我编写了一个函数来枚举给定列表的所有排列。您如何看待下面的代码？
def interleave(x:Int, l:List[Int]):List[List[Int]] = {
l match {
case Nil => List(List(x))
case (head::tail) =>
(x :: head :: tail) :: interleave(x, tail).map(head :: _)
}
}
def permutations(l:List[Int]):List[List[Int]] = {
l match {
case Nil => List(List())
case (head::tail) =>
for(p0 <- permutations(tail); p1 <- interleave(head, p0)) yield p1
}
}
答案 0 :(得分：57)
给定一个Seq，可以通过调用permutations方法获得排列。
scala> List(1,2,3).permutations.mkString("\n")
res3: String =
List(1, 2, 3)
List(1, 3, 2)
List(2, 1, 3)
List(2, 3, 1)
List(3, 1, 2)
List(3, 2, 1)
此外，combinations还有一种方法：
scala> List(1,2,3).combinations(2).mkString("\n")
res4: String =
List(1, 2)
List(1, 3)
List(2, 3)
关于你的实施，我会说三件事：
（1）好看的
（2）提供迭代器（这是允许丢弃元素的std集合方法）。否则，您可以获得1000个列表！可能不适合记忆的元素。
scala> val longList = List((1 to 1000):_*)
longList: List[Int] = List(1, 2, 3,...
scala> permutations(longList)
java.lang.OutOfMemoryError: Java heap space
at scala.collection.immutable.List.$colon$colon(List.scala:67)
at .interleave(<console>:11)
at .interleave(<console>:11)
at .interleave(<console>:11)
（3）你应该删除重复的排列（由Luigi观察），因为：
scala> permutations(List(1,1,3))
res4: List[List[Int]] = List(List(1, 1, 3), List(1, 1, 3), List(1, 3, 1), List(1, 3, 1), List(3, 1, 1), List(3, 1, 1))
scala> List(1,1,3).permutