Question

我需要做的是在移动设备上渲染一个相对巨大的等距地图（OpenGL ES2.0，Android 4.2）。我使用1个VBO作为地形，1个VBO作为阴影图层，1个VBO作为对象图层。即使是第一个VBO，性能也是问题。

我们开始，我有填充VBO的数据类型：

typedef struct _ovlndVertex
{
    GLshort x;
    GLshort y;
} ovlndVertex;

typedef struct _ovlndTexture {
    GLfloat u;
    GLfloat v;
} ovlndTexture;


typedef struct _TexturedVertex
{
    ovlndVertex        vertices;
    ovlndTexture       texCoords;
    GLshort textureId;
} TexturedVertex;

假设我们正在渲染一个256x256大小的地图，每个地砖有4个顶点，这给我们VBO中的256x256x4 = 262144个顶点。给定sizeof（TexturedVertex）== 16，这是原始VBO数据的4194304字节（大约4MB）。

主渲染作业在着色器中完成。这是他们的代码：

顶点着色器：

attribute vec4 a_position;                            
attribute vec2 a_texCoord;                            
//attribute vec4 a_color;
attribute vec2 a_textureId;                              

uniform        mat4 u_MVPMatrix;                        

#ifdef GL_ES                                        
//varying lowp vec4 v_fragmentColor;                    
varying lowp vec2 v_texCoord;
#else                                                
//varying vec4 v_fragmentColor;                        
varying vec2 v_texCoord;
#endif                                                

varying float v_textureId;

void main()                                            
{                                                    
    gl_Position = u_MVPMatrix * a_position;            
//  v_fragmentColor = a_color;
    v_texCoord = a_texCoord;                        
    v_textureId = a_textureId.x;
}

片段着色器：

#ifdef GL_ES                                
precision lowp float;
precision lowp int;
precision lowp sampler2D;
#endif                                        

//varying vec4 v_fragmentColor;                
varying vec2 v_texCoord;
//uniform sampler2D u_texture0, u_texture1, u_texture2;
uniform sampler2D u_textures[16];
varying float v_textureId;
uniform int u_idxOffset;

void main()                                    
{                                  
    // strange enough, but binary search below works WAY faster than
    // plain texture array referencing by index like:
//    int idx = int(v_textureId) - u_idxOffset;
//    gl_FragColor = /*v_fragmentColor * */texture2D(u_textures[idx], v_texCoord);

    int index = int(v_textureId) - u_idxOffset;
    if(index < 8) //0-7
    {
        if(index < 4) // 0-4
        {
            if(index < 2) //0-1
            {
                if(index < 1)
                {
                    gl_FragColor = /*v_fragmentColor * */texture2D(u_textures[0], v_texCoord);
                }
                else
                {
                    gl_FragColor = /*v_fragmentColor * */texture2D(u_textures[1], v_texCoord);
                }
            } else // 2-3
            {
                if(index < 3)
                {
                    gl_FragColor = /*v_fragmentColor * */texture2D(u_textures[2], v_texCoord);
                }
                else
                {
                    gl_FragColor = /*v_fragmentColor * */texture2D(u_textures[3], v_texCoord);
                }
            }
        } else //4-7
        {
            if(index < 6) //4-5
            {
                if(index < 5)
                {
                    gl_FragColor = /*v_fragmentColor * */texture2D(u_textures[4], v_texCoord);
                }
                else
                {
                    gl_FragColor = /*v_fragmentColor * */texture2D(u_textures[5], v_texCoord);
                }
            } else // 6-7
            {
                if(index < 7)
                {
                    gl_FragColor = /*v_fragmentColor * */texture2D(u_textures[6], v_texCoord);
                }
                else
                {
                    gl_FragColor = /*v_fragmentColor * */texture2D(u_textures[7], v_texCoord);
                }
            }
        }
    } else //8-15
    {
        if(index < 12) //8-11
        {
            if(index < 10) //8-9
            {
                if(index < 9)
                {
                    gl_FragColor = /*v_fragmentColor * */texture2D(u_textures[8], v_texCoord);
                }
                else
                {
                    gl_FragColor = /*v_fragmentColor * */texture2D(u_textures[9], v_texCoord);
                }
            } else // 10-11
            {
                if(index < 11)
                {
                    gl_FragColor = /*v_fragmentColor * */texture2D(u_textures[10], v_texCoord);
                }
                else
                {
                    gl_FragColor = /*v_fragmentColor * */texture2D(u_textures[11], v_texCoord);
                }
            }
        } else //12-15
        {
            if(index < 14) //12-13
            {
                if(index < 13)
                {
                    gl_FragColor = /*v_fragmentColor * */texture2D(u_textures[12], v_texCoord);
                }
                else
                {
                    gl_FragColor = /*v_fragmentColor * */texture2D(u_textures[13], v_texCoord);
                }
            } else // 14-15
            {
                if(index < 15)
                {
                    gl_FragColor = /*v_fragmentColor * */texture2D(u_textures[14], v_texCoord);
                }
                else
                {
                    gl_FragColor = /*v_fragmentColor * */texture2D(u_textures[15], v_texCoord);
                }
            }
        }
    }
}

