我应该在VHDL中编写一个简单的32位Alu。一切都很好,除了两件事。 ALU应该有一个执行和溢出标志,我不知道如何实现它。
首先是一般性问题。电路图显示,对于减法,ALU反转减数并加上“1”以在2s-补码中创建输入值的负等价。这是否意味着我应该使用无符号值进行输入?或者我应该坚持使用std_logic_vector?
由于进位位是不适合结果字的位,我试图对Summands进行零扩展,创建一个临时的33位Sum信号,然后简单地将结果分成Carry Out和实际的和。不幸的是,我在模拟时得到的是“UU ... U”作为总和的输出。(我按照这里描述的那样做了:https://en.wikibooks.org/wiki/VHDL_for_FPGA_Design/4-Bit_ALU)
对于溢出标志:由于ALU的描述是行为的,我无法访问任何进位,这意味着我无法确定是否通过简单地对最后两个进位进行了一次溢出(假设值为是2s补码,但我不太确定这一点,因为我的第一个问题显示...)。还有另一种识别溢出的方法吗?就像简单地将互联网上发现的“当......发生溢出”规则转换为if语句一样?
到目前为止,这是我的代码。这个版本在添加/减去时为输出提供了“UUU ... U”。
library IEEE;
use IEEE.STD_LOGIC_1164.ALL;
use IEEE.NUMERIC_STD.ALL;
entity ALU is
Port ( Clk : in STD_LOGIC;
A : in std_logic_vector (31 downto 0);
B : in std_logic_vector(31 downto 0);
Y : out std_logic_vector(31 downto 0);
OP : in std_logic_vector(2 downto 0);
Nul : out boolean;
Cout : out STD_LOGIC);
end ALU;
architecture Behavioral of ALU is
signal Smd0, Smd1, Sum : std_logic_vector (31 downto 0);
signal temp : std_logic_vector (32 downto 0);
signal Cry : STD_LOGIC;
signal snul : boolean;
begin
Smd0 <= A;
Smd1 <= B;
Y <= Sum;
Cout <= Cry;
nul <= snul;
process(Clk) begin
if (rising_edge(Clk)) then
if ( Sum = "00000000000000000000000000000000") then -------Zero flag
snul <= true;
else
snul <= false;
end if;
case OP is
when "000" =>
Sum <= Smd0 and Smd1;
when "001" =>
Sum <= Smd0 xor Smd1;
when "010" =>
temp <= std_logic_vector((unsigned("0" & Smd0) + unsigned(Smd1)));
Sum <= temp(31 downto 0);
Cry <= temp(32);
when "100" =>
Sum <= Smd0 and not Smd1;
when "101" =>
Sum <= Smd0 xor not Smd1;
when "110" =>
Sum <= std_logic_vector((unsigned(Smd0) - unsigned(Smd1)));
when "111" =>
if (A < B) then
Sum <= "00000000000000000000000000000001";
else
Sum <= "00000000000000000000000000000000";
end if;
when others =>
NULL;
end case;
end if;
end process;
end Behavioral;
对于代码的任何评论都会非常感激,因为我是VHDL的新手(我们谈了半个讲座......)这就是我通过谷歌搜索和玩弄的方式。
这是给定的电路图:
//编辑:
另一件事。 “000”后,我的零标志无法正常工作。知道为什么它的输出是好的,除了第一种情况?
答案 0 :(得分:4)
回答你的第一个问题: 是的,使用库IEEE.std_numeric中的unsigned。它是这种操作的理想选择。
其次,可以通过比较输出和输入来检测溢出。例如,在两个人的赞美中,如果你执行+ ve plus + ve和overflow,结果将设置msb,结果是-ve。
总结加法和减法
Addition | (+ve) - (+ve) | (+ve) - (-ve) | (-ve) - (+ve) | (-ve) + (-ve)|
-----------------------------------------------------------------------------
Result (+ve) | - | - | - | overflow |
-----------------------------------------------------------------------------
Result (-ve) | overflow | - | - | - |
-----------------------------------------------------------------------------
Subtraction | (+ve) - (+ve) | (+ve) - (-ve) | (-ve) - (+ve) | (-ve) - (-ve)|
-----------------------------------------------------------------------------
Result (+ve) | - | - | overflow | - |
-----------------------------------------------------------------------------
Result (-ve) | - | overflow | - | - |
-----------------------------------------------------------------------------
类似的规则可以用于乘法和除法,但稍微复杂一些。
修改强>
下面是一个建议的方法来解决这个问题(你确实认为vhdl(大部分)是不区分大小写的,我希望?你似乎喜欢使用shift键)。从你的问题我不知道你想要哪个标志成为溢出标志,所以我没有把它放进去。
library ieee;
use ieee.std_logic_164.all;
use ieee.numeric_std.all;
entity alu is
port (
signal clk : in std_logic;
signal a : in std_logic_vector(31 downto 0);
signal b : in std_logic_vector(31 downto 0);
signal y : in std_logic_vector(31 downto 0);
signal op : in std_logic_vector(3 downto 0);
signal nul : out boolean;
signal cout : out std_logic
)
end entity;
architecture behavioral of alu is
type op_type is (op_and, op_a_and_nb, op_a_xor_nb, op_compare,
op_xor, op_add, op_sub, op_nop);
signal enum_op : op_type;
signal a_minus_b : std_logic_vector(32 downto 0);
signal a_plus_b : std_logic_vector(32 downto 0);
signal reg : std_logic_vector(32 downto 0);
begin
a_minus_b <= std_logic_vector(signed(a(a'high) & a) - signed(b(b'high) & b));
a_plus_b <= std_logic_vector(signed(a(a'high) & a) + signed(b(b'high) & b));
process(op)
begin
case op is
when "000" => enum_op <= op_and;
when "001" => enum_op <= op_xor;
when "010" => enum_op <= op_add;
when "100" => enum_op <= op_a_and_nb;
when "101" => enum_op <= op_a_xor_nb;
when "110" => enum_op <= op_sub;
when "111" => enum_op <= op_compare;
when others => enum_op <= op_nop;
end case;
end process;
process(clk)
begin
if rising_edge(clk) then
case enum_op is
when op_add => reg <= a_plus_b;
when op_sub => reg <= a_minus_b;
when op_and => reg <= '0' & (a and b);
when op_xor => reg <= '0' & (a xor b);
when op_a_and_nb => reg <= '0' & (a and not b);
when op_a_xor_nb => reg <= '0' & (a xor not b);
when op_compare =>
reg(32) <= '0';
reg(31 downto 1) <= (others => '0');
reg(0) <= a_minus_b(32);
when op_nop =>
reg(32) <= '0';
end if;
end process;
y <= reg(31 downto 0);
count <= reg(32);
nul <= unsigned(reg) = '0';
end architecture;
答案 1 :(得分:1)
这个答案可能会有所帮助:https://stackoverflow.com/a/15499109/47453。请注意有关信号和变量之间差异的说明。
基本上,你应该稍微改变你的过程。
process (Clk)
variable temp : std_logic_vector (32 downto 0);
begin
...
case OP is
when "010" =>
temp := std_logic_vector((unsigned("0" & Smd0) + unsigned(Smd1)));
sum <= temp(31 downto 0);
cry <= temp(32);
...