Question

我正致力于手势识别项目。我的数据集由4种不同的手势组成，每个手势集包含大约70个图像。我为每个图像提取了4个特征。我正在尝试使用Accord.Net来实现HMM，我知道我将需要4个HMM，每个手势一个，但我不知道如何构建用于学习/训练的特征向量序列相。有谁知道如何解决它？

这是序列的简单代码：

double[][] sequences = new double[][] 
{
    new double[] { 0,1,2,3,4 }, // This is the first  sequence with label = 0 
    new double[] { 4,3,2,1,0 }, // This is the second sequence with label = 1
};

// Labels for the sequences 
int[] labels = { 0, 1 };

Answer 1

你是对的，每个手势都需要一个HMM。但是，如果您使用HiddenMarkovClassifier类（它是在您尝试检测的每个类之后创建的多个HMM的包装器），框架已经可以为您提供此构造。

如果每个图像有4个要素，则需要假设能够对多变量要素建模的概率分布。一个简单的选择是假设您的功能彼此独立，并且每个功能都遵循正态分布。

因此，您可以使用以下示例代码来创建模型。它假设您的数据库只有两个训练序列，但实际上你必须有许多。

double[][][] sequences = new double[][][]
{
    new double[][] // This is the first  sequence with label = 0
    { 
        new double[] { 0, 1, 2, 1 }, // <-- this is the 4-features feature vector for
        new double[] { 1, 2, 5, 2 }, //       the first image of the first sequence
        new double[] { 2, 3, 2, 5 },
        new double[] { 3, 4, 1, 1 },
        new double[] { 4, 5, 2, 2 },
    }, 

    new double[][] // This is the second sequence with label = 1
    {
        new double[] { 4,  3, 4, 1 }, // <-- this is the 4-features feature vector for
        new double[] { 3,  2, 2, 2 }, //       the first image of the second sequence
        new double[] { 2,  1, 1, 1 },
        new double[] { 1,  0, 2, 2 },
        new double[] { 0, -1, 1, 2 },
    }
};

// Labels for the sequences
int[] labels = { 0, 1 };

上面的代码显示了如何设置学习数据库。现在，一旦设置完毕，就可以为4个正常特征创建一个隐藏的马尔可夫分类器（假设正态分布之间的独立性）为

// Create one base Normal distribution to be replicated accross the states
var initialDensity = new MultivariateNormalDistribution(4); // we have 4 features

// Creates a sequence classifier containing 2 hidden Markov Models with 2 states
// and an underlying multivariate mixture of Normal distributions as density.
var classifier = new HiddenMarkovClassifier<MultivariateNormalDistribution>(
    classes: 2, topology: new Forward(2), initial: initialDensity);

// Configure the learning algorithms to train the sequence classifier
var teacher = new HiddenMarkovClassifierLearning<MultivariateNormalDistribution>(
    classifier,

    // Train each model until the log-likelihood changes less than 0.0001
    modelIndex => new BaumWelchLearning<MultivariateNormalDistribution>(
        classifier.Models[modelIndex])
    {
        Tolerance = 0.0001,
        Iterations = 0,

        FittingOptions = new NormalOptions()
        {
            Diagonal = true,      // only diagonal covariance matrices
            Regularization = 1e-5 // avoid non-positive definite errors
        }

        // PS: Setting diagonal = true means the features will be
        // assumed independent of each other. This can also be
        // achieved by using an Independent<NormalDistribution>
        // instead of a diagonal multivariate Normal distribution
    }
);

最后，我们可以训练模型并在学习数据上测试其输出：

// Train the sequence classifier using the algorithm
double logLikelihood = teacher.Run(sequences, labels);


// Calculate the probability that the given
//  sequences originated from the model
double likelihood, likelihood2;

// Try to classify the 1st sequence (output should be 0)
int c1 = classifier.Compute(sequences[0], out likelihood);

// Try to classify the 2nd sequence (output should be 1)
int c2 = classifier.Compute(sequences[1], out likelihood2);

HMM使用Accord.Net进行手势识别

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