关于MethodHandle API的一些基本问题

时间:2013-04-15 00:12:13

标签: java reflection java-7

如何通过MethodHandles.lookup()获取所有声明的方法?如何获取所有声明的字段?

MethodHandle.invoke()MethodHandle.invokeExact()MethodHandle.invokeWithArguments()之间有什么区别

另外,对于使用 Java devloper 的MethodHandle API的教程,我将不胜感激。我强调,我正在编写静态类型语言普通旧Java,我不是JVM开发人员,特别是我对整个字节码废话(invokedynamic)并不感兴趣。我想弄清楚如何使用这个新API而不是Java Core API。

EDITED-2:

@Glen Best下面提供了一些我想只提供一个http://www.oraclejavamagazine-digital.com/javamagazine/20130102?pg=52&search_term=methodhandle&doc_id=-1#pg50的参考资料。这正是我想要的。我发现实际上有一些新的词汇表。例如, target 实际上是指MethodHandle(而不是发送的对象)和调用站点实际上是代码“调用”“函数指针”又称MethodHandle。此外,必须了解MethodHandle API 不能替代 Core Reflection API而不是 suplement 。例如,您无法使用MethodHandle“发现”所有方法,而您需要Core Reflection API。但是当你“找到”你想要的方法时,你可以切换到MethodHandle,例如,绑定一些参数或者将它的签名“改变”(改编)为varargs。

编辑:

我仍在努力找出答案。我写了一些我希望与所有人分享的测试。

package alexander.berkovich;

import static org.junit.Assert.assertSame;

import java.lang.invoke.MethodHandle;
import java.lang.invoke.MethodHandles;
import java.lang.invoke.MethodType;
import java.lang.reflect.Field;
import java.lang.reflect.Method;

import org.junit.BeforeClass;
import org.junit.Test;

public class MethodHandlerCleanTest {

    public static MethodHandles.Lookup lookup;

    @BeforeClass
    public static void asetUp(){
        lookup = MethodHandles.lookup();
    }

    public static class Check {
        public void primitive(final int i){
        }
        public void wrapper(final Integer i){
        }
    }

    @Test
    public void testPrimitive() throws Throwable {
        Check check = new Check();

        MethodType type = MethodType.methodType(void.class, int.class);

        MethodHandle mh = lookup.findVirtual(Check.class, "primitive", type);
        mh.invokeWithArguments(check, 1);
        mh.invoke(check, (short)2);
        mh.invoke(check, Integer.valueOf(3));

        Method method = Check.class.getMethod("primitive", int.class);
        method.invoke(check, (short)20);
        method.invoke(check, Integer.valueOf(21));

    }

    @Test
    public void testWrapper() throws Throwable {
        Check check = new Check();

        MethodType type = MethodType.methodType(void.class, Integer.class);

        MethodHandle mh = lookup.findVirtual(Check.class, "wrapper", type);
        mh.invoke(check, 2);

        Method method = Check.class.getMethod("wrapper", Integer.class);
        method.invoke(check, 20);

    }

    @SuppressWarnings("unused")
    public static class StaticInnerClass {

        public static String staticName;
        public String name;


        public void foo(){}

        public static void staticFoo(){}

    }

    @Test
    public void testStaticInnerClassStaticField() throws Throwable {
        MethodHandle mhSet = lookup.findStaticSetter(StaticInnerClass.class, "staticName", String.class);
        String expected = "mama";
        mhSet.invoke(expected);

        MethodHandle mhGet = lookup.findStaticGetter(StaticInnerClass.class, "staticName", String.class);
        Object obj = mhGet.invoke();
        String value = (String)obj;
        assertSame(expected, value);

    }

    @Test
    public void testStaticInnerClassField() throws Throwable {
        StaticInnerClass sut = new StaticInnerClass();
        Field f = StaticInnerClass.class.getDeclaredField("name");
        MethodHandle mhSetUnreflect = lookup.unreflectSetter(f); 
        String expectedUnreflect = "unreflect";
        mhSetUnreflect.invoke(sut, expectedUnreflect);


        MethodHandle mhSet = lookup.findSetter(StaticInnerClass.class, "name", String.class);
        String expected = "mama";
        mhSet.invoke(sut, expected);

