如何在Python中使用自定义消息引发相同的Exception?

时间:2012-02-06 08:07:57

标签: python exception message

我的代码中有try块:

try:
    do_something_that_might_raise_an_exception()
except ValueError as err:
    errmsg = 'My custom error message.'
    raise ValueError(errmsg)

严格地说,我实际上是在提高另一个 ValueError,而不是ValueError引发的do_something...(),这被称为err in这个案例。如何将自定义消息附加到err?我尝试使用以下代码但由于err ValueError 实例而无法调用而失败:

try:
    do_something_that_might_raise_an_exception()
except ValueError as err:
    errmsg = 'My custom error message.'
    raise err(errmsg)

14 个答案:

答案 0 :(得分:114)

我意识到这个问题已经存在了一段时间,但是一旦你足够幸运只支持python 3.x,这真的变得美丽了:)

加注

我们可以使用raise from链接例外。

try:
    1 / 0
except ZeroDivisionError as e:
    raise Exception('Smelly socks') from e

在这种情况下,调用者将捕获的异常具有我们引发异常的地方的行号。

Traceback (most recent call last):
  File "test.py", line 2, in <module>
    1 / 0
ZeroDivisionError: division by zero

The above exception was the direct cause of the following exception:

Traceback (most recent call last):
  File "test.py", line 4, in <module>
    raise Exception('Smelly socks') from e
Exception: Smelly socks

注意底部异常只有我们引发异常的堆栈跟踪。您的调用者仍然可以通过访问他们捕获的异常的__cause__属性来获取原始异常。

with_traceback

或者您可以使用with_traceback

try:
    1 / 0
except ZeroDivisionError as e:
    raise Exception('Smelly socks').with_traceback(e.__traceback__)

使用此表单,调用者将捕获的异常具有原始错误发生位置的回溯。

Traceback (most recent call last):
  File "test.py", line 2, in <module>
    1 / 0
ZeroDivisionError: division by zero

During handling of the above exception, another exception occurred:

Traceback (most recent call last):
  File "test.py", line 4, in <module>
    raise Exception('Smelly socks').with_traceback(e.__traceback__)
  File "test.py", line 2, in <module>
    1 / 0
Exception: Smelly socks

请注意,底部异常具有执行无效除法的行以及我们重新加载异常的行。

答案 1 :(得分:73)

更新:对于Python 3,请检查Ben's answer


将消息附加到当前异常并重新引发它: (外部的try / except只是为了显示效果)

对于python 2.x,其中x&gt; = 6:

try:
    try:
      raise ValueError  # something bad...
    except ValueError as err:
      err.message=err.message+" hello"
      raise              # re-raise current exception
except ValueError as e:
    print(" got error of type "+ str(type(e))+" with message " +e.message)

如果来自err的{​​{1}} 派生 ,这也会做正确的事情。例如ValueError

请注意,您可以将任何内容添加到UnicodeDecodeError。例如err


编辑: @Ducan在评论中指出上述内容与python 3不兼容,因为err.problematic_array=[1,2,3]不是.message的成员。相反,你可以使用它(有效的python 2.6或更高版本或3.x):

ValueError

<强> EDIT2:

根据目的,您还可以选择在自己的变量名称下添加额外信息。对于python2和python3:

try:
    try:
      raise ValueError
    except ValueError as err:
       if not err.args: 
           err.args=('',)
       err.args = err.args + ("hello",)
       raise 
except ValueError as e:
    print(" error was "+ str(type(e))+str(e.args))

答案 2 :(得分:7)

try:
    try:
        int('a')
    except ValueError as e:
        raise ValueError('There is a problem: {0}'.format(e))
except ValueError as err:
    print err

打印:

There is a problem: invalid literal for int() with base 10: 'a'

答案 3 :(得分:6)

似乎所有答案都是向e.args [0]添加信息,从而改变了现有的错误信息。相反,扩展args元组是否有缺点?我认为可能的好处是,您可以单独保留原始错误消息,以用于需要解析该字符串的情况;如果您的自定义错误处理产生了多个消息或错误代码,并且可以通过编程方式解析回溯(例如通过系统监视工具),则可以向元组添加多个元素。

## Approach #1, if the exception may not be derived from Exception and well-behaved:

def to_int(x):
    try:
        return int(x)
    except Exception as e:
        e.args = (e.args if e.args else tuple()) + ('Custom message',)
        raise

>>> to_int('12')
12

>>> to_int('12 monkeys')
Traceback (most recent call last):
  File "<stdin>", line 1, in <module>
  File "<stdin>", line 3, in to_int
ValueError: ("invalid literal for int() with base 10: '12 monkeys'", 'Custom message')

## Approach #2, if the exception is always derived from Exception and well-behaved:

def to_int(x):
    try:
        return int(x)
    except Exception as e:
        e.args += ('Custom message',)
        raise

>>> to_int('12')
12

>>> to_int('12 monkeys')
Traceback (most recent call last):
  File "<stdin>", line 1, in <module>
  File "<stdin>", line 3, in to_int
ValueError: ("invalid literal for int() with base 10: '12 monkeys'", 'Custom message')

你能看到这种方法的缺点吗?

答案 4 :(得分:2)

此代码模板应允许您使用自定义消息引发异常。

try:
     raise ValueError
except ValueError as err:
    raise type(err)("my message")

答案 5 :(得分:2)

这是我用来修改Python 2.7和3.x中的异常消息同时保留原始回溯的函数。它需要six

def reraise_modify(caught_exc, append_msg, prepend=False):
    """Append message to exception while preserving attributes.

