AttributeError：＆＃39; tkapp＆＃39;对象没有属性＆＃39; Menu1Button＆＃39;

Question

我是python的新手，我正在尝试动态更改按钮的文本和命令来制作子菜单。 这是我的代码：

#!/usr/bin/python
# -*- coding: utf-8 -*-

import tkinter

class Display(tkinter.Tk):
    def __init__(self,parent):
        tkinter.Tk.__init__(self,parent)
        self.parent = parent
        self.GuiDisplay()

    def GuiDisplay(self):

        self.grid()
        self.geometry("1280x720")
        #self.overrideredirect(True) #uncomment for fullscreen

        """Build the GUI"""

        MessageDisplay = tkinter.Label(self, text = 'No messages from slaves', anchor = 'nw', justify = 'left', relief = 'ridge', font = ("Courier New", 15), bg = '#e4e7e8', fg = '#2980b9')
        MessageDisplay.grid(row = 0, column = 0, columnspan = 3, sticky = 'wens', ipadx = 2, ipady = 2)

        ClockDisplay = tkinter.Label(self, text = '00:00', relief = 'ridge', font = ("Courier New", 40), bg = '#e4e7e8', fg = '#2980b9')
        ClockDisplay.grid(row = 0, column = 3, sticky = 'wens', ipadx = 2, ipady = 2)

        Menu1Button = tkinter.Button(self, text = 'Ring', command = self.Action(Do = 'Rng'), font = ("Courier New", 20), bg = '#3498db', fg = '#e4e7e8', activebackground = '#2980b9', activeforeground = '#e4e7e8')
        Menu1Button.grid(row = 1, column = 0, columnspan = 2, sticky = 'wens', padx = 2, ipadx = 4)

        Menu2Button = tkinter.Button(self, text = 'Toggle holliday mode', command = self.Action(Do = 'SwHolDay'), font = ("Courier New", 20), bg = '#3498db', fg = '#e4e7e8', activebackground = '#2980b9', activeforeground = '#e4e7e8')
        Menu2Button.grid(row = 2, column = 0, columnspan = 2, sticky = 'wens', padx = 2, ipadx = 4)

        Menu3Button = tkinter.Button(self, text = 'Edit time', command = self.SetMenu(MenuIndex = 2), font = ("Courier New", 20), bg = '#3498db', fg = '#e4e7e8', activebackground = '#2980b9', activeforeground = '#e4e7e8')
        Menu3Button.grid(row = 3, column = 0, columnspan = 2, sticky = 'wens', padx = 2, ipadx = 4)

        Menu4Button = tkinter.Button(self, text = 'Add/Edit alarms', command = self.SetMenu(MenuIndex = 3), font = ("Courier New", 20), bg = '#3498db', fg = '#e4e7e8', activebackground = '#2980b9', activeforeground = '#e4e7e8')
        Menu4Button.grid(row = 4, column = 0, columnspan = 2, sticky = 'wens', padx = 2, ipadx = 4)

        Menu5Button = tkinter.Button(self, text = 'Shutdown', command = self.Action(Do = 'Shutdwn'), font = ("Courier New", 20), bg = '#3498db', fg = '#e4e7e8', activebackground = '#2980b9', activeforeground = '#e4e7e8')
        Menu5Button.grid(row = 5, column = 0, columnspan = 2, sticky = 'wens', padx = 2, ipadx = 4)

        MenuDescription = tkinter.Label(self, text = 'No menu selected.', anchor = 'nw', justify = 'left', relief = 'ridge', font = ("Courier New", 15), bg = '#e4e7e8', fg = '#2980b9')
        MenuDescription.grid(column = 2, columnspan = 2, row = 1, rowspan = 5, sticky = 'wens', ipadx = 2, ipady = 2)

        self.grid_columnconfigure(0, weight = 3)
        self.grid_columnconfigure(1, weight = 3)
        self.grid_columnconfigure(2, weight = 3)
        self.grid_columnconfigure(3, weight = 1)
        self.grid_rowconfigure(0, weight = 10)
        self.grid_rowconfigure(1, weight = 18)
        self.grid_rowconfigure(2, weight = 18)
        self.grid_rowconfigure(3, weight = 18)
        self.grid_rowconfigure(4, weight = 18)
        self.grid_rowconfigure(5, weight = 18)

    def SetMenu(self, MenuIndex):

        if MenuIndex==1:
            self.Menu1Button.configure(text = 'Ring', command = self.Action(Do = 'Rng'))
            self.Menu2Button.configure(text = 'Toggle holliday mode', command = self.Action(Do = 'SwHolDay'))
            self.Menu3Button.configure(text = 'Edit time', command = self.SetMenu(MenuIndex = 2))
            self.Menu4Button.configure(text = 'Add/Edit alarms', command = self.SetMenu(MenuIndex = 3))
            self.Menu5Button.configure(text = 'Shutdown', command = self.Action(Do = 'Shutdwn'))
        elif MenuIndex==2:
            self.Menu1Button.configure(text = 'Edit hours', command = self.Action(Do = 'ModH'))
            self.Menu2Button.configure(text = 'Edit minutes', command = self.Action(Do = 'ModM'))
            self.Menu3Button.configure(text = 'Edit seconds', command = self.Action(Do = 'ModS'))
            self.Menu4Button.configure(text = 'Internet synchronization', command = self.Action(Do = 'Synch'))
            self.Menu5Button.configure(text = 'Return to menu', command = self.SetMenu(MenuIndex = 1))
        elif MenuIndex==3:
            self.Menu1Button.configure(text = 'Edit hours', command = self.Action(Do = 'ModHA'))
            self.Menu2Button.configure(text = 'Edit minutes', command = self.Action(Do = 'ModMA'))
            self.Menu3Button.configure(text = 'Edit seconds', command = self.Action(Do = 'ModSA'))
            self.Menu4Button.configure(text = 'Switch mode', command = self.Action(Do = 'ChMod'))
            self.Menu5Button.configure(text = 'Return to menu', command = self.SetMenu(MenuIndex = 1))

    def  Action(self, Do):
        pass

if __name__ == "__main__":
        app = Display(None)
        app.title('Web Bell')
        app.mainloop()

并且错误的回溯是

  File "\\uranus\faure\Bureau\project\webBell.py", line 80, in <module>
    app = Display(None)
  File "\\uranus\faure\Bureau\project\webBell.py", line 10, in __init__
    self.GuiDisplay()
  File "\\uranus\faure\Bureau\project\webBell.py", line 32, in GuiDisplay
    Menu3Button = tkinter.Button(self, text = 'Edit time', command = self.SetMenu(MenuIndex = 2), font = ("Courier New", 20), bg = '#3498db', fg = '#e4e7e8', activebackground = '#2980b9', activeforeground = '#e4e7e8')
  File "\\uranus\faure\Bureau\project\webBell.py", line 64, in SetMenu
    self.Menu1Button.configure(text = 'Edit hours', command = self.Action(Do = 'ModH'))
  File "C:\Python33\lib\tkinter\__init__.py", line 1867, in __getattr__
    return getattr(self.tk, attr)
AttributeError: 'tkapp' object has no attribute 'Menu1Button'

我猜它来自SetMenu函数中的“self”，但是我试过没有它仍然没有用。

编辑： 更新的代码

#!/usr/bin/python
# -*- coding: utf-8 -*-

import tkinter

class Display(tkinter.Tk):
    def __init__(self,parent):
        tkinter.Tk.__init__(self,parent)
        self.parent = parent
        self.GuiDisplay()

    def GuiDisplay(self):

        self.grid()
        self.geometry("1280x720")
        #self.overrideredirect(True) #uncomment for fullscreen

        """Build the GUI"""

        self.MessageDisplay = tkinter.Label(self, text = 'No messages from slaves', anchor = 'nw', justify = 'left', relief = 'ridge', font = ("Courier New", 15), bg = '#e4e7e8', fg = '#2980b9')
        self.MessageDisplay.grid(row = 0, column = 0, columnspan = 3, sticky = 'wens', ipadx = 2, ipady = 2)

        self.ClockDisplay = tkinter.Label(self, text = '00:00', relief = 'ridge', font = ("Courier New", 40), bg = '#e4e7e8', fg = '#2980b9')
        self.ClockDisplay.grid(row = 0, column = 3, sticky = 'wens', ipadx = 2, ipady = 2)

        self.Menu1Button = tkinter.Button(self, text = 'Ring', command = self.Action(Do = 'Rng'), font = ("Courier New", 20), bg = '#3498db', fg = '#e4e7e8', activebackground = '#2980b9', activeforeground = '#e4e7e8')
        self.Menu1Button.grid(row = 1, column = 0, columnspan = 2, sticky = 'wens', padx = 2, ipadx = 4)

        self.Menu2Button = tkinter.Button(self, text = 'Toggle holliday mode', command = self.Action(Do = 'SwHolDay'), font = ("Courier New", 20), bg = '#3498db', fg = '#e4e7e8', activebackground = '#2980b9', activeforeground = '#e4e7e8')
        self.Menu2Button.grid(row = 2, column = 0, columnspan = 2, sticky = 'wens', padx = 2, ipadx = 4)

        self.Menu3Button = tkinter.Button(self, text = 'Edit time', command = self.SetMenu(MenuIndex = 2), font = ("Courier New", 20), bg = '#3498db', fg = '#e4e7e8', activebackground = '#2980b9', activeforeground = '#e4e7e8')
        self.Menu3Button.grid(row = 3, column = 0, columnspan = 2, sticky = 'wens', padx = 2, ipadx = 4)

        self.Menu4Button = tkinter.Button(self, text = 'Add/Edit alarms', command = self.SetMenu(MenuIndex = 3), font = ("Courier New", 20), bg = '#3498db', fg = '#e4e7e8', activebackground = '#2980b9', activeforeground = '#e4e7e8')
        self.Menu4Button.grid(row = 4, column = 0, columnspan = 2, sticky = 'wens', padx = 2, ipadx = 4)