        MethodHandle mhGet = lookup.findGetter(StaticInnerClass.class, "name", String.class);
        Object obj = mhGet.invoke(sut);
        String value = (String)obj;
        assertSame(expected, value);

    }

    @Test
    public void testStaticInnerClassConstructor() throws Throwable {
        StaticInnerClass sut = new StaticInnerClass();
        MethodType type = MethodType.methodType(void.class);
        MethodHandle mh = lookup.findConstructor(StaticInnerClass.class, type);
        mh.invoke();
    }

    @Test
    public void testStaticInnerClassMethod() throws Throwable {
        StaticInnerClass sut = new StaticInnerClass();
        MethodType type = MethodType.methodType(void.class);
        MethodHandle mh = lookup.findVirtual(StaticInnerClass.class, "foo", type);
        mh.invoke(sut);
    }

    @Test
    public void testStaticInnerClassStaticMethod() throws Throwable {
        MethodType type = MethodType.methodType(void.class);
        MethodHandle mh = lookup.findStatic(StaticInnerClass.class, "staticFoo", type);
        mh.invoke();
    }

    @SuppressWarnings("unused")
    private class InnerClass {
        public String name;

        public void foo(){}

    }
    @Test
    public void testInnerClassField() throws Throwable {
        InnerClass sut = new InnerClass();
        MethodHandle mhSet = lookup.findSetter(InnerClass.class, "name", String.class);
        String expected = "mama";
        mhSet.invoke(sut, expected);

        MethodHandle mhGet = lookup.findGetter(InnerClass.class, "name", String.class);
        Object obj = mhGet.invoke(sut);
        String value = (String)obj;
        assertSame(expected, value);

    }


    @Test
    public void testInnerClassConstructor() throws Throwable {
        MethodType type = MethodType.methodType(void.class, MethodHandlerCleanTest.class);

        //default constructor is private
        Field field = MethodHandles.Lookup.class.getDeclaredField("IMPL_LOOKUP");
        field.setAccessible(true);
        MethodHandles.Lookup trustedLookup = (MethodHandles.Lookup) 
                field
                .get(null);

        MethodHandle mh = trustedLookup.findConstructor(InnerClass.class, type);
        mh.invoke(this);
    }


    @Test
    public void testInnerClassMethod() throws Throwable {
        InnerClass sut = new InnerClass();
        MethodType type = MethodType.methodType(void.class);
        MethodHandle mh = lookup.findVirtual(InnerClass.class, "foo", type);
        mh.invoke(sut);
    }

}

3 个答案:

答案 0 :(得分:22)

  

如何通过MethodHandles.lookup()获取所有声明的方法?如何获取所有声明的字段?

将java.lang.invoke视为反射(快速执行)的反射扩展(java.lang.reflect) - 即“调用”类依赖于“反射”类。

  • 通过反射获取对所有方法/构造函数/字段的引用(java.lang.Class和java.lang.reflect):

    java.lang.Class<?> someClass = ...;  // obtain a Class somehow
    
    // Returns all constructors/methods/fields declared in class, 
    // whether public/protected/package/private, 
    // but does NOT include definitions from any ancestors:
    
    java.lang.reflect.Constructor<?>[] declaredConstructors = someClass.getDeclaredConstructors();
    java.lang.reflect.Method[] declaredMethods = someClass.getDeclaredMethods();
    java.lang.reflect.Field[] declaredFields   = someClass.getDeclaredFields();
    
    // Returns all constructors/methods/fields declared as public members 
    // in the class AND all ancestors: 
    
    java.lang.reflect.Constructor<?>[] publicInheritedConstructors = someClass.getConstructors();
    java.lang.reflect.Method[] publicInheritedMethods = someClass.getMethods();
    java.lang.reflect.Field[] publicInheritedFields   = someClass.getFields();
    
  • 您可以通过java.lang.invoke.MethodHandles.Lookup将它们转换为MethodHandles:

    java.lang.invoke.MethodType mt; 
    java.lang.invoke.MethodHandle mh;
    java.lang.invoke.MethodHandles.Lookup lookup = MethodHandles.lookup();
    
