Question

我想检查两个单词之间的上位词/下位词关系（由用户给出）这意味着它们中的任何一个都可以是其他的上位词，或者也可能是两者之间没有上位词关系的情况。我可以使用相同的path_similarity。我试图这样做。如果你能提出任何更好的方法为此。我还想知道从sparql查询中检查相同是否更好

 first=wn.synset('automobile.n.01')
 second=wn.synset('car.n.01')
 first.path_similarity(second)

Answer 1

首先，wordnet中word和synset / concept之间存在差异。

在这里，我们看到一个词可以有多种含义（即指向多个概念的链接）：

>>> from nltk.corpus import wordnet as wn
>>> car = 'car'
>>> auto = 'automobile'
>>> wn.synsets(auto)
[Synset('car.n.01'), Synset('automobile.v.01')]
>>> wn.synsets(car)
[Synset('car.n.01'), Synset('car.n.02'), Synset('car.n.03'), Synset('car.n.04'), Synset('cable_car.n.01')]

在这种情况下，'汽车'和'汽车'可以引用相同的Synset('car.n.01')，如果是，那么它们就没有低/高关系。

还有lemma的概念会使事情变得复杂，所以我们暂时不会这样做。

假设您不是在比较单词而是比较同义词，那么您可以简单地找到synset的所有下位词，并查看其他synset是否出现在其中。

如果您要比较简单的字词，请参阅How to get all the hyponyms of a word/synset in python nltk and wordnet?

以下将说明如何比较同义词。例如，我会使用'fruit'和'apple'，这比'auto'和'car'更合乎逻辑，因为'auto'和'car'只有一个名词synset

>>> from nltk.corpus import wordnet as wn
>>>
>>> fruit = 'fruit'
>>> wn.synsets(fruit)
[Synset('fruit.n.01'), Synset('yield.n.03'), Synset('fruit.n.03'), Synset('fruit.v.01'), Synset('fruit.v.02')]
>>> wn.synsets(fruit)[0].definition()
u'the ripened reproductive body of a seed plant'
>>> fruit = wn.synsets(fruit)[0]
>>> 
>>> apple = 'apple'
>>> wn.synsets(apple)
[Synset('apple.n.01'), Synset('apple.n.02')]
>>> wn.synsets(apple)[0].definition()
u'fruit with red or yellow or green skin and sweet to tart crisp whitish flesh'
>>> apple = wn.synsets(apple)[0]
>>>

下面，我们看到苹果不是水果的直接下位词：

>>> fruit.hyponyms()
[Synset('accessory_fruit.n.01'), Synset('achene.n.01'), Synset('acorn.n.01'), Synset('aggregate_fruit.n.01'), Synset('berry.n.02'), Synset('buckthorn_berry.n.01'), Synset('buffalo_nut.n.01'), Synset('chokecherry.n.01'), Synset('cubeb.n.01'), Synset('drupe.n.01'), Synset('ear.n.05'), Synset('edible_fruit.n.01'), Synset('fruitlet.n.01'), Synset('gourd.n.02'), Synset('hagberry.n.01'), Synset('hip.n.05'), Synset('juniper_berry.n.01'), Synset('marasca.n.01'), Synset('may_apple.n.01'), Synset('olive.n.01'), Synset('pod.n.02'), Synset('pome.n.01'), Synset('prairie_gourd.n.01'), Synset('pyxidium.n.01'), Synset('quandong.n.02'), Synset('rowanberry.n.01'), Synset('schizocarp.n.01'), Synset('seed.n.01'), Synset('wild_cherry.n.01')]
>>> 
>>> apple in fruit.hyponyms()
False

所以我们必须迭代所有的下位词，看看苹果是否属于其中一个：

>>> hypofruits = set([i for i in fruit.closure(lambda s:s.hyponyms())])
>>> apple in hypofruits
True

你有它！为了完整起见：

>>> hyperapple = set([i for i in apple.closure(lambda s:s.hypernyms())])
>>> fruit in hyperapple
True
>>> hypoapple = set([i for i in apple.closure(lambda s:s.hyponyms())])
>>> fruit in hypoapple
False
>>> hyperfruit = set([i for i in fruit.closure(lambda s:s.hypernyms())])
>>> apple in hyperfruit
False

使用wordnet nltk确定Hypernym或Hyponym

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