这个正则表达式匹配回文:
^((.)(?1)\2|.?)$
无法绕过它的工作原理。
递归何时结束,以及当regex从递归子模式中断并转到"|.?"
部分时?
感谢。
编辑:抱歉,我没有解释\2
和(?1)
(?1)
- 指第一个子模式(对自己)
\2
- 对第二个子模式匹配的反向引用,即(.)
以上用PHP编写的示例。匹配“abba”(无中间回文字符)和“abcba” - 具有中间非反射字符
答案 0 :(得分:4)
^((.)(?1)\2|.?)$
^
和$
分别断言字符串的开头和结尾。让我们看一下之间的内容,这更有趣:
((.)(?1)\2|.?)
1------------1 // Capturing group 1
2-2 // Capturing group 2
查看第一部分(.)(?1)\2
,我们可以看到它将尝试匹配任何字符,并在末尾匹配相同的字符(后引用\2
,它引用与{匹配的字符{1}})。在中间,它将递归匹配整个捕获组1.请注意,存在一个隐式断言(由(.)
在开头匹配一个字符而(.)
在末尾匹配相同字符)这要求字符串至少为2个字符。第一部分的目的是递归地切割字符串的相同末端。
查看第二部分\2
,我们可以看到它将匹配一个或0个字符。只有当字符串最初的长度为0或1时,或者在递归匹配的剩余部分为0或1个字符之后,才会匹配。第二部分的目的是在从两端切断字符串后匹配空字符串或单个孤独字符。
递归匹配有效:
.?
和^
断言。我们无法从任何随机位置开始匹配。答案 1 :(得分:4)
正则表达式基本上等同于以下伪代码:
palin(str) {
if (length(str) >= 2) {
first = str[0];
last = str[length(str)-1];
return first == last && palin(substr(str, 1, length(str)-2));
} else
// empty and single-char trivially palindromes
return true;
}
答案 2 :(得分:1)
我没有为PCRE regexp找到任何好的调试实用程序。我能找到的更多是如何转储字节码:
$ pcretest -b
PCRE version 7.6 2008-01-28
re> /^((.)(?1)\2|.?)$/x
------------------------------------------------------------------
0 39 Bra
3 ^
4 26 CBra 1
9 6 CBra 2
14 Any
15 6 Ket
18 6 Once
21 4 Recurse
24 6 Ket
27 \2
30 5 Alt
33 Any?
35 31 Ket
38 $
39 39 Ket
42 End
------------------------------------------------------------------
Perl比PCRE有更好的调试工具,试试echo 123454321 | perl -Mre=debug -ne '/^((.)(?1)\2|.?)$/x'
。这不仅给出了一些类似于PCRE的字节码,而且还显示了每一步,以及每一步输入的消耗和剩余部分:
Compiling REx "^((.)(?1)\2|.?)$"
Final program:
1: BOL (2)
2: OPEN1 (4)
4: BRANCH (15)
5: OPEN2 (7)
7: REG_ANY (8)
8: CLOSE2 (10)
10: GOSUB1[-8] (13)
13: REF2 (19)
15: BRANCH (FAIL)
16: CURLY {0,1} (19)
18: REG_ANY (0)
19: CLOSE1 (21)
21: EOL (22)
22: END (0)
floating ""$ at 0..2147483647 (checking floating) anchored(BOL) minlen 0
Guessing start of match in sv for REx "^((.)(?1)\2|.?)$" against "12321"
Found floating substr ""$ at offset 5...