是的，我知道OpenGL ES剔除视口外的顶点，并且它完美地运行。在高缩放级别上，它可以在设备上平滑显示60FPS，但是，如果我缩小以查看所有地图（这是主要点），即使没有对象渲染，FPS也会下降到20-30，而对于对象，则会下降到4-5渲染（另外2个类似的VBO）。

以下是ADT的OpenGL ES Tracer输出，用于典型的慢渲染帧：（挂钟时间：0.49ms，线程时间0.37ms）

glClear(mask = 16640)
glUseProgram(program = 22)
glBindTexture(target = GL_TEXTURE_2D, texture = 2)
glActiveTexture(texture = GL_TEXTURE1)
glActiveTexture(texture = GL_TEXTURE2)
glActiveTexture(texture = GL_TEXTURE3)
glActiveTexture(texture = GL_TEXTURE4)
glActiveTexture(texture = GL_TEXTURE5)
glActiveTexture(texture = GL_TEXTURE6)
glActiveTexture(texture = GL_TEXTURE7)
glActiveTexture(texture = GL_TEXTURE8)
glActiveTexture(texture = GL_TEXTURE9)
glActiveTexture(texture = GL_TEXTURE10)
glActiveTexture(texture = GL_TEXTURE11)
glActiveTexture(texture = GL_TEXTURE12)
glUniform1i(location = 1, x = 0)
glBindBuffer(target = GL_ARRAY_BUFFER, buffer = 123)
glVertexAttribPointer(indx = 0, size = 2, type = GL_SHORT, normalized = false, stride = 16, ptr = 0x0)
glEnableVertexAttribArray(index = 1)
glEnableVertexAttribArray(index = 2)
glEnableVertexAttribArray(index = 0)
glEnableVertexAttribArray(index = 3)
glVertexAttribPointer(indx = 1, size = 4, type = GL_UNSIGNED_BYTE, normalized = true, stride = 16, ptr = 0x0)
glVertexAttribPointer(indx = 2, size = 2, type = GL_FLOAT, normalized = false, stride = 16, ptr = 0x4)
glVertexAttribPointer(indx = 3, size = 1, type = GL_SHORT, normalized = false, stride = 16, ptr = 0xc)
glBindBuffer(target = GL_ELEMENT_ARRAY_BUFFER, buffer = 124)
glDrawElements(mode = GL_TRIANGLES, count = 469374, type = GL_UNSIGNED_INT, indices = 0x0)
glBindBuffer(target = GL_ARRAY_BUFFER, buffer = 0)
glBindBuffer(target = GL_ELEMENT_ARRAY_BUFFER, buffer = 0)
glActiveTexture(texture = GL_TEXTURE0)
glUseProgram(program = 7)
glDisableVertexAttribArray(index = 2)
glVertexAttribPointer(indx = 0, size = 2, type = GL_FLOAT, normalized = false, stride = 0, ptr = 0x775470c0)
glVertexAttribPointer(indx = 1, size = 4, type = GL_FLOAT, normalized = false, stride = 0, ptr = 0x775470e0)
glVertexAttribPointerData(indx = 0, size = 2, type = GL_FLOAT, normalized = false, stride = 8, ptr = 0x??, minIndex = 0, maxIndex = 4)
glVertexAttribPointerData(indx = 1, size = 4, type = GL_FLOAT, normalized = false, stride = 16, ptr = 0x??, minIndex = 0, maxIndex = 4)
glBlendFunc(sfactor = GL_SRC_ALPHA, dfactor = GL_ONE_MINUS_SRC_ALPHA)
glDrawArrays(mode = GL_TRIANGLE_STRIP, first = 0, count = 4)
glUseProgram(program = 1)
glBlendFunc(sfactor = GL_LINES, dfactor = GL_ONE_MINUS_SRC_ALPHA)
