如何通过MethodHandles.lookup()
获取所有声明的方法?如何获取所有声明的字段?
MethodHandle.invoke()
,MethodHandle.invokeExact()
和MethodHandle.invokeWithArguments()
之间有什么区别
另外,对于使用 Java devloper 的MethodHandle API的教程,我将不胜感激。我强调,我正在编写静态类型语言普通旧Java,我不是JVM开发人员,特别是我对整个字节码废话(invokedynamic)并不感兴趣。我想弄清楚如何使用这个新API而不是Java Core API。
EDITED-2:
@Glen Best下面提供了一些我想只提供一个http://www.oraclejavamagazine-digital.com/javamagazine/20130102?pg=52&search_term=methodhandle&doc_id=-1#pg50的参考资料。这正是我想要的。我发现实际上有一些新的词汇表。例如, target 实际上是指MethodHandle(而不是发送的对象)和调用站点实际上是代码“调用”“函数指针”又称MethodHandle。此外,必须了解MethodHandle API 不能替代 Core Reflection API而不是 suplement 。例如,您无法使用MethodHandle“发现”所有方法,而您需要Core Reflection API。但是当你“找到”你想要的方法时,你可以切换到MethodHandle,例如,绑定一些参数或者将它的签名“改变”(改编)为varargs。
编辑:
我仍在努力找出答案。我写了一些我希望与所有人分享的测试。
package alexander.berkovich;
import static org.junit.Assert.assertSame;
import java.lang.invoke.MethodHandle;
import java.lang.invoke.MethodHandles;
import java.lang.invoke.MethodType;
import java.lang.reflect.Field;
import java.lang.reflect.Method;
import org.junit.BeforeClass;
import org.junit.Test;
public class MethodHandlerCleanTest {
public static MethodHandles.Lookup lookup;
@BeforeClass
public static void asetUp(){
lookup = MethodHandles.lookup();
}
public static class Check {
public void primitive(final int i){
}
public void wrapper(final Integer i){
}
}
@Test
public void testPrimitive() throws Throwable {
Check check = new Check();
MethodType type = MethodType.methodType(void.class, int.class);
MethodHandle mh = lookup.findVirtual(Check.class, "primitive", type);
mh.invokeWithArguments(check, 1);
mh.invoke(check, (short)2);
mh.invoke(check, Integer.valueOf(3));
Method method = Check.class.getMethod("primitive", int.class);
method.invoke(check, (short)20);
method.invoke(check, Integer.valueOf(21));
}
@Test
public void testWrapper() throws Throwable {
Check check = new Check();
MethodType type = MethodType.methodType(void.class, Integer.class);
MethodHandle mh = lookup.findVirtual(Check.class, "wrapper", type);
mh.invoke(check, 2);
Method method = Check.class.getMethod("wrapper", Integer.class);
method.invoke(check, 20);
}
@SuppressWarnings("unused")
public static class StaticInnerClass {
public static String staticName;
public String name;
public void foo(){}
public static void staticFoo(){}
}
@Test
public void testStaticInnerClassStaticField() throws Throwable {
MethodHandle mhSet = lookup.findStaticSetter(StaticInnerClass.class, "staticName", String.class);
String expected = "mama";
mhSet.invoke(expected);
MethodHandle mhGet = lookup.findStaticGetter(StaticInnerClass.class, "staticName", String.class);
Object obj = mhGet.invoke();
String value = (String)obj;
assertSame(expected, value);
}
@Test
public void testStaticInnerClassField() throws Throwable {
StaticInnerClass sut = new StaticInnerClass();
Field f = StaticInnerClass.class.getDeclaredField("name");
MethodHandle mhSetUnreflect = lookup.unreflectSetter(f);
String expectedUnreflect = "unreflect";
mhSetUnreflect.invoke(sut, expectedUnreflect);
MethodHandle mhSet = lookup.findSetter(StaticInnerClass.class, "name", String.class);
String expected = "mama";
mhSet.invoke(sut, expected);
MethodHandle mhGet = lookup.findGetter(StaticInnerClass.class, "name", String.class);
Object obj = mhGet.invoke(sut);
String value = (String)obj;
assertSame(expected, value);
}
@Test
public void testStaticInnerClassConstructor() throws Throwable {
StaticInnerClass sut = new StaticInnerClass();
MethodType type = MethodType.methodType(void.class);
MethodHandle mh = lookup.findConstructor(StaticInnerClass.class, type);
mh.invoke();
}
@Test
public void testStaticInnerClassMethod() throws Throwable {
StaticInnerClass sut = new StaticInnerClass();
MethodType type = MethodType.methodType(void.class);
MethodHandle mh = lookup.findVirtual(StaticInnerClass.class, "foo", type);
mh.invoke(sut);
}
@Test
public void testStaticInnerClassStaticMethod() throws Throwable {
MethodType type = MethodType.methodType(void.class);
MethodHandle mh = lookup.findStatic(StaticInnerClass.class, "staticFoo", type);
mh.invoke();
}
@SuppressWarnings("unused")
private class InnerClass {
public String name;
public void foo(){}
}
@Test
public void testInnerClassField() throws Throwable {
InnerClass sut = new InnerClass();