    // process methods
    for (java.lang.reflect.Method method: declaredMethods) {
        mh = lookup.unreflect(method);
    
        // can call mh.invokeExact (requiring first parameter to be the class' 
        // object instance upon which the method will be invoked, followed by 
        // the methodparameter types, with an exact match parameter and return 
        // types) or
        // mh.invoke/invokeWithArguments (requiring first parameter to be the 
        // class' object instance upon which the method will be invoked, 
        // followed by the method parameter types, with compatible conversions 
        // performed on input/output types)
    }
    
    // process constructors
    for (java.lang.reflect.Constructor<?> constructor: declaredConstructors) {
        mh = lookup.unreflectConstructor(constructor);
    
        // can call mh.invokeExact or
        // mh.invoke/invokeWithArguments 
    }
    
    // process field setters
    for (java.lang.reflect.Field field: declaredFields) {
        mh = lookup.unreflectSetter(field);
    
        // can call mh.invokeExact or
        // mh.invoke/invokeWithArguments 
    }
    
    // process field getters
    for (java.lang.reflect.Field field: declaredFields) {
        mh = lookup.unreflectGetter(field);
    
        // can call mh.invokeExact or
        // mh.invoke/invokeWithArguments 
    }
    
  • 您可以通过java.lang.reflect确定方法/构造函数/字段的签名:

    // If generics involved in method signature:
    Type[] paramTypes = method.getGenericParameterTypes(); 
    Type returnType = method.getGenericReturnType(); 
    // Note: if Class is non-static inner class, first parameter of 
    // getGenericParameterTypes() is the enclosing class
    
    // If no generics involved in method signature:
    Class<?>[] paramTypes = declaredMethod.getParameterTypes(); 
    Class<?> returnType = declaredMethod.getReturnType(); 
    // Note: if Class is non-static inner class, first parameter of 
    // getParameterTypes() is the enclosing class
    
    // Same method calls for declaredConstructor
    
  • 您可以通过java.lang.reflect确定方法/构造函数/字段是否为静态:

    int modifiers = method.getModifiers();  // same method for constructor/field
    boolean isStatic = java.lang.Modifier.isStatic(modifiers);
    
  

MethodHandle.invoke(),MethodHandle.invokeExact()和MethodHandle.invokeWithArguments()之间的区别是什么?

  • 请参阅http://docs.oracle.com/javase/7/docs/api/java/lang/invoke/MethodHandle.html#invoke%28java.lang.Object...%29
  • 如果MethodHandle用于非静态方法,则提供给这些方法的第一个参数是声明该方法的Class实例。在该类的实例上调用该方法(或者在静态方法的类本身上调用)。如果Class是非静态内部类,则第二个参数是封闭/声明类的实例。后续参数是方法签名参数,按顺序。
  • invokeExact 不对输入参数执行自动兼容类型转换。它要求参数值(或参数表达式)与方法签名完全匹配,每个参数作为单独的参数提供,或者所有参数作为数组一起提供(签名:Object invokeExact(Object... args))。
  • invoke 要求参数值(或参数表达式)与方法签名类型兼容 - 执行自动类型转换,每个参数作为单独的参数提供或全部参数作为数组一起提供(signature:Object invoke(Object ... args))
  • invokeWithArguments 要求参数值(或参数表达式)与方法签名类型兼容 - 执行自动类型转换,每个参数都在List中提供(签名: Object invokeWithArguments(List<?> arguments)
  

我将非常感谢有关使用Methodhandle API for Java devloper的教程

不幸的是,那里并不多。您可以尝试以下方法。希望我已经给出了足够的信息:^)

http://docs.oracle.com/javase/7/docs/api/java/lang/invoke/MethodHandle.html
   http://docs.oracle.com/javase/7/docs/api/java/lang/invoke/MethodHandles.Lookup.html
   http://www.java7developer.com/blog/?p=191
   http://www.oraclejavamagazine-digital.com/javamagazine/20130102?pg=52&search_term=methodhandle&doc_id=-1#pg50
   http://www.amazon.com/Well-Grounded-Java-Developer-techniques-programming/dp/1617290068

答案 1 :(得分:7)

  

MethodHandle.invoke(),MethodHandle.invokeExact()和MethodHandle.invokeWithArguments()

之间的区别是什么?