Guessed: match at offset 0
Matching REx "^((.)(?1)\2|.?)$" against "12321"
0 <> <12321> | 1:BOL(2)
0 <> <12321> | 2:OPEN1(4)
0 <> <12321> | 4:BRANCH(15)
0 <> <12321> | 5: OPEN2(7)
0 <> <12321> | 7: REG_ANY(8)
1 <1> <2321> | 8: CLOSE2(10)
1 <1> <2321> | 10: GOSUB1[-8](13)
1 <1> <2321> | 2: OPEN1(4)
1 <1> <2321> | 4: BRANCH(15)
1 <1> <2321> | 5: OPEN2(7)
1 <1> <2321> | 7: REG_ANY(8)
2 <12> <321> | 8: CLOSE2(10)
2 <12> <321> | 10: GOSUB1[-8](13)
2 <12> <321> | 2: OPEN1(4)
2 <12> <321> | 4: BRANCH(15)
2 <12> <321> | 5: OPEN2(7)
2 <12> <321> | 7: REG_ANY(8)
3 <123> <21> | 8: CLOSE2(10)
3 <123> <21> | 10: GOSUB1[-8](13)
3 <123> <21> | 2: OPEN1(4)
3 <123> <21> | 4: BRANCH(15)
3 <123> <21> | 5: OPEN2(7)
3 <123> <21> | 7: REG_ANY(8)
4 <1232> <1> | 8: CLOSE2(10)
4 <1232> <1> | 10: GOSUB1[-8](13)
4 <1232> <1> | 2: OPEN1(4)
4 <1232> <1> | 4: BRANCH(15)
4 <1232> <1> | 5: OPEN2(7)
4 <1232> <1> | 7: REG_ANY(8)
5 <12321> <> | 8: CLOSE2(10)
5 <12321> <> | 10: GOSUB1[-8](13)
5 <12321> <> | 2: OPEN1(4)
5 <12321> <> | 4: BRANCH(15)
5 <12321> <> | 5: OPEN2(7)
5 <12321> <> | 7: REG_ANY(8)
failed...
5 <12321> <> | 15: BRANCH(19)
5 <12321> <> | 16: CURLY {0,1}(19)
REG_ANY can match 0 times out of 1...
5 <12321> <> | 19: CLOSE1(21)
EVAL trying tail ... 9d86dd8
5 <12321> <> | 13: REF2(19)
failed...
failed...
BRANCH failed...
4 <1232> <1> | 15: BRANCH(19)
4 <1232> <1> | 16: CURLY {0,1}(19)
REG_ANY can match 1 times out of 1...
5 <12321> <> | 19: CLOSE1(21)
EVAL trying tail ... 9d86d70
5 <12321> <> | 13: REF2(19)
failed...
4 <1232> <1> | 19: CLOSE1(21)
EVAL trying tail ... 9d86d70
4 <1232> <1> | 13: REF2(19)
failed...
failed...
BRANCH failed...
3 <123> <21> | 15: BRANCH(19)
3 <123> <21> | 16: CURLY {0,1}(19)
REG_ANY can match 1 times out of 1...
4 <1232> <1> | 19: CLOSE1(21)
EVAL trying tail ... 9d86d08
4 <1232> <1> | 13: REF2(19)
failed...
3 <123> <21> | 19: CLOSE1(21)
EVAL trying tail ... 9d86d08
3 <123> <21> | 13: REF2(19)
failed...
failed...
BRANCH failed...
2 <12> <321> | 15: BRANCH(19)
2 <12> <321> | 16: CURLY {0,1}(19)
REG_ANY can match 1 times out of 1...
3 <123> <21> | 19: CLOSE1(21)
EVAL trying tail ... 9d86ca0
3 <123> <21> | 13: REF2(19)
4 <1232> <1> | 19: CLOSE1(21)
EVAL trying tail ... 0
4 <1232> <1> | 13: REF2(19)
5 <12321> <> | 19: CLOSE1(21)
5 <12321> <> | 21: EOL(22)
5 <12321> <> | 22: END(0)
Match successful!
Freeing REx: "^((.)(?1)\2|.?)$"
正如您所看到的,Perl首先消耗所有输入递归,直到(.)
失败,然后开始回溯并尝试从交替.?
和第一部分的剩余部分\2
中的第二个分支,当它失败时,它会回溯,直到它最终成功。