MethodHandle mhSet = lookup.findSetter(InnerClass.class, "name", String.class);
String expected = "mama";
mhSet.invoke(sut, expected);
MethodHandle mhGet = lookup.findGetter(InnerClass.class, "name", String.class);
Object obj = mhGet.invoke(sut);
String value = (String)obj;
assertSame(expected, value);
}
@Test
public void testInnerClassConstructor() throws Throwable {
MethodType type = MethodType.methodType(void.class, MethodHandlerCleanTest.class);
//default constructor is private
Field field = MethodHandles.Lookup.class.getDeclaredField("IMPL_LOOKUP");
field.setAccessible(true);
MethodHandles.Lookup trustedLookup = (MethodHandles.Lookup)
field
.get(null);
MethodHandle mh = trustedLookup.findConstructor(InnerClass.class, type);
mh.invoke(this);
}
@Test
public void testInnerClassMethod() throws Throwable {
InnerClass sut = new InnerClass();
MethodType type = MethodType.methodType(void.class);
MethodHandle mh = lookup.findVirtual(InnerClass.class, "foo", type);
mh.invoke(sut);
}
}
答案 0 :(得分:22)
如何通过MethodHandles.lookup()获取所有声明的方法?如何获取所有声明的字段?
将java.lang.invoke视为反射(快速执行)的反射扩展(java.lang.reflect) - 即“调用”类依赖于“反射”类。
通过反射获取对所有方法/构造函数/字段的引用(java.lang.Class和java.lang.reflect):
java.lang.Class<?> someClass = ...; // obtain a Class somehow
// Returns all constructors/methods/fields declared in class,
// whether public/protected/package/private,
// but does NOT include definitions from any ancestors:
java.lang.reflect.Constructor<?>[] declaredConstructors = someClass.getDeclaredConstructors();
java.lang.reflect.Method[] declaredMethods = someClass.getDeclaredMethods();
java.lang.reflect.Field[] declaredFields = someClass.getDeclaredFields();
// Returns all constructors/methods/fields declared as public members
// in the class AND all ancestors:
java.lang.reflect.Constructor<?>[] publicInheritedConstructors = someClass.getConstructors();
java.lang.reflect.Method[] publicInheritedMethods = someClass.getMethods();
java.lang.reflect.Field[] publicInheritedFields = someClass.getFields();
您可以通过java.lang.invoke.MethodHandles.Lookup将它们转换为MethodHandles:
java.lang.invoke.MethodType mt;
java.lang.invoke.MethodHandle mh;
java.lang.invoke.MethodHandles.Lookup lookup = MethodHandles.lookup();
// process methods
for (java.lang.reflect.Method method: declaredMethods) {
mh = lookup.unreflect(method);
// can call mh.invokeExact (requiring first parameter to be the class'
// object instance upon which the method will be invoked, followed by
// the methodparameter types, with an exact match parameter and return
// types) or
// mh.invoke/invokeWithArguments (requiring first parameter to be the
// class' object instance upon which the method will be invoked,
// followed by the method parameter types, with compatible conversions
// performed on input/output types)
}
// process constructors
for (java.lang.reflect.Constructor<?> constructor: declaredConstructors) {
mh = lookup.unreflectConstructor(constructor);
// can call mh.invokeExact or
// mh.invoke/invokeWithArguments
}
// process field setters
for (java.lang.reflect.Field field: declaredFields) {
mh = lookup.unreflectSetter(field);
// can call mh.invokeExact or
// mh.invoke/invokeWithArguments
}
// process field getters
for (java.lang.reflect.Field field: declaredFields) {
mh = lookup.unreflectGetter(field);
// can call mh.invokeExact or
// mh.invoke/invokeWithArguments
}
您可以通过java.lang.reflect确定方法/构造函数/字段的签名:
// If generics involved in method signature:
Type[] paramTypes = method.getGenericParameterTypes();
Type returnType = method.getGenericReturnType();
// Note: if Class is non-static inner class, first parameter of
// getGenericParameterTypes() is the enclosing class
// If no generics involved in method signature:
Class<?>[] paramTypes = declaredMethod.getParameterTypes();
Class<?> returnType = declaredMethod.getReturnType();
// Note: if Class is non-static inner class, first parameter of
// getParameterTypes() is the enclosing class
// Same method calls for declaredConstructor
您可以通过java.lang.reflect确定方法/构造函数/字段是否为静态:
int modifiers = method.getModifiers(); // same method for constructor/field
boolean isStatic = java.lang.Modifier.isStatic(modifiers);
MethodHandle.invoke(),MethodHandle.invokeExact()和MethodHandle.invokeWithArguments()之间的区别是什么?