由于我也在努力解决这个问题,所以我决定重新审视这个问题并编写一个示例,准确显示这些方法之间的语义差异。

主要区别是:

  1. invokeExact 接受完全参数并返回类型,接受参数作为数组。呼叫例如不允许带有(Integer,Integer)Integer参数的方法签名int,但也不允许使用Object参数调用它,即使该对象实际上是Integer类型 - compiletime 参数的类型必须是Integer类,而不是运行时实例:

    Object arg = 1; Object[] args = {1,1};
    Integer i = (Integer)handle.invokeExact(1,1); // OK
    Object o = handle.invokeExact(arg,arg); // ERROR
    handle.invokeExact(args); // ERROR
    
    1. invoke自动转换参数类型和返回类型,并在原始类型和相应的包装类之间进行转换。但它也接受作为数组的参数。例如。方法签名(Integer,Integer)Integer

      Object arg = 1; Object[] args = {1,1};
      Integer i = (Integer)handle.invoke(1,1); // OK
      Object o = handle.invoke(arg,arg); // OK!
      o = handle.invoke(args); // ERROR
      
      1. invokeWithArguments删除所有这些限制并且与Method#invoke非常相似 - 您还可以提供一个数组(或java.util.List)作为参数(但这种灵活性随附巨大的性能损失)。例如。方法签名(Integer,Integer)Integer

        Object arg = 1; Object[] args = {1,1};
        Integer i = (Integer)handle.invokeWithArguments(1,1); // OK
        Object o = handle.invokeWithArguments(arg,arg); // OK
        o = handle.invokeWithArguments(args); // OK!
        
      2. 这是一个完整的例子:

        import java.lang.invoke.MethodHandle;
        import java.lang.invoke.MethodHandles;
        import java.lang.invoke.WrongMethodTypeException;
        import java.lang.reflect.Method;
        import java.util.Arrays;
        
        public class MethodHandleTest {
        
            public static class TestClass{
                public int test(int a, Integer b){
                    return a+b;
                }
            }
        
            public static void main(String[] args) throws Throwable{
                Method method = TestClass.class.getMethod("test", int.class, Integer.class);
                MethodHandle handle = MethodHandles.lookup().unreflect(method).bindTo(new TestClass());
        
                int arg_int = 1;
                Integer argInteger = 1;
        
                Object[] argArray = {1,1};
        
                //----------------------------
                // MethodHandle#invokeExact() 
                //----------------------------
        
                // ONLY an exact invocation is allowed for invokeExact:
                int result = (int) handle.invokeExact(arg_int, argInteger); 
        
                // inexact first argument type -> throws WrongMethodTypeException - "expected (int,Integer)int but found (Integer,Integer)int"
                Exception e = null;
                try {
                    result = (int) handle.invokeExact(argInteger,argInteger);
                } catch (WrongMethodTypeException ex) {
                    e = ex;
                }
                assert e != null;
                e = null;
        
                // inexact return type -> throws WrongMethodTypeException - "expected (int,Integer)int but found (int,Integer)Integer"
                try {
                    result = (Integer) handle.invokeExact(arg_int,argInteger);
                } catch (WrongMethodTypeException ex) {
                    e = ex;
                }
                assert e != null;
                e = null;
        
                // inexact return type -> throws WrongMethodTypeException - "expected (int,Integer)int but found (int,Integer)Object"
                try {
                    Object o = handle.invokeExact(arg_int,argInteger);
                } catch (WrongMethodTypeException ex) {
                    e = ex;
                }
                assert e != null;
                e = null;
        
                // "argObject" is ALSO NOT OK! - the compile time type of the argument must be of class Integer, not the runtime instance!
                // -> throws WrongMethodTypeException - "expected (int,Integer)int but found (int,Object)int"
                Object argObject = argInteger;
                try {
                    result = (int) handle.invokeExact(arg_int,argObject);
                } catch (WrongMethodTypeException ex) {
                    e = ex;
                }
                assert e != null;
                e = null;
        
