我正在查看std::async
here的示例,如下所示:
#include <iostream>
#include <vector>
#include <algorithm>
#include <numeric>
#include <future>
template <typename RAIter>
int parallel_sum(RAIter beg, RAIter end)
{
auto len = std::distance(beg, end);
if(len < 1000)
return std::accumulate(beg, end, 0);
RAIter mid = beg + len/2;
auto handle = std::async(std::launch::async,
parallel_sum<RAIter>, mid, end);
int sum = parallel_sum(beg, mid);
return sum + handle.get();
}
int main()
{
std::vector<int> v(10000, 1);
std::cout << "The sum is " << parallel_sum(v.begin(), v.end()) << '\n';
}
我尝试使用Clang 3.4的Web编译器进行编译,结果输出The sum is
而不是预期的The sum is 1000
。
我复制了这个例子并使用以下命令在64位Ubuntu 14.04.1上用clang 3.5-1ubuntu1 / gcc 4.8编译:
clang++ -g main.cpp -std=c++1y -o out -pthread;
我收到以下错误:
main.cpp:15:19: error: no matching function for call to 'async'
auto handle = std::async(std::launch::async,
^~~~~~~~~~
main.cpp:24:35: note: in instantiation of function template specialization
'parallel_sum<__gnu_cxx::__normal_iterator<int *, std::vector<int, std::allocator<int> >
> >' requested here
std::cout << "The sum is " << parallel_sum(v.begin(), v.end()) << '\n';
^
/usr/bin/../lib/gcc/x86_64-linux-gnu/4.8/../../../../include/c++/4.8/future:1523:5: note:
candidate template ignored: substitution failure [with _Fn = int
(__gnu_cxx::__normal_iterator<int *, std::vector<int, std::allocator<int> > >,
__gnu_cxx::__normal_iterator<int *, std::vector<int, std::allocator<int> > >), _Args =
<__gnu_cxx::__normal_iterator<int *, std::vector<int, std::allocator<int> > > &,
__gnu_cxx::__normal_iterator<int *, std::vector<int, std::allocator<int> > > &>]:
function cannot return function type 'int (__gnu_cxx::__normal_iterator<int *,
std::vector<int, std::allocator<int> > >, __gnu_cxx::__normal_iterator<int *,
std::vector<int, std::allocator<int> > >)'
async(launch __policy, _Fn&& __fn, _Args&&... __args)
^
/usr/bin/../lib/gcc/x86_64-linux-gnu/4.8/../../../../include/c++/4.8/future:1543:5: note:
candidate template ignored: substitution failure [with _Fn = std::launch, _Args = <int
(__gnu_cxx::__normal_iterator<int *, std::vector<int, std::allocator<int> > >,
__gnu_cxx::__normal_iterator<int *, std::vector<int, std::allocator<int> > >),
__gnu_cxx::__normal_iterator<int *, std::vector<int, std::allocator<int> > > &,
__gnu_cxx::__normal_iterator<int *, std::vector<int, std::allocator<int> > > &>]: no
type named 'type' in 'std::result_of<std::launch (int
(*)(__gnu_cxx::__normal_iterator<int *, std::vector<int, std::allocator<int> > >,
__gnu_cxx::__normal_iterator<int *, std::vector<int, std::allocator<int> > >),
__gnu_cxx::__normal_iterator<int *, std::vector<int, std::allocator<int> > > &,
__gnu_cxx::__normal_iterator<int *, std::vector<int, std::allocator<int> > > &)>'
async(_Fn&& __fn, _Args&&... __args)
^
1 error generated.
make: *** [all] Error 1
这是clang,gcc,libstdc ++中的错误,还是我错过了什么?
答案 0 :(得分:3)
我认为这是clang ++中的一个错误。除非有一个我不知道的奇怪的限制规则,否则引用函数的id表达式是左值。但是,clang ++在对通用引用的推导中区分了函数模板特化和普通函数:
#include <iostream>
template<class T>
void print_type()
{
std::cout << __PRETTY_FUNCTION__ << "\n";
}
template <class T>
int foo(bool) { return 42; }
int bar(bool) { return 42; }
template<class T>
void deduce(T&&)
{
print_type<T>();
}
int main()
{
deduce(foo<bool>);
deduce(bar);
}
输出,clang ++直到并包括早期的3.5:
void print_type() [T = int (bool)] void print_type() [T = int (&)(bool)]
std::result_of
实现中使用 std::async
来获取函数的返回类型(snippet from here):
template<typename _Fn, typename... _Args>
future<typename result_of<_Fn(_Args...)>::type>
async(launch __policy, _Fn&& __fn, _Args&&... __args)
如果我们将foo<bool>
作为第二个参数传递,则clang ++推断_Fn == int (bool)
。
函数(对象)的类型与result_of
的参数类型相结合。这可能是C ++ 03的遗留物,我们还没有可变参数模板。如果result_of
是类类型,则传递参数类型以允许operator()
解析重载函数,例如重载_Fn
。
但是,如果_Fn
不是函数引用而是函数类型,则组合_Fn(_Args...)
形成非法类型:函数返回函数:
_Fn == int(bool) _Args... == bool ==> _Fn(_Args...) == int(bool)(bool)
但还有更多内容:async
的上述声明有缺陷,请参阅LWG 2021。 Howard Hinnant changed the declaration in libc++来:
template <class F, class... Args>
future < typename result_of<
typename decay<F>::type(typename decay<Args>::type...)
>::type
>
async(launch policy, F&& f, Args&&... args);
所以libc ++将函数衰减到函数指针。缺少左值参考引起的问题消失了。