 0, 1], [0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 1, 0, 0, 0], [0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0], [0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0], [1, 1, 1, 1, 0, 0, 1, 0, 0, 0], [1, 1, 1, 0, 0, 0, 1, 0, 0, 0], [0, 0, 1, 0, 0, 0, 1, 1, 0, 1], [0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0], [0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0]],
[[0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0], [0, 1, 1, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0], [0, 0, 1, 0, 1, 1, 1, 1, 0, 1], [0, 0, 1, 0, 0, 0, 1, 0, 0, 1], [0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 1, 0, 0, 0], [0, 0, 1, 0, 0, 0, 1, 0, 0, 0], [0, 0, 1, 1, 0, 0, 0, 0, 1, 0], [0, 0, 0, 1, 1, 0, 0, 1, 0, 0], [0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 1, 0, 0], [0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0]],
[[0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 1], [0, 1, 1, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 1], [0, 0, 1, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 1, 1], [0, 0, 1, 0, 0, 0, 1, 0, 0, 0], [0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 1, 1, 0, 0, 0], [0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 1, 0, 0, 1], [0, 0, 0, 1, 0, 0, 1, 0, 0, 1], [0, 0, 0, 1, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0], [0, 0, 0, 1, 0, 0, 0, 1, 1, 0], [0, 0, 1, 1, 1, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0]],
]
self.data=[[400,13],[400,10],[400,13],[400,13],[400,13],[400,13]]
print "Choose from", len(self.urovne), "levels"
self.vyber=input("Level: ")
self.vyber-=1
h=Had(self)
class Had:
def __init__(self,Levely):
self.l=Levely
self.level=self.l.urovne[self.l.vyber]
self.mrizka=len(self.level[0])
self.velikost=self.l.data[self.l.vyber][0]
self.vtelo=100
self.r=self.l.data[self.l.vyber][1]
self.x=0
self.y=0
self.u=0
self.k=self.velikost
self.c=(self.velikost/self.mrizka)
self.poprve=0
self.neco=[[0,0],0,0,0]
self.ukonceni=None
self.aakce1=None
self.aakce2=None
self.aakce3=None
self.aakce4=None
self.s=[0,0,0,0]
self.j=[]
self.konec=0
self.score=0
self.pocet_zelenych=0
self.okno=Tk()
self.platno=Canvas(self.okno,width=self.velikost,height=self.velikost,bg="white")
self.platno.pack()
self.tl=Button(self.okno, text="Restart", command=self.start)
self.tl.pack(fill=BOTH)
self.start()
self.okno.bind("<Key-d>", self.akce1)
self.okno.bind("<Key-w>", self.akce2)
self.okno.bind("<Key-s>", self.akce3)
self.okno.bind("<Key-a>", self.akce4)
self.okno.bind("<Key-r>", self.start1)
def akce1(self, klik):
self.akce11()
def akce2(self, klik):
self.akce21()
def akce3(self, klik):
self.akce31()
def akce4(self, klik):
self.akce41()
def start1(self, klik):
self.start()
def akce11(self):
if int(self.s[1])%self.c!=0:
self.aakce1=self.okno.after(9,self.akce11)
if int(self.s[1])%self.c==0:
self.x=self.c
self.y=0
self.u=0
if self.poprve==1:
self.okno.after_cancel(self.aakce1)
self.stop()
self.pohyb()
def akce21(self):
if int(self.s[0])%self.c!=0:
self.aakce1=self.okno.after(9,self.akce21)
if int(self.s[0])%self.c==0:
self.x=0
self.y=-self.c
self.u=0
if self.poprve==1:
self.okno.after_cancel(self.aakce2)
self.stop()
self.pohyb()
def akce31(self):
if int(self.s[0])%self.c!=0:
self.aakce1=self.okno.after(9,self.akce31)
if int(self.s[0])%self.c==0:
self.x=0
self.y=self.c
self.u=1
if self.poprve==1:
self.okno.after_cancel(self.aakce3)
self.stop()
self.pohyb()
def akce41(self):
if int(self.s[1])%self.c!=0:
self.aakce1=self.okno.after(9,self.akce41)
if int(self.s[1])%self.c==0:
self.x=-self.c
self.y=0
self.u=0
if self.poprve==1:
self.okno.after_cancel(self.aakce4)
self.stop()
self.pohyb()
def pohyb(self):
self.smrt()
if self.konec==1:
return None
self.test()
s=self.platno.coords(self.hlava)
