为什么不创建一个Object []并转换为泛型类型?解决方案是什么?

时间:2014-02-05 12:36:07

标签: java generics

一些开发人员通过创建Object[]并转换为泛型类型来创建泛型类型的数组,如以下示例代码所示:

public class ArrTest<E> {

  public void test(E a){
    E[] b = (E[])new Object[1];
    b[0] = a;
    System.out.println(b[0]);
  }

  public static void main(String[] args){
    ArrTest<String> t = new ArrTest<String>();
    t.test("Hello World");
  }
}

该示例将起作用,只是发出警告:Type safety: Unchecked cast from Object[] to E[]

气馁吗?这是创建泛型类型数组的最佳方法吗?如果我在我的软件中广泛使用此对象,这会导致意外结果或异常吗?

2 个答案:

答案 0 :(得分:3)

在问题的示例中,b变量不是String[],即使我们将其转换为E[]并定义EString,同时构建实例。这是一个Object[]。发生这种情况是因为Java不知道运行时类型E是什么,因为在此示例中,我们没有为E定义父类。因此,它会自动将Object作为其父级。

换句话说,public class ArrTest<E>public class ArrTest<E extends Object>相同。

Java不知道E在运行时是什么,因为它是uncheckedUnchecked表示Java不会检查E类型是否是已定义父类的扩展或实现。因此,Java在运行时唯一知道的E<E extends Object>

因此

E[] b = (E[]) new Object[1];

将以

执行

Object[] b = (Object[]) new Object[1];

这就是为什么该示例不会抛出ClassCastException并且会使开发人员感到困惑。

如果我们尝试将b用作真实String[],那么Java将抛出ClassCastException,因为Java将其视为Object[]。例如,如果我们将方法更改为:

public E[] test(E a){
  E[] b = (E[])new Object[1];
  b[0] = a;
  System.out.println(b[0]);
  return b;
}

public static void main(String[] args){
    ArrTest<String> t = new ArrTest<String>();
    String[] result = t.test("Hello World");
}

现在我们将在ClassCastException收到String[] result,因为返回的类型为Object[],我们正在尝试将其存储在String[]变量中。 Java将看到类型差异并抛出异常。

这就是为什么不鼓励将Object[]强制转换为通用数组,这只会导致混淆。

在写这个答案之前,我创建了一个测试用例,其中有一些可能的方法来创建一个通用数组,我得出结论,这是最好的方法:

public class ExampleType<A extends Number>{
    public <T extends A> T[] bestMethod(T[] array)
    {
        if(array.length < testSize)
            array = (T[]) Array.newInstance(array.getClass().getComponentType(), testSize); //Type safety: Unchecked cast from Object to T[]
        System.out.println("in this case: "+array.getClass().getComponentType().getSimpleName());
        return array;
    }
}

保证返回与作为参数传递的数组相同类型的数组,并且它必须是A中定义的ExampleType<A extends Number>实例。如果您创建ExampleType Integer,则需要使用Integer[]作为参数。如果您不想特定数组Integer,但想要存储任何类型的数字,可以使用Number[]作为参数。

如果您不需要类中的泛型类型,可以将其简化为:

public <T> T[] bestMethod(T[] array)

如果您希望它仅返回Number的子类:

public <T extends Number> T[] bestMethod(T[] array)

如果你想自己测试一下,这是我的测试用例:

public class Test {
    public static class ArrTest<E>
    {
        public void test(E a){
            E[] b = (E[])new Object[1];
            b[0] = a;
            System.out.println(b[0]);
        }
        public E[] test2(E a){
            E[] b = (E[])new Object[1];
            b[0] = a;
            System.out.println(b[0]+" "+b.getClass().getComponentType());
            return b;
        }
        public static void main(String[] args){
            ArrTest<String> t = new ArrTest<String>();
            t.test("Hello World");
            try{String[] result = t.test2("Hello World");}catch(Exception e){System.out.println(e);}
        }
    }

    public static void main(String[] args) {
        ArrTest.main(args);

        System.out.println("#############\nWe want an array that stores only integers, sampledata: 1, samplearray: Integer");
        test(new ExampleType<Integer>(Integer.class), 1, new Integer[0], new Integer[10]);

        System.out.println("#############\nWe want an array that stores any type of Number, sampledata: 2L, samplearray: Number");
        test(new ExampleType<Number>(Number.class), 2L, new Number[0], new Number[10]);

        System.out.println("#############\nWe want an array that stores any type of CustomNumberA, sampledata: CustomB(3L), samplearray: CustomNumberA");
        test(new ExampleType<CustomNumberA>(CustomNumberA.class), new CustomNumberB(3L), new CustomNumberA[0], new CustomNumberA[10]);

        System.out.println("#############\nWe want A to be any type of number but we want to create an array of CustomNumberA, sampledata: CustomB(3L), samplearray: CustomNumberA");
        test(new ExampleType<Number>(Number.class), new CustomNumberB(3L), new CustomNumberA[0], new CustomNumberA[10]);
    }