glBindTexture(target = GL_TEXTURE_2D, texture = 0)
glEnableVertexAttribArray(index = 2)
glVertexAttribPointer(indx = 0, size = 3, type = GL_FLOAT, normalized = false, stride = 24, ptr = 0x77530800)
glVertexAttribPointer(indx = 2, size = 2, type = GL_FLOAT, normalized = false, stride = 24, ptr = 0x77530810)
glVertexAttribPointerData(indx = 0, size = 3, type = GL_FLOAT, normalized = false, stride = 24, ptr = 0x??, minIndex = 0, maxIndex = 4)
glVertexAttribPointerData(indx = 1, size = 4, type = GL_UNSIGNED_BYTE, normalized = true, stride = 24, ptr = 0x??, minIndex = 0, maxIndex = 4)
glVertexAttribPointerData(indx = 2, size = 2, type = GL_FLOAT, normalized = false, stride = 24, ptr = 0x??, minIndex = 0, maxIndex = 4)
glVertexAttribPointer(indx = 1, size = 4, type = GL_UNSIGNED_BYTE, normalized = true, stride = 24, ptr = 0x7753080c)
glDrawArrays(mode = GL_TRIANGLE_STRIP, first = 0, count = 4)
glVertexAttribPointer(indx = 0, size = 3, type = GL_FLOAT, normalized = false, stride = 24, ptr = 0x775295f8)
glVertexAttribPointer(indx = 2, size = 2, type = GL_FLOAT, normalized = false, stride = 24, ptr = 0x77529608)
glVertexAttribPointer(indx = 1, size = 4, type = GL_UNSIGNED_BYTE, normalized = true, stride = 24, ptr = 0x77529604)
glVertexAttribPointerData(indx = 0, size = 3, type = GL_FLOAT, normalized = false, stride = 24, ptr = 0x??, minIndex = 0, maxIndex = 4)
glVertexAttribPointerData(indx = 1, size = 4, type = GL_UNSIGNED_BYTE, normalized = true, stride = 24, ptr = 0x??, minIndex = 0, maxIndex = 4)
glVertexAttribPointerData(indx = 2, size = 2, type = GL_FLOAT, normalized = false, stride = 24, ptr = 0x??, minIndex = 0, maxIndex = 4)
glDrawArrays(mode = GL_TRIANGLE_STRIP, first = 0, count = 4)
glVertexAttribPointer(indx = 0, size = 3, type = GL_FLOAT, normalized = false, stride = 24, ptr = 0x77529878)
glVertexAttribPointer(indx = 2, size = 2, type = GL_FLOAT, normalized = false, stride = 24, ptr = 0x77529888)
glVertexAttribPointer(indx = 1, size = 4, type = GL_UNSIGNED_BYTE, normalized = true, stride = 24, ptr = 0x77529884)
glVertexAttribPointerData(indx = 0, size = 3, type = GL_FLOAT, normalized = false, stride = 24, ptr = 0x??, minIndex = 0, maxIndex = 4)
glVertexAttribPointerData(indx = 1, size = 4, type = GL_UNSIGNED_BYTE, normalized = true, stride = 24, ptr = 0x??, minIndex = 0, maxIndex = 4)
glVertexAttribPointerData(indx = 2, size = 2, type = GL_FLOAT, normalized = false, stride = 24, ptr = 0x??, minIndex = 0, maxIndex = 4)
glDrawArrays(mode = GL_TRIANGLE_STRIP, first = 0, count = 4)
eglSwapBuffers

