我正在关注这篇文章Ten C++11 Features Every C++ Developer Should Use,并在Move semantics示例的代码中添加了一些基本的跟踪,并看到移动构造函数从未被调用过,并且想知道为什么。我已经尝试过两个编译器GNU 4.6.3和Intel 15.0.0,结果是一样的。
我这样编译:
# using Intel compiler
icpc -Wall -g -Wno-shadow -std=c++0x -o showcase ./showcase.cpp
# using gnu g++ compiler
g++ -Wall -g -Wno-shadow -std=gnu++0x -o showcase ./showcase.cpp
这是我得到的输出,当它应该在第133行时不调用移动构造函数:
instantiating b1 ...
Buffer() default constructor invoked
my name is:
instantiating b2 ...
Buffer(const std::string& name, size_t size) constructor invoked
my name is: buf2
instantiating b3 ...
Buffer(const Buffer& copy) copy constructor invoked
my name is: buf2
instantiating b4 ...
Buffer(const std::string& name, size_t size) constructor invoked
my name is: buf64
moving getBuffer<int>("buf5") to b1 ...
Buffer(const std::string& name, size_t size) constructor invoked
Buffer& operator=(Buffer&& temp) move assignment operator invoked
my name is: buf5
以下是代码:
#include <assert.h>
#include <iostream>
#include <math.h>
#include <stdio.h>
#include <stdlib.h>
#include <string>
#include <map>
#include <vector>
#include <memory>
#include <algorithm>
using namespace std;
//============================================================================
// Classes
//============================================================================
template <typename T>
class Buffer
{
std::string _name;
size_t _size;
std::unique_ptr<T[]> _buffer;
public:
// default constructor
Buffer():
_size(16),
_buffer(new T[16]) {
cout << "Buffer() default constructor invoked " << endl;
}
// constructor
Buffer(const std::string& name, size_t size):
_name(name),
_size(size),
_buffer(new T[size]) {
cout << "Buffer(const std::string& name, size_t size) constructor invoked " << endl;
}
// copy constructor
Buffer(const Buffer& copy):
_name(copy._name),
_size(copy._size),
_buffer(new T[copy._size])
{
cout << "Buffer(const Buffer& copy) copy constructor invoked " << endl;
T* source = copy._buffer.get();
T* dest = _buffer.get();
std::copy(source, source + copy._size, dest);
}
void print_name() const {
cout << "my name is: " << _name << endl;
}
// copy assignment operator
Buffer& operator=(const Buffer& copy)
{
cout << "Buffer& operator=(const Buffer& copy) assignment operator invoked " << endl;
if(this != ©)
{
_name = copy._name;
if(_size != copy._size)
{
_buffer = nullptr;
_size = copy._size;
_buffer = _size > 0 ? new T[_size] : nullptr;
}
T* source = copy._buffer.get();
T* dest = _buffer.get();
std::copy(source, source + copy._size, dest);
}
return *this;
}
// move constructor
Buffer(Buffer&& temp):
_name(std::move(temp._name)),
_size(temp._size),
_buffer(std::move(temp._buffer))
{
cout << "Buffer(Buffer&& temp) move constructor invoked" << endl;
temp._buffer = nullptr;
temp._size = 0;
}
// move assignment operator
Buffer& operator=(Buffer&& temp)
{
cout << "Buffer& operator=(Buffer&& temp) move assignment operator invoked" << endl;
assert(this != &temp); // assert if this is not a temporary
_buffer = nullptr;
_size = temp._size;
_buffer = std::move(temp._buffer);
_name = std::move(temp._name);
temp._buffer = nullptr;
temp._size = 0;
return *this;
}
};
template <typename T>
Buffer<T> getBuffer(const std::string& name) {
Buffer<T> b(name, 128);
return b;
}
//============================================================================
// Main
//============================================================================
int main(int argc, char** argv) {
cout << "**************** move semantics" << endl;
cout << "instantiating b1 ..." << endl;
Buffer<int> b1;
b1.print_name();
cout << "instantiating b2 ..." << endl;
Buffer<int> b2("buf2", 64);
b2.print_name();
cout << "instantiating b3 ..." << endl;
Buffer<int> b3 = b2;
b3.print_name();
cout << "instantiating b4 by moving from a temp object ..." << endl;
Buffer<int> b4 = getBuffer<int>("buf64"); // Buffer<int>("buf4", 64);
b4.print_name();
cout << "moving getBuffer<int>(\"buf5\") to b1 ..." << endl;
b1 = getBuffer<int>("buf5");
b1.print_name();
return EXIT_SUCCESS;
}
答案 0 :(得分:5)
正确调用移动赋值运算符。
对于您期望移动构造的情况b4
,您将获得返回值优化(RVO),其中结果对象直接在调用者提供的存储中构建。是否发生这种情况取决于编译器和选项:它是否允许但不是必需的。即这是一个执行质量问题。
请注意,使用例如,不是一个好主意。 -fno-elide-constructors
要避免这种情况。 RVO比普通结构和移动结构更有效。它必须是,因为它更少。
答案 1 :(得分:2)
在某些情况下允许复制/移动操作的省略。虽然复制或移动构造函数是可接受的。例如,如果您将为类中的移动构造函数设置私有访问控制,则编译器将至少为此语句发出错误
Buffer<int> b4 = getBuffer<int>("buf64");
如果不允许省略,那么将调用移动构造函数。