    public static <A extends Number> void test(ExampleType<A> testType, A sampleData, A[] smallSampleArray, A[] bigSampleArray)
    {
        Class<A> clazz = testType.clazz;
        System.out.println("#############\nStarting tests with ExampleType<"+clazz.getSimpleName()+">");
        System.out.println("============\nCreating with badMethod()...");
        A[] array;
        try
        {
            array = testType.badMethod();
            testType.executeTests(array);
        }
        catch(Exception e){ System.out.println(">> ERR: "+e); }
        System.out.println("============\nCreating with alsoBadMethod("+sampleData+" ["+sampleData.getClass().getSimpleName()+"])...");
        try
        {
            array = testType.alsoBadMethod(sampleData);
            testType.executeTests(array);
        }
        catch(Exception e){ System.out.println(">> ERR: "+e); }
        System.out.println("============\nCreating with nearlyGoodMethod("+smallSampleArray.getClass().getSimpleName()+" len: "+smallSampleArray.length+")...");
        try
        {
            array = testType.nearlyGoodMethod(smallSampleArray);
            testType.executeTests(array);
        }
        catch(Exception e){ System.out.println(">> ERR: "+e); }
        System.out.println("============\nCreating with nearlyGoodMethod("+bigSampleArray.getClass().getSimpleName()+" len: "+bigSampleArray.length+")...");
        try
        {
            array = testType.nearlyGoodMethod(bigSampleArray);
            testType.executeTests(array);
        }
        catch(Exception e){ System.out.println(">> ERR: "+e); }
        System.out.println("============\nCreating with bestMethod("+smallSampleArray.getClass().getSimpleName()+" len: "+smallSampleArray.length+")...");
        try
        {
            array = testType.bestMethod(smallSampleArray);
            testType.executeTests(array);
        }
        catch(Exception e){ System.out.println(">> ERR: "+e); }
        System.out.println("============\nCreating with bestMethod("+bigSampleArray.getClass().getSimpleName()+" len: "+bigSampleArray.length+")...");
        try
        {
            array = testType.bestMethod(bigSampleArray);
            testType.executeTests(array);
        }
        catch(Exception e){ System.out.println(">> ERR: "+e); }
    }

    @RequiredArgsConstructor @ToString()
    public static class CustomNumberA extends Number{
        @Delegate final Long n;
    }

    public static class CustomNumberB extends CustomNumberA{
        public CustomNumberB(Long n) { super(n); }
    }

    @RequiredArgsConstructor
    public static class ExampleType<A>{
        private int testSize = 7;
        final Class<A> clazz;

        public A[] badMethod()
        {
            System.out.println("This will throw a ClassCastException when trying to return the array because Object is not a type of "+clazz.getSimpleName());
            A[] array = (A[]) new Object[testSize]; //Warning: Type safety: Unchecked cast from Object[] to A[]
            System.out.println("Array of "+array.getClass().getComponentType()+" created");
            return array;
        }

        public A[] alsoBadMethod(A sampleType)
        {
            System.out.println("Will not respect A type ("+clazz.getSimpleName()+"), will always use the highest type in sampleType and tell that it's A[] but it's not, in this case will return "+sampleType.getClass().getSimpleName()+"[] and said it was "+clazz.getSimpleName()+"[] while developing");
            A[] array = (A[]) Array.newInstance(sampleType.getClass(), testSize); //Type safety: Unchecked cast from Object to A[]
            return array;
        }

        public A[] nearlyGoodMethod(A[] array)
        {
            System.out.println("The only guarantee is that the returned array will be of something that extends A ("+clazz.getSimpleName()+") so the returned type is not clear, may be of A or of the type passed in the argument but will tell it's A[] but may not be");
            if(array.length < testSize)
                array = (A[]) Array.newInstance(array.getClass().getComponentType(), testSize); //Type safety: Unchecked cast from Object to A[]
            System.out.println("in this case: "+array.getClass().getComponentType().getSimpleName()+"[], expecting: "+clazz.getSimpleName()+"[]");
            return array;
        }

        public <T extends A> T[] bestMethod(T[] array)
        {
            System.out.println("It's guaranteed to return on array of the same type as the sample array and it must be an instance of A, so, this is the best method");
            if(array.length < testSize)
                array = (T[]) Array.newInstance(array.getClass().getComponentType(), testSize); //Type safety: Unchecked cast from Object to T[]
            System.out.println("in this case: "+array.getClass().getComponentType().getSimpleName()+"[], expecting: "+array.getClass().getComponentType().getSimpleName()+"[]");
            return array;
        }

        public void executeTests(A[] array)
        {
            tryToSet(array, 0, 1);
            tryToSet(array, 1, 2L);
            tryToSet(array, 2, 3.1);
            tryToSet(array, 3, 4F);
            tryToSet(array, 4, (byte)0x5);
            tryToSet(array, 5, new CustomNumberA(6L));
            tryToSet(array, 6, new CustomNumberB(7L));
        }

        public void tryToSet(A[] array, int index, Object value)
        {
            System.out.println("Trying to set "+value+" ("+value.getClass().getSimpleName()+") at "+index+" in a array of "+array.getClass().getComponentType().getSimpleName());
            try
            {
                if(array instanceof Object[]) ((Object[]) array)[index] = value;
                else array[index] = (A) value; //Type safety: Unchecked cast from Object to A
                System.out.println("## OK: Success: "+array.getClass().getComponentType().getSimpleName()+"["+index+"] = "+array[index]);
            }
            catch(Exception e){ System.out.println(">> ERR: "+e); }
        }
    }
}

以下是测试结果......您可以看到bestMethod始终返回预期结果。

http://pastebin.com/CxBSHaYm

答案 1 :(得分:2)

您的警告只是指出编译器无法根据Java语言规范指定的规则确保静态类型安全。换句话说,它注意到静态类型安全已被破坏。

但这并不能使这个成语毫不含糊地气馁。以下是来自JDK itself(格雷码格式)的完全合法案例:

323  @SuppressWarnings("unchecked")
324 public <T> T[] toArray(T[] a) {
325 if (a.length < size)
326 // Make a new array of a's runtime type, but my contents:
327 return (T[]) Arrays.copyOf(elementData, size, a.getClass());
328 System.arraycopy(elementData, 0, a, 0, size);
329 if (a.length > size)
330 a[size] = null;
331 return a;
332 }

虽然未经检查使用了向下转换,但更高级别的逻辑表明它是类型安全的。