我正在尝试使用主要组件分析(PCA)使用python实现面部识别。其中一个步骤是通过减去平均面部向量T
:m
来规范化输入(测试)图像n = T - m
。
这是我的代码:
#Step1: put database images into a 2D array
filenames = glob.glob('C:\\Users\\Karim\\Downloads\\att_faces\\New folder/*.pgm')
filenames.sort()
img = [Image.open(fn).convert('L').resize((90, 90)) for fn in filenames]
images = np.asarray([np.array(im).flatten() for im in img])
#Step 2: find the mean image and the mean-shifted input images
m = images.mean(axis=0)
shifted_images = images - m
#Step 7: input image
input_image = Image.open('C:\\Users\\Karim\\Downloads\\att_faces\\1.pgm').convert('L').resize((90, 90))
T = np.asarray(input_image)
n = T - mean_image
但我收到错误Traceback (most recent call last):
File "C:/Users/Karim/Desktop/Bachelor 2/New folder/new3.py", line 46, in <module>
n = T - m
ValueError: operands could not be broadcast together with shapes (90,90) (8100)
答案 0 :(得分:3)
mean_image
:
images = np.asarray([np.array(im).flatten() for im in img])
mean_image = images.mean(axis=0)
和input_image
是90x90。因此错误。您也应该压平输入图像,或者不要压平原始图像(我不太明白为什么要这样做),或者仅为此操作将mean_image
调整为90x90。
答案 1 :(得分:3)
正如@Lev所说,你已经弄平了阵列。你实际上并不需要这样做来执行平均值。假设您有2个3x4图像的数组,那么您将拥有以下内容:
In [291]: b = np.random.rand(2,3,4)
In [292]: b.shape
Out[292]: (2, 3, 4)
In [293]: b
Out[293]:
array([[[ 0.18827554, 0.11340471, 0.45185287, 0.47889188],
[ 0.35961448, 0.38316556, 0.73464482, 0.37597429],
[ 0.81647845, 0.28128797, 0.33138755, 0.55403119]],
[[ 0.92025024, 0.55916671, 0.23892798, 0.59253267],
[ 0.15664109, 0.12457157, 0.28139198, 0.31634361],
[ 0.33420446, 0.27599807, 0.40336601, 0.67738928]]])
在第一个轴上执行平均值,保留数组的形状:
In [300]: b.mean(0)
Out[300]:
array([[ 0.55426289, 0.33628571, 0.34539042, 0.53571227],
[ 0.25812778, 0.25386857, 0.5080184 , 0.34615895],
[ 0.57534146, 0.27864302, 0.36737678, 0.61571023]])
In [301]: b - b.mean(0)
Out[301]:
array([[[-0.36598735, -0.222881 , 0.10646245, -0.0568204 ],
[ 0.10148669, 0.129297 , 0.22662642, 0.02981534],
[ 0.24113699, 0.00264495, -0.03598923, -0.06167904]],
[[ 0.36598735, 0.222881 , -0.10646245, 0.0568204 ],
[-0.10148669, -0.129297 , -0.22662642, -0.02981534],
[-0.24113699, -0.00264495, 0.03598923, 0.06167904]]])
对于许多用途,这也比将图像保持为数组列表更快,因为numpy操作是在一个数组上完成的,而不是通过数组列表完成的。大多数方法(例如mean
,cov
等)接受axis
参数,您可以列出所有维度来执行它而无需展平。
要将此应用于您的脚本,我会做这样的事情,保持原始的维度:
images = np.asarray([Image.open(fn).convert('L').resize((90, 90)) for fn in filenames])
# so images.shape = (len(filenames), 90, 90)
m = images.mean(0)
# numpy broadcasting will automatically subract the (90, 90) mean image from each of the `images`
# m.shape = (90, 90)
# shifted_images.shape = images.shape = (len(filenames), 90, 90)
shifted_images = images - m
#Step 7: input image
input_image = Image.open(...).convert('L').resize((90, 90))
T = np.asarray(input_image)
n = T - m
作为最终评论,如果速度是一个问题,使用np.dstack加入你的图片会更快:
In [354]: timeit b = np.asarray([np.empty((50,100)) for i in xrange(1000)])
1 loops, best of 3: 824 ms per loop
In [355]: timeit b = np.dstack([np.empty((50,100)) for i in xrange(1000)]).transpose(2,0,1)
10 loops, best of 3: 118 ms per loop
但很可能加载图像大部分时间都是如此,如果是这种情况,你可以忽略它。