                // Array of the arguments NOT allowed -> throws WrongMethodTypeException - "expected (int,Integer)int but found (Object[])int"
                try {
                    result = (int) handle.invokeExact(argArray);
                } catch (WrongMethodTypeException ex) {
                    e = ex;
                }
                assert e != null;
                e = null;
        
                // But explicit cast of first or second argument is OK
                result = (int) handle.invokeExact((int)argInteger,argInteger);
                result = (int) handle.invokeExact(arg_int,(Integer)arg_int);
        
                //-----------------------
                // MethodHandle#invoke() 
                //-----------------------
        
                // invoke() with exact types - OK -> actually calls invokeExact() behind the scenes
                result = (int) handle.invoke(arg_int, argInteger);
        
                // implicit conversion of inexact arguments and return type -> OK!
                result = (Integer) handle.invoke(argInteger,argInteger); 
        
                // Object arguments or return type is OK!
                Object o = handle.invoke(argObject,argObject);
        
                // Array of the arguments NOT allowed -> throws WrongMethodTypeException - "cannot convert MethodHandle(int,Integer)int to (Object[])int"
                try {
                    result = (int) handle.invoke(argArray);
                } catch (WrongMethodTypeException ex) {
                    e = ex;
                }
                assert e != null;
                e = null;
        
                //------------------------------------
                // MethodHandle#invokeWithArguments() 
                //------------------------------------
        
                // invoke() with exact types - OK
                result = (int) handle.invokeWithArguments(arg_int,arg_int);
        
                // implicit conversion of inexact arguments and return type -> OK
                result = (Integer) handle.invokeWithArguments(argInteger,argInteger); 
        
                // Object arguments or return type is OK!
                o = handle.invoke(argObject,argObject);
        
                // Array of the arguments -> OK
                result = (int) handle.invokeWithArguments(argArray);
        
                // List of arguments possible -> same as calling invokeWithArguments(list.toArray())
                result = (int) handle.invokeWithArguments(Arrays.asList(argArray));
        
        
            }
        }
        

答案 2 :(得分:1)

正如Balder所说,调用invokeinvokeExact都不接受作为数组传入的参数。 (但是,它们接受数组参数。)

int[] args = {1,1};

// handle for Math.addExact(int, int)
Object o = handle.invokeExact(1,1); // OK
Object o = handle.invoke(1,1); // OK
Object o = handle.invokeExact(args); // ERROR
Object o = handle.invoke(args); // ERROR

错误总是错误的类型异常:

java.lang.invoke.WrongMethodTypeException: cannot convert MethodHandle(int, int)int to (Object[])int

所以它没有解压缩数组。但是传入一个需要它的数组:

// handle for Arrays.sort(int[]) 
handle.invokeExact(args); // OK
handle.invoke(args); // OK

正如Balder所说,用invokeWithArguments()实现所需的行为可能会产生相当大的开销。

为了从varargs中获得解压缩参数列表所需的行为,必须将句柄转换为spreader:

 // handle for Math.addExact(int, int)
 handle = handle.asSpreader(int[].class, 2);
 handle.invokeExact(args); // OK
 handle.invoke(args); // OK

当然,当数组被定义为通用时,与显式参数传递帐户的功能相同:

 Object[] args = new Object[]{1,1};
 // handle for Math.addExact(int, int)
 handle = handle.asSpreader(int[].class, 2);
 handle.invokeExact(args); // ERROR
 handle.invoke(args); // OK

我没有在电话之间进行任何性能比较。对于那些感兴趣的人来说,扩展这个基准是非常直接的: http://rick-hightower.blogspot.de/2013/10/java-invoke-dynamic-examples-java-7.html

详细信息:

基本上invokeWithArguments执行类似的操作,但每次调用都会这样做:

 public Object invokeWithArguments(Object... arguments) throws Throwable {
    MethodType invocationType = MethodType.genericMethodType(arguments == null ? 0 : arguments.length);
    return invocationType.invokers().spreadInvoker(0).invokeExact(asType(invocationType), arguments);
}

因此,创建一个spreader并重复使用它,很可能会产生与invokeinvokeExact类似的性能。