        self.Menu5Button = tkinter.Button(self, text = 'Shutdown', command = self.Action(Do = 'Shutdwn'), font = ("Courier New", 20), bg = '#3498db', fg = '#e4e7e8', activebackground = '#2980b9', activeforeground = '#e4e7e8')
        self.Menu5Button.grid(row = 5, column = 0, columnspan = 2, sticky = 'wens', padx = 2, ipadx = 4)

        self.MenuDescription = tkinter.Label(self, text = 'No menu selected.', anchor = 'nw', justify = 'left', relief = 'ridge', font = ("Courier New", 15), bg = '#e4e7e8', fg = '#2980b9')
        self.MenuDescription.grid(column = 2, columnspan = 2, row = 1, rowspan = 5, sticky = 'wens', ipadx = 2, ipady = 2)

        self.grid_columnconfigure(0, weight = 3)
        self.grid_columnconfigure(1, weight = 3)
        self.grid_columnconfigure(2, weight = 3)
        self.grid_columnconfigure(3, weight = 1)
        self.grid_rowconfigure(0, weight = 10)
        self.grid_rowconfigure(1, weight = 18)
        self.grid_rowconfigure(2, weight = 18)
        self.grid_rowconfigure(3, weight = 18)
        self.grid_rowconfigure(4, weight = 18)
        self.grid_rowconfigure(5, weight = 18)

    def SetMenu(self, MenuIndex):

        if MenuIndex==1:
            self.Menu1Button.configure(text = 'Ring', command = self.Action(Do = 'Rng'))
            self.Menu2Button.configure(text = 'Toggle holliday mode', command = self.Action(Do = 'SwHolDay'))
            self.Menu3Button.configure(text = 'Edit time', command = self.SetMenu(MenuIndex = 2))
            self.Menu4Button.configure(text = 'Add/Edit alarms', command = self.SetMenu(MenuIndex = 3))
            self.Menu5Button.configure(text = 'Shutdown', command = self.Action(Do = 'Shutdwn'))
        elif MenuIndex==2:
            self.Menu1Button.configure(text = 'Edit hours', command = self.Action(Do = 'ModH'))
            self.Menu2Button.configure(text = 'Edit minutes', command = self.Action(Do = 'ModM'))
            self.Menu3Button.configure(text = 'Edit seconds', command = self.Action(Do = 'ModS'))
            self.Menu4Button.configure(text = 'Internet synchronization', command = self.Action(Do = 'Synch'))
            self.Menu5Button.configure(text = 'Return to menu', command = self.SetMenu(MenuIndex = 1))
        elif MenuIndex==3:
            self.Menu1Button.configure(text = 'Edit hours', command = self.Action(Do = 'ModHA'))
            self.Menu2Button.configure(text = 'Edit minutes', command = self.Action(Do = 'ModMA'))
            self.Menu3Button.configure(text = 'Edit seconds', command = self.Action(Do = 'ModSA'))
            self.Menu4Button.configure(text = 'Switch mode', command = self.Action(Do = 'ChMod'))
            self.Menu5Button.configure(text = 'Return to menu', command = self.SetMenu(MenuIndex = 1))

    def  Action(self, Do):
        pass

if __name__ == "__main__":
        app = Display(None)
        app.title('Web Bell')
        app.mainloop()

Answer 1

您尚未将Menu1Button定义为类属性，因此它仅限于__init__内。它应该定义为：

self.Menu1Button = tkinter.Button(self, text = 'Ring', command = self.Action(Do = 'Rng'), font = ("Courier New", 20), bg = '#3498db', fg = '#e4e7e8', activebackground = '#2980b9', activeforeground = '#e4e7e8')
self.Menu1Button.grid(row = 1, column = 0, columnspan = 2, sticky = 'wens', padx = 2, ipadx = 4)

构造函数中定义的所有其他小部件也是如此。

编辑：

现在，第一个问题得到解决，问题变得更加清晰。您正在错误地定义窗口小部件的命令属性。

例如，对于self.Menu3Button，您将命令定义为self.SetMenu(MenuIndex = 2)。在python中，这将尝试使用参数self.SetMenu执行函数2（侧栏：您不需要MenuIndex=2，只需2就可以了）得到它。这会导致函数SetMenu在Menu3Button被定义为类属性之前执行。因此python找不到该属性，你得到AttributeError。

传递给窗口小部件的command应该是一个函数实例。例如：

# an example function
def printit(val):
    print val

# This is NOT valid
command = printit("hello!")

# This is valid
command = lambda:printit("hello!")

在有效的情况下，我们传递的是部分函数（即已经附加参数的半成形函数）：

In [29]: printit("direct call")
direct call

In [30]: partial_printit = lambda:printit("partial call")

In [31]: partial_printit()
partial call

所以在你的情况下：

command = self.SetMenu(MenuIndex = 2)

变为

command = lambda:self.SetMenu(MenuIndex = 2)

对于所有小部件的所有command个关键字都是如此。

有关lambda函数的更多信息，请参见此处：https://docs.python.org/2/tutorial/controlflow.html#lambda-expressions