仅供参考，这是典型的快速渲染GUI框架（实际上主菜单，它给我60FPS）：（挂钟时间：1.10MS，线程时间0.70MS）

glClear(mask = 16640)
glUseProgram(program = 7)
glDisableVertexAttribArray(index = 2)
glVertexAttribPointer(indx = 0, size = 2, type = GL_FLOAT, normalized = false, stride = 0, ptr = 0x77538880)
glVertexAttribPointer(indx = 1, size = 4, type = GL_FLOAT, normalized = false, stride = 0, ptr = 0x775388a0)
glBlendFunc(sfactor = GL_SRC_ALPHA, dfactor = GL_ONE_MINUS_SRC_ALPHA)
glVertexAttribPointerData(indx = 0, size = 2, type = GL_FLOAT, normalized = false, stride = 8, ptr = 0x??, minIndex = 0, maxIndex = 4)
glVertexAttribPointerData(indx = 1, size = 4, type = GL_FLOAT, normalized = false, stride = 16, ptr = 0x??, minIndex = 0, maxIndex = 4)
glDrawArrays(mode = GL_TRIANGLE_STRIP, first = 0, count = 4)
glUseProgram(program = 1)
glUniformMatrix4fv(location = 0, count = 1, transpose = false, value = [0.0010416667, 0.0, 0.0, 0.0, 0.0, 0.0018115942, 0.0, 0.0, 0.0, 0.0, -9.765625E-4, 0.0, 0.093229175, -0.17300725, 0.0, 1.0])
glBlendFunc(sfactor = GL_LINES, dfactor = GL_ONE_MINUS_SRC_ALPHA)
glBindTexture(target = GL_TEXTURE_2D, texture = 1)
glEnableVertexAttribArray(index = 2)
glVertexAttribPointer(indx = 0, size = 3, type = GL_FLOAT, normalized = false, stride = 24, ptr = 0x77546f08)
glVertexAttribPointer(indx = 2, size = 2, type = GL_FLOAT, normalized = false, stride = 24, ptr = 0x77546f18)
glVertexAttribPointerData(indx = 0, size = 3, type = GL_FLOAT, normalized = false, stride = 24, ptr = 0x??, minIndex = 0, maxIndex = 4)
glVertexAttribPointerData(indx = 1, size = 4, type = GL_UNSIGNED_BYTE, normalized = true, stride = 24, ptr = 0x??, minIndex = 0, maxIndex = 4)
glVertexAttribPointerData(indx = 2, size = 2, type = GL_FLOAT, normalized = false, stride = 24, ptr = 0x??, minIndex = 0, maxIndex = 4)
glVertexAttribPointer(indx = 1, size = 4, type = GL_UNSIGNED_BYTE, normalized = true, stride = 24, ptr = 0x77546f14)
glDrawArrays(mode = GL_TRIANGLE_STRIP, first = 0, count = 4)
glUniformMatrix4fv(location = 0, count = 1, transpose = false, value = [0.0010416667, 0.0, 0.0, 0.0, 0.0, 0.0018115942, 0.0, 0.0, 0.0, 0.0, -9.765625E-4, 0.0, -0.23489577, -0.17300725, 0.0, 1.0])
glVertexAttribPointer(indx = 0, size = 3, type = GL_FLOAT, normalized = false, stride = 24, ptr = 0x77538cb0)
glVertexAttribPointer(indx = 2, size = 2, type = GL_FLOAT, normalized = false, stride = 24, ptr = 0x77538cc0)
glVertexAttribPointer(indx = 1, size = 4, type = GL_UNSIGNED_BYTE, normalized = true, stride = 24, ptr = 0x77538cbc)
glVertexAttribPointerData(indx = 0, size = 3, type = GL_FLOAT, normalized = false, stride = 24, ptr = 0x??, minIndex = 0, maxIndex = 4)
glVertexAttribPointerData(indx = 1, size = 4, type = GL_UNSIGNED_BYTE, normalized = true, stride = 24, ptr = 0x??, minIndex = 0, maxIndex = 4)
glVertexAttribPointerData(indx = 2, size = 2, type = GL_FLOAT, normalized = false, stride = 24, ptr = 0x??, minIndex = 0, maxIndex = 4)
glDrawArrays(mode = GL_TRIANGLE_STRIP, first = 0, count = 4)
glUniformMatrix4fv(location = 0, count = 1, transpose = false, value = [0.0010416667, 0.0, 0.0, 0.0, 0.0, 0.0018115942, 0.0, 0.0, 0.0, 0.0, -9.765625E-4, 0.0, -0.20677078, -0.17300725, 0.0, 1.0])