MethodHandle
用于非静态方法,则提供给这些方法的第一个参数是声明该方法的Class
实例。在该类的实例上调用该方法(或者在静态方法的类本身上调用)。如果Class
是非静态内部类,则第二个参数是封闭/声明类的实例。后续参数是方法签名参数,按顺序。invokeExact
不对输入参数执行自动兼容类型转换。它要求参数值(或参数表达式)与方法签名完全匹配,每个参数作为单独的参数提供,或者所有参数作为数组一起提供(签名:Object invokeExact(Object... args)
)。 invoke
要求参数值(或参数表达式)与方法签名类型兼容 - 执行自动类型转换,每个参数作为单独的参数提供或全部参数作为数组一起提供(signature:Object invoke(Object ... args))invokeWithArguments
要求参数值(或参数表达式)与方法签名类型兼容 - 执行自动类型转换,每个参数都在List中提供(签名: Object invokeWithArguments(List<?> arguments)
)我将非常感谢有关使用Methodhandle API for Java devloper的教程
不幸的是,那里并不多。您可以尝试以下方法。希望我已经给出了足够的信息:^)
http://docs.oracle.com/javase/7/docs/api/java/lang/invoke/MethodHandle.html
http://docs.oracle.com/javase/7/docs/api/java/lang/invoke/MethodHandles.Lookup.html
http://www.java7developer.com/blog/?p=191
http://www.oraclejavamagazine-digital.com/javamagazine/20130102?pg=52&search_term=methodhandle&doc_id=-1#pg50
http://www.amazon.com/Well-Grounded-Java-Developer-techniques-programming/dp/1617290068
答案 1 :(得分:7)
MethodHandle.invoke(),MethodHandle.invokeExact()和MethodHandle.invokeWithArguments()
之间的区别是什么?
由于我也在努力解决这个问题,所以我决定重新审视这个问题并编写一个示例,准确显示这些方法之间的语义差异。
主要区别是:
invokeExact
仅接受完全参数并返回类型,不接受参数作为数组。呼叫例如不允许带有(Integer,Integer)Integer
参数的方法签名int
,但也不允许使用Object
参数调用它,即使该对象实际上是Integer类型 - compiletime 参数的类型必须是Integer类,而不是运行时实例:
Object arg = 1; Object[] args = {1,1};
Integer i = (Integer)handle.invokeExact(1,1); // OK
Object o = handle.invokeExact(arg,arg); // ERROR
handle.invokeExact(args); // ERROR
invoke
自动转换参数类型和返回类型,并在原始类型和相应的包装类之间进行转换。但它也不接受作为数组的参数。例如。方法签名(Integer,Integer)Integer
:
Object arg = 1; Object[] args = {1,1};
Integer i = (Integer)handle.invoke(1,1); // OK
Object o = handle.invoke(arg,arg); // OK!
o = handle.invoke(args); // ERROR
invokeWithArguments
删除所有这些限制并且与Method#invoke
非常相似 - 您还可以提供一个数组(或java.util.List
)作为参数(但这种灵活性随附巨大的性能损失)。例如。方法签名(Integer,Integer)Integer
:
Object arg = 1; Object[] args = {1,1};
Integer i = (Integer)handle.invokeWithArguments(1,1); // OK
Object o = handle.invokeWithArguments(arg,arg); // OK
o = handle.invokeWithArguments(args); // OK!
这是一个完整的例子:
import java.lang.invoke.MethodHandle;
import java.lang.invoke.MethodHandles;
import java.lang.invoke.WrongMethodTypeException;
import java.lang.reflect.Method;
import java.util.Arrays;
public class MethodHandleTest {
public static class TestClass{
public int test(int a, Integer b){
return a+b;
}
}
public static void main(String[] args) throws Throwable{
Method method = TestClass.class.getMethod("test", int.class, Integer.class);
MethodHandle handle = MethodHandles.lookup().unreflect(method).bindTo(new TestClass());
int arg_int = 1;
Integer argInteger = 1;
Object[] argArray = {1,1};
//----------------------------
// MethodHandle#invokeExact()
//----------------------------
// ONLY an exact invocation is allowed for invokeExact:
int result = (int) handle.invokeExact(arg_int, argInteger);
// inexact first argument type -> throws WrongMethodTypeException - "expected (int,Integer)int but found (Integer,Integer)int"
Exception e = null;
try {
result = (int) handle.invokeExact(argInteger,argInteger);
} catch (WrongMethodTypeException ex) {
e = ex;
}
assert e != null;
e = null;
// inexact return type -> throws WrongMethodTypeException - "expected (int,Integer)int but found (int,Integer)Integer"
try {
result = (Integer) handle.invokeExact(arg_int,argInteger);
} catch (WrongMethodTypeException ex) {
e = ex;
}
assert e != null;
e = null;
// inexact return type -> throws WrongMethodTypeException - "expected (int,Integer)int but found (int,Integer)Object"
try {
Object o = handle.invokeExact(arg_int,argInteger);
} catch (WrongMethodTypeException ex) {
e = ex;
}
assert e != null;
e = null;
// "argObject" is ALSO NOT OK! - the compile time type of the argument must be of class Integer, not the runtime instance!