self.s=self.platno.coords(self.hlava)
self.platno.delete(ALL)
self.hlava=self.platno.create_rectangle(s[0],s[1],s[2],s[3], fill="green4", outline="white")
self.jablko=self.platno.create_rectangle(self.j[0],self.j[1],self.j[2],self.j[3], fill="red", outline="red")
for x in range(self.mrizka):
for y in range(self.mrizka):
if self.level[x][y]==0:
continue
if self.level[x][y]==1:
#KURVVAAAAA x,y,x,y
self.block=self.platno.create_rectangle(y*self.c,(x*self.c),(y*self.c)+self.c,(x*self.c)+self.c, fill="black")
self.test()
s=self.platno.coords(self.hlava)
self.poloha.append(s)
self.delka=len(self.poloha)
if s[self.u]<=self.k:
self.dx=self.x
self.dy=self.y
self.platno.move(self.hlava,self.dx/10,self.dy/10)
s=self.platno.coords(self.hlava)
self.nahrada=self.platno.create_rectangle(s[0],s[1],s[2],s[3], fill="green4", outline="green4")
if s[self.u]>=self.k:
self.dx=0
self.dy=0
bla="Restart-Score:", int(self.score)
self.tl.config(text=bla)
for a in range(self.delka):
if 1==1:
self.ocas=self.platno.create_rectangle(self.poloha[a][0],self.poloha[a][1],self.poloha[a][2],self.poloha[a][3], fill="green2", outline="green2")
self.poloha_zeleny=self.platno.coords(self.ocas)
self.zeleny.append(self.poloha_zeleny)
self.pocet_zelenych=len(self.zeleny)
if self.pocet_zelenych>=self.delka:
del self.zeleny[0]
if self.delka>=self.vtelo:
self.neco=self.poloha[0]
del self.poloha[0]
self.s=self.platno.coords(self.hlava)
self.nahrada=self.platno.create_rectangle(s[0],s[1],s[2],s[3], fill="green4", outline="green4")
self.ukonceni=self.okno.after(self.r,self.pohyb)
def smrt(self):
s=self.platno.coords(self.hlava)
bla="Restart-Score:", int(self.score)
if self.level[int(s[1]/self.c)][int(s[0]/self.c)]==1:
self.platno.delete(self.hlava)
self.tl.config(text=bla)
self.konec=1
self.smrtak=self.platno.create_rectangle(s[0],s[1],s[2],s[3], fill="brown", outline="brown")
for b in range(len(self.zeleny)):
if s==self.zeleny[(b-1)]:
self.platno.delete(self.hlava)
self.tl.config(text=bla)
self.konec=1
self.smrtak=self.platno.create_rectangle(s[0],s[1],s[2],s[3], fill="brown", outline="brown")
def stop(self):
if self.poprve==1:
self.okno.after_cancel(self.ukonceni)
self.poprve=1
def start(self):
self.vtelo=60
self.platno.delete("all")
self.tl.config(text="Restart")
self.poloha=[]
self.zeleny=[]
self.konec=0
self.pocet_zelenych=0
self.score=0
self.poprve=0
self.dx=0
self.dy=0
if self.aakce1!=None:
self.okno.after_cancel(self.aakce1)
self.aakce1=None
if self.aakce2!=None:
self.okno.after_cancel(self.aakce2)
self.aakce2=None
if self.aakce3!=None:
self.okno.after_cancel(self.aakce3)
self.aakce3=None
if self.aakce4!=None:
self.okno.after_cancel(self.aakce4)
self.aakce4=None
for x in range(self.mrizka):
for y in range(self.mrizka):
if self.level[x][y]==0:
continue
if self.level[x][y]==1:
#KURVVAAAAA x,y,x,y
self.block=self.platno.create_rectangle(y*self.c,(x*self.c),(y*self.c)+self.c,(x*self.c)+self.c, fill="black")
self.hlava=self.platno.create_rectangle(0,0,self.c,self.c, fill="green4", outline="green4")
self.generace()
s=self.platno.coords(self.hlava)
self.dx=self.c
self.dy=self.c
def generace(self):
self.nx=random.randint(0,self.mrizka-1)
self.ny=random.randint(0,self.mrizka-1)
for x in self.zeleny:
if int(x[0]/self.c)==self.nx and int(x[1]/self.c)==self.ny:
self.generace()
if self.level[self.ny][self.nx]==1:
self.generace()
if self.level[self.ny][self.nx]!=1:
self.jablko=self.platno.create_rectangle(self.nx*self.c,self.ny*self.c,self.nx*self.c+self.c,self.ny*self.c+self.c, fill="red", outline="red")
def test(self):
s=self.platno.coords(self.hlava)
self.j=self.platno.coords(self.jablko)
if s==self.j:
self.vtelo+=5
self.score+=0.5
self.generace()
def mezery(self):
for x in range(30):
print ""
levliky=Levely()
mainloop()