glVertexAttribPointer(indx = 0, size = 3, type = GL_FLOAT, normalized = false, stride = 24, ptr = 0x77538f00)
glVertexAttribPointer(indx = 2, size = 2, type = GL_FLOAT, normalized = false, stride = 24, ptr = 0x77538f10)
glVertexAttribPointer(indx = 1, size = 4, type = GL_UNSIGNED_BYTE, normalized = true, stride = 24, ptr = 0x77538f0c)
glVertexAttribPointerData(indx = 0, size = 3, type = GL_FLOAT, normalized = false, stride = 24, ptr = 0x??, minIndex = 0, maxIndex = 4)
glVertexAttribPointerData(indx = 1, size = 4, type = GL_UNSIGNED_BYTE, normalized = true, stride = 24, ptr = 0x??, minIndex = 0, maxIndex = 4)
glVertexAttribPointerData(indx = 2, size = 2, type = GL_FLOAT, normalized = false, stride = 24, ptr = 0x??, minIndex = 0, maxIndex = 4)
glDrawArrays(mode = GL_TRIANGLE_STRIP, first = 0, count = 4)
glUniformMatrix4fv(location = 0, count = 1, transpose = false, value = [0.0010416667, 0.0, 0.0, 0.0, 0.0, 0.0018115942, 0.0, 0.0, 0.0, 0.0, -9.765625E-4, 0.0, -0.15572912, -0.17300725, 0.0, 1.0])
glVertexAttribPointer(indx = 0, size = 3, type = GL_FLOAT, normalized = false, stride = 24, ptr = 0x77539150)
glVertexAttribPointer(indx = 2, size = 2, type = GL_FLOAT, normalized = false, stride = 24, ptr = 0x77539160)
glVertexAttribPointerData(indx = 0, size = 3, type = GL_FLOAT, normalized = false, stride = 24, ptr = 0x??, minIndex = 0, maxIndex = 4)
glVertexAttribPointerData(indx = 1, size = 4, type = GL_UNSIGNED_BYTE, normalized = true, stride = 24, ptr = 0x??, minIndex = 0, maxIndex = 4)
glVertexAttribPointerData(indx = 2, size = 2, type = GL_FLOAT, normalized = false, stride = 24, ptr = 0x??, minIndex = 0, maxIndex = 4)
glVertexAttribPointer(indx = 1, size = 4, type = GL_UNSIGNED_BYTE, normalized = true, stride = 24, ptr = 0x7753915c)
glDrawArrays(mode = GL_TRIANGLE_STRIP, first = 0, count = 4)
glUniformMatrix4fv(location = 0, count = 1, transpose = false, value = [0.0010416667, 0.0, 0.0, 0.0, 0.0, 0.0018115942, 0.0, 0.0, 0.0, 0.0, -9.765625E-4, 0.0, -0.1057291, -0.17300725, 0.0, 1.0])
glVertexAttribPointer(indx = 0, size = 3, type = GL_FLOAT, normalized = false, stride = 24, ptr = 0x775393a0)
glVertexAttribPointer(indx = 2, size = 2, type = GL_FLOAT, normalized = false, stride = 24, ptr = 0x775393b0)
glVertexAttribPointerData(indx = 0, size = 3, type = GL_FLOAT, normalized = false, stride = 24, ptr = 0x??, minIndex = 0, maxIndex = 4)
glVertexAttribPointerData(indx = 1, size = 4, type = GL_UNSIGNED_BYTE, normalized = true, stride = 24, ptr = 0x??, minIndex = 0, maxIndex = 4)
glVertexAttribPointerData(indx = 2, size = 2, type = GL_FLOAT, normalized = false, stride = 24, ptr = 0x??, minIndex = 0, maxIndex = 4)
glVertexAttribPointer(indx = 1, size = 4, type = GL_UNSIGNED_BYTE, normalized = true, stride = 24, ptr = 0x775393ac)
glDrawArrays(mode = GL_TRIANGLE_STRIP, first = 0, count = 4)
glUniformMatrix4fv(location = 0, count = 1, transpose = false, value = [0.0010416667, 0.0, 0.0, 0.0, 0.0, 0.0018115942, 0.0, 0.0, 0.0, 0.0, -9.765625E-4, 0.0, -0.0567708, -0.17300725, 0.0, 1.0])
glVertexAttribPointer(indx = 0, size = 3, type = GL_FLOAT, normalized = false, stride = 24, ptr = 0x77537bc0)