    Preserves exception class, and exception traceback.

    Note:
        This function needs to be called inside an except because
        `sys.exc_info()` requires the exception context.

    Args:
        caught_exc(Exception): The caught exception object
        append_msg(str): The message to append to the caught exception
        prepend(bool): If True prepend the message to args instead of appending

    Returns:
        None

    Side Effects:
        Re-raises the exception with the preserved data / trace but
        modified message
    """
    ExceptClass = type(caught_exc)
    # Keep old traceback
    traceback = sys.exc_info()[2]
    if not caught_exc.args:
        # If no args, create our own tuple
        arg_list = [append_msg]
    else:
        # Take the last arg
        # If it is a string
        # append your message.
        # Otherwise append it to the
        # arg list(Not as pretty)
        arg_list = list(caught_exc.args[:-1])
        last_arg = caught_exc.args[-1]
        if isinstance(last_arg, str):
            if prepend:
                arg_list.append(append_msg + last_arg)
            else:
                arg_list.append(last_arg + append_msg)
        else:
            arg_list += [last_arg, append_msg]
    caught_exc.args = tuple(arg_list)
    six.reraise(ExceptClass,
                caught_exc,
                traceback)

答案 6 :(得分:2)

这仅适用于Python 3 。您可以修改异常的原始参数并添加自己的参数。

一个异常会记住创建它的参数。我想这是为了让您可以修改异常。

在函数reraise中,我们在异常的原始参数之前添加了所需的任何新参数(例如消息)。最后,我们在保留追溯历史的同时重新引发异常。

def reraise(e, *args):
  '''re-raise an exception with extra arguments
  :param e: The exception to reraise
  :param args: Extra args to add to the exception
  '''

  # e.args is a tuple of arguments that the exception with instantiated with.
  #
  e.args = args + e.args

  # Recreate the expection and preserve the traceback info so thta we can see 
  # where this exception originated.
  #
  raise e.with_traceback(e.__traceback__)   


def bad():
  raise ValueError('bad')

def very():
  try:
    bad()
  except Exception as e:
    reraise(e, 'very')

def very_very():
  try:
    very()
  except Exception as e:
    reraise(e, 'very')

very_very()

输出

Traceback (most recent call last):
  File "main.py", line 35, in <module>
    very_very()
  File "main.py", line 30, in very_very
    reraise(e, 'very')
  File "main.py", line 15, in reraise
    raise e.with_traceback(e.__traceback__)
  File "main.py", line 28, in very_very
    very()
  File "main.py", line 24, in very
    reraise(e, 'very')
  File "main.py", line 15, in reraise
    raise e.with_traceback(e.__traceback__)
  File "main.py", line 22, in very
    bad()
  File "main.py", line 18, in bad
    raise ValueError('bad')
ValueError: ('very', 'very', 'bad')

答案 7 :(得分:1)

Python 3内置异常具有except ValueError as err: err.strerror = "New error message" raise err 字段:

{{1}}

答案 8 :(得分:1)

使用

使用错误消息引发新异常
raise Exception('your error message')

raise ValueError('your error message')

在您想要引发它的地方或使用'from'将错误消息附加(替换)到当前异常中:

except ValueError as e:
  raise ValueError('your message') from e

答案 9 :(得分:1)

试试下面的:

try:
    raise ValueError("Original message. ")
except Exception as err:
    message = 'My custom error message. '
    # Change the order below to "(message + str(err),)" if custom message is needed first. 
    err.args = (str(err) + message,)
    raise 

输出:

---------------------------------------------------------------------------
ValueError                                Traceback (most recent call last)
      1 try:
----> 2     raise ValueError("Original message")
      3 except Exception as err:
      4     message = 'My custom error message.'
      5     err.args = (str(err) + ". " + message,)

ValueError: Original message. My custom error message.

答案 10 :(得分:0)

当前的答案对我来说效果不好,如果没有重新捕获异常,则不会显示附加的消息。

但是,无论是否重新捕获异常,执行下面的操作都会保留跟踪并显示附加的消息。

try:
  raise ValueError("Original message")
except ValueError as err:
  t, v, tb = sys.exc_info()
  raise t, ValueError(err.message + " Appended Info"), tb

(我使用的是Python 2.7,还没有在Python 3中尝试过它)

答案 11 :(得分:0)

以上解决方案均未达到我想要的目的,即向错误消息的第一部分添加了一些信息,即我希望用户首先看到我的自定义消息。

这对我有用:

exception_raised = False
try:
    do_something_that_might_raise_an_exception()
except ValueError as e:
    message = str(e)
    exception_raised = True

if exception_raised:
    message_to_prepend = "Custom text"
    raise ValueError(message_to_prepend + message)

答案 12 :(得分:0)

上面提出的许多解决方案再次重新引发异常,这被认为是一种不好的做法。像这样简单的事情就可以了

try:
    import settings
except ModuleNotFoundError:
    print("Something meaningfull\n")
    raise 

因此,您将首先打印错误消息,然后引发堆栈跟踪,或者您可以简单地通过 sys.exit(1) 退出并且根本不显示错误消息。

答案 13 :(得分:-2)

如果你想自定义错误类型,你可以做的一件简单的事情是根据ValueError定义一个错误类。