背包 - 节省时间和记忆

时间:2014-05-21 07:54:36

标签: c algorithm dynamic-programming pseudocode knapsack-problem

根据维基百科和我经历过的其他资料,你需要矩阵m[n][W]; n - 项目数量和W - 背包总容量。这个矩阵变得非常大,有时候太大了,无法在C程序中处理它。我知道动态编程是基于节省内存的时间,但是,还有什么解决方案可以节省时间和内存吗?

Knapsack problem:

的伪代码
// Input:
// Values (stored in array v)
// Weights (stored in array w)
// Number of distinct items (n)
// Knapsack capacity (W)
for j from 0 to W do
  m[0, j] := 0
end for 
for i from 1 to n do
  for j from 0 to W do
    if w[i] <= j then
      m[i, j] := max(m[i-1, j], m[i-1, j-w[i]] + v[i])
    else
      m[i, j] := m[i-1, j]
    end if
  end for
end for

让我们说,W = 123456789,n = 100.在这种情况下,我们得到了非常大的矩阵m [100] [123456789]。我正在考虑如何实现这一点,但我最好只想保存用一位(0/1)选择的项目。这可能吗?或者还有其他方法可以解决这个问题吗?

int32 -> 32 * 123456789 * 100 bits
one_bit -> 1 * 123456789 * 100 bits

我希望这不是一个愚蠢的问题,谢谢你的努力。

编辑 - 正在使用的C代码:

    long int i, j;
    long int *m[2];
    m[0] = (long int *) malloc(sizeof(long int)*(W+1));
    m[1] = (long int *) malloc(sizeof(long int)*(W+1));
    for(i = 0; i <= W; i++){
        m[0][i] = 0;
    }

    int read = 0;
    int write = 1;
    int tmp;

    long int percent = (W+1)*(n)/100;
    long int counter = 0;

    for(i = 1; i <= n; i++){
        for(j = 0; j <= W; j++){
            if(w[i-1] <= j){
                m[write][j] = max(m[read][j],(v[i-1]) + m[read][j-(w[i-1])]);
            }else{
                m[write][j] = m[read][j];
            }
            counter++;
            if(counter == percent){
                printf(".");    //printing dot (.) for each percent
                fflush(stdout);
                counter = 0;
            }
        }
        tmp = read;
        read = write;
        write = tmp;
    }

    printf("\n%ld\n", m[read][W]);

    free(m[0]);
    free(m[1]);

2 个答案:

答案 0 :(得分:4)

使用O(W)空格可以解决背包问题。
在迭代的每一步,您只需要2行 - 数组的当前状态m[i]m[i + 1]

current = 1
int m[2][W]
set NONE for all elements of m # that means we are not able to process this state
m[0][0] = 0 # this is our start point, initially empty knapsack

FOR i in [1..n] do
    next = 3 - current; /// just use 1 or 2 based on the current index
    for j in [0...W] do
       m[next][j] = m[current][j]
    FOR j in [w[i]..W] do
       if m[current][j - w[i]] is not NONE then  # process only reachable positions
           m[next][j] = max(m[next][j], m[current][j - w[i]] + v[i]);
    current = next; /// swap current state and the produced one


也可以只使用1个阵列。这是伪代码

FOR i in [1..n] do
    FOR j in [w[i]..W] do
       m[j] = max(m[j], m[j - w[i]] + v[i]);

答案 1 :(得分:3)

您可以通过以下观察将空间使用从m [100] [123456789]减少到m [2] [123456789]:

看看代码的这一部分,你只需要参考矩阵i和i的两行

if w[i] <= j then
  m[i, j] := max(m[i-1, j], m[i-1, j-w[i]] + v[i])
else
  m[i, j] := m[i-1, j]
end if

你可以使用这个技巧:

int current = 1;


//.........
if w[i] <= j then
  m[current, j] := max(m[1 - current, j], m[1 - current, j-w[i]] + v[i])
else
  m[i, j] := m[1 - current, j]
end if
current = 1 - current;