glVertexAttribPointer(indx = 2, size = 2, type = GL_FLOAT, normalized = false, stride = 24, ptr = 0x77537bd0)
glVertexAttribPointerData(indx = 0, size = 3, type = GL_FLOAT, normalized = false, stride = 24, ptr = 0x??, minIndex = 0, maxIndex = 4)
glVertexAttribPointerData(indx = 1, size = 4, type = GL_UNSIGNED_BYTE, normalized = true, stride = 24, ptr = 0x??, minIndex = 0, maxIndex = 4)
glVertexAttribPointerData(indx = 2, size = 2, type = GL_FLOAT, normalized = false, stride = 24, ptr = 0x??, minIndex = 0, maxIndex = 4)
glVertexAttribPointer(indx = 1, size = 4, type = GL_UNSIGNED_BYTE, normalized = true, stride = 24, ptr = 0x77537bcc)
glDrawArrays(mode = GL_TRIANGLE_STRIP, first = 0, count = 4)
glUniformMatrix4fv(location = 0, count = 1, transpose = false, value = [0.0010416667, 0.0, 0.0, 0.0, 0.0, 0.0018115942, 0.0, 0.0, 0.0, 0.0, -9.765625E-4, 0.0, -0.020312428, -0.17300725, 0.0, 1.0])
glVertexAttribPointer(indx = 0, size = 3, type = GL_FLOAT, normalized = false, stride = 24, ptr = 0x77537e10)
glVertexAttribPointer(indx = 2, size = 2, type = GL_FLOAT, normalized = false, stride = 24, ptr = 0x77537e20)
glVertexAttribPointerData(indx = 0, size = 3, type = GL_FLOAT, normalized = false, stride = 24, ptr = 0x??, minIndex = 0, maxIndex = 4)
glVertexAttribPointerData(indx = 1, size = 4, type = GL_UNSIGNED_BYTE, normalized = true, stride = 24, ptr = 0x??, minIndex = 0, maxIndex = 4)
glVertexAttribPointerData(indx = 2, size = 2, type = GL_FLOAT, normalized = false, stride = 24, ptr = 0x??, minIndex = 0, maxIndex = 4)
glVertexAttribPointer(indx = 1, size = 4, type = GL_UNSIGNED_BYTE, normalized = true, stride = 24, ptr = 0x77537e1c)
glDrawArrays(mode = GL_TRIANGLE_STRIP, first = 0, count = 4)
glUniformMatrix4fv(location = 0, count = 1, transpose = false, value = [0.0010416667, 0.0, 0.0, 0.0, 0.0, 0.0018115942, 0.0, 0.0, 0.0, 0.0, -9.765625E-4, 0.0, 0.02239585, -0.17300725, 0.0, 1.0])
glVertexAttribPointer(indx = 0, size = 3, type = GL_FLOAT, normalized = false, stride = 24, ptr = 0x77538060)
glVertexAttribPointer(indx = 2, size = 2, type = GL_FLOAT, normalized = false, stride = 24, ptr = 0x77538070)
glVertexAttribPointerData(indx = 0, size = 3, type = GL_FLOAT, normalized = false, stride = 24, ptr = 0x??, minIndex = 0, maxIndex = 4)
glVertexAttribPointerData(indx = 1, size = 4, type = GL_UNSIGNED_BYTE, normalized = true, stride = 24, ptr = 0x??, minIndex = 0, maxIndex = 4)
glVertexAttribPointerData(indx = 2, size = 2, type = GL_FLOAT, normalized = false, stride = 24, ptr = 0x??, minIndex = 0, maxIndex = 4)
glVertexAttribPointer(indx = 1, size = 4, type = GL_UNSIGNED_BYTE, normalized = true, stride = 24, ptr = 0x7753806c)
glDrawArrays(mode = GL_TRIANGLE_STRIP, first = 0, count = 4)
glUseProgram(program = 7)
glDisableVertexAttribArray(index = 2)
glVertexAttribPointer(indx = 0, size = 2, type = GL_FLOAT, normalized = false, stride = 0, ptr = 0x77533090)
glVertexAttribPointerData(indx = 0, size = 2, type = GL_FLOAT, normalized = false, stride = 8, ptr = 0x??, minIndex = 0, maxIndex = 4)