// -> throws WrongMethodTypeException - "expected (int,Integer)int but found (int,Object)int"
Object argObject = argInteger;
try {
result = (int) handle.invokeExact(arg_int,argObject);
} catch (WrongMethodTypeException ex) {
e = ex;
}
assert e != null;
e = null;
// Array of the arguments NOT allowed -> throws WrongMethodTypeException - "expected (int,Integer)int but found (Object[])int"
try {
result = (int) handle.invokeExact(argArray);
} catch (WrongMethodTypeException ex) {
e = ex;
}
assert e != null;
e = null;
// But explicit cast of first or second argument is OK
result = (int) handle.invokeExact((int)argInteger,argInteger);
result = (int) handle.invokeExact(arg_int,(Integer)arg_int);
//-----------------------
// MethodHandle#invoke()
//-----------------------
// invoke() with exact types - OK -> actually calls invokeExact() behind the scenes
result = (int) handle.invoke(arg_int, argInteger);
// implicit conversion of inexact arguments and return type -> OK!
result = (Integer) handle.invoke(argInteger,argInteger);
// Object arguments or return type is OK!
Object o = handle.invoke(argObject,argObject);
// Array of the arguments NOT allowed -> throws WrongMethodTypeException - "cannot convert MethodHandle(int,Integer)int to (Object[])int"
try {
result = (int) handle.invoke(argArray);
} catch (WrongMethodTypeException ex) {
e = ex;
}
assert e != null;
e = null;
//------------------------------------
// MethodHandle#invokeWithArguments()
//------------------------------------
// invoke() with exact types - OK
result = (int) handle.invokeWithArguments(arg_int,arg_int);
// implicit conversion of inexact arguments and return type -> OK
result = (Integer) handle.invokeWithArguments(argInteger,argInteger);
// Object arguments or return type is OK!
o = handle.invoke(argObject,argObject);
// Array of the arguments -> OK
result = (int) handle.invokeWithArguments(argArray);
// List of arguments possible -> same as calling invokeWithArguments(list.toArray())
result = (int) handle.invokeWithArguments(Arrays.asList(argArray));
}
}
答案 2 :(得分:1)
正如Balder所说,调用invoke
和invokeExact
都不接受作为数组传入的参数。 (但是,它们接受数组参数。)
int[] args = {1,1};
// handle for Math.addExact(int, int)
Object o = handle.invokeExact(1,1); // OK
Object o = handle.invoke(1,1); // OK
Object o = handle.invokeExact(args); // ERROR
Object o = handle.invoke(args); // ERROR
错误总是错误的类型异常:
java.lang.invoke.WrongMethodTypeException: cannot convert MethodHandle(int, int)int to (Object[])int
所以它没有解压缩数组。但是传入一个需要它的数组:
// handle for Arrays.sort(int[])
handle.invokeExact(args); // OK
handle.invoke(args); // OK
正如Balder所说,用invokeWithArguments()
实现所需的行为可能会产生相当大的开销。
为了从varargs中获得解压缩参数列表所需的行为,必须将句柄转换为spreader:
// handle for Math.addExact(int, int)
handle = handle.asSpreader(int[].class, 2);
handle.invokeExact(args); // OK
handle.invoke(args); // OK
当然,当数组被定义为通用时,与显式参数传递帐户的功能相同:
Object[] args = new Object[]{1,1};
// handle for Math.addExact(int, int)
handle = handle.asSpreader(int[].class, 2);
handle.invokeExact(args); // ERROR
handle.invoke(args); // OK
我没有在电话之间进行任何性能比较。对于那些感兴趣的人来说,扩展这个基准是非常直接的: http://rick-hightower.blogspot.de/2013/10/java-invoke-dynamic-examples-java-7.html
基本上invokeWithArguments
执行类似的操作,但每次调用都会这样做:
public Object invokeWithArguments(Object... arguments) throws Throwable {
MethodType invocationType = MethodType.genericMethodType(arguments == null ? 0 : arguments.length);
return invocationType.invokers().spreadInvoker(0).invokeExact(asType(invocationType), arguments);
}
因此,创建一个spreader并重复使用它,很可能会产生与invoke
和invokeExact
类似的性能。