glVertexAttribPointerData(indx = 1, size = 4, type = GL_FLOAT, normalized = false, stride = 16, ptr = 0x??, minIndex = 0, maxIndex = 4)
glVertexAttribPointer(indx = 1, size = 4, type = GL_FLOAT, normalized = false, stride = 0, ptr = 0x775330b0)
glBlendFunc(sfactor = GL_SRC_ALPHA, dfactor = GL_ONE_MINUS_SRC_ALPHA)
glDrawArrays(mode = GL_TRIANGLE_STRIP, first = 0, count = 4)
glUseProgram(program = 1)
glUniformMatrix4fv(location = 0, count = 1, transpose = false, value = [0.0010416667, 0.0, 0.0, 0.0, 0.0, 0.0018115942, 0.0, 0.0, 0.0, 0.0, -9.765625E-4, 0.0, -1.0, -1.0, 0.0, 1.0])
glBlendFunc(sfactor = GL_LINES, dfactor = GL_ONE_MINUS_SRC_ALPHA)
glBindTexture(target = GL_TEXTURE_2D, texture = 0)
glEnableVertexAttribArray(index = 2)
glVertexAttribPointer(indx = 0, size = 3, type = GL_FLOAT, normalized = false, stride = 24, ptr = 0x77530800)
glVertexAttribPointer(indx = 2, size = 2, type = GL_FLOAT, normalized = false, stride = 24, ptr = 0x77530810)
glVertexAttribPointerData(indx = 0, size = 3, type = GL_FLOAT, normalized = false, stride = 24, ptr = 0x??, minIndex = 0, maxIndex = 4)
glVertexAttribPointerData(indx = 1, size = 4, type = GL_UNSIGNED_BYTE, normalized = true, stride = 24, ptr = 0x??, minIndex = 0, maxIndex = 4)
glVertexAttribPointerData(indx = 2, size = 2, type = GL_FLOAT, normalized = false, stride = 24, ptr = 0x??, minIndex = 0, maxIndex = 4)
glVertexAttribPointer(indx = 1, size = 4, type = GL_UNSIGNED_BYTE, normalized = true, stride = 24, ptr = 0x7753080c)
glDrawArrays(mode = GL_TRIANGLE_STRIP, first = 0, count = 4)
glVertexAttribPointer(indx = 0, size = 3, type = GL_FLOAT, normalized = false, stride = 24, ptr = 0x775295f8)
glVertexAttribPointer(indx = 2, size = 2, type = GL_FLOAT, normalized = false, stride = 24, ptr = 0x77529608)
glVertexAttribPointer(indx = 1, size = 4, type = GL_UNSIGNED_BYTE, normalized = true, stride = 24, ptr = 0x77529604)
glVertexAttribPointerData(indx = 0, size = 3, type = GL_FLOAT, normalized = false, stride = 24, ptr = 0x??, minIndex = 0, maxIndex = 4)
glVertexAttribPointerData(indx = 1, size = 4, type = GL_UNSIGNED_BYTE, normalized = true, stride = 24, ptr = 0x??, minIndex = 0, maxIndex = 4)
glVertexAttribPointerData(indx = 2, size = 2, type = GL_FLOAT, normalized = false, stride = 24, ptr = 0x??, minIndex = 0, maxIndex = 4)
glDrawArrays(mode = GL_TRIANGLE_STRIP, first = 0, count = 4)
glVertexAttribPointer(indx = 0, size = 3, type = GL_FLOAT, normalized = false, stride = 24, ptr = 0x77529878)
glVertexAttribPointer(indx = 2, size = 2, type = GL_FLOAT, normalized = false, stride = 24, ptr = 0x77529888)
glVertexAttribPointer(indx = 1, size = 4, type = GL_UNSIGNED_BYTE, normalized = true, stride = 24, ptr = 0x77529884)
glVertexAttribPointerData(indx = 0, size = 3, type = GL_FLOAT, normalized = false, stride = 24, ptr = 0x??, minIndex = 0, maxIndex = 4)
glVertexAttribPointerData(indx = 1, size = 4, type = GL_UNSIGNED_BYTE, normalized = true, stride = 24, ptr = 0x??, minIndex = 0, maxIndex = 4)
glVertexAttribPointerData(indx = 2, size = 2, type = GL_FLOAT, normalized = false, stride = 24, ptr = 0x??, minIndex = 0, maxIndex = 4)
glDrawArrays(mode = GL_TRIANGLE_STRIP, first = 0, count = 4)
eglSwapBuffers

这使得OpenGL Tracers对我来说毫无用处，因为更快的渲染帧显示的时间（Wall Clock＆amp; Thread）比慢速渲染帧更长。这是否意味着问题隐藏在着色器的某处？我如何描述它们？

到目前为止我尝试了什么：

将所有GLuint更改为GLshort以最小化缓冲区大小（给我28到16个字节的顶点结构大小优化）
玩GL_DYNAMIC_DRAW / GL_STATIC_DRAW方法将数据发送到VBO（对我来说没什么区别）
尝试使用lowp，无论我在哪里
尝试了单纹理渲染（没有区别，这让我觉得着色器做得很好）
将OpenGL调用减少到绝对最小值（您可以看到上面的OGL调用日志）
删除了可能破坏管道渲染的所有glGet *函数

我可以优化这个建议吗？

Answer 1

你已经做得很好。可能没有更多的微观优化空间了。

因为只有极少数的drawcalls，使用VAO / VertexArrays从渲染循环中删除glVertexAttribPointer应该没什么用。

每个瓷砖4个顶点

为什么使用GL_TRIANGLE_STRIP和glDrawArrays？带索引的glDrawElements将为您提供更大的灵活性（请参阅...）。

20-30甚至没有物体渲染，4-5使用物体渲染（另外2个类似的VBO）。

好。所以你最终得到大约800k顶点。对？去年我遇到了类似的问题（1000k顶点）。我最终选择发送更多的drawcalls，而不是使用复杂的着色器。是的，绑定大量数据（16个纹理绑定！）会降低此类设备上的所有内容。

如果我缩小以查看所有地图（这是主要点），则FPS会丢弃

在iPad 2上，屏幕上的1000k顶点（每个顶点的数据比你多得多）应该渲染得更快：超过20 fps。

看起来你的大多数数据都是静态的。 你可以尝试为每个纹理构建一个vbo或一个索引列表（我不知道哪个更快），简化你的片段着色器。

将vbo绑定到所有＆＃34;静态数据＆＃34; （顶点位置，纹理坐标）
1. 绑定纹理
2. 将glDrawElements用于＆＃39;纹理特定的＆＃39;指数清单。

您可以将索引存储在缓冲区中：glBindBuffer（GL_ELEMENT_ARRAY_BUFFER，...）或者你可以直接将索引传递给glBindBuffer，如果它们是动态的。它可能比你想象的要快。

最后的细节：所有地方都很危险。试试mediump。

祝你好运，你正在触及设备限制！

Answer 2

由于快速帧显示图形跟踪的时间较长，因此可能还有其他因素导致速度减慢。您应该分析CPU并查看主要和渲染线程正在做什么。希望它会显示出瓶颈。

在渲染放大视图与缩小视图时对CPU进行剖析非常有用，并查看是否有任何突出显示为两者之间的主要区别。

优化Android / iOS设备上的巨大VBO绘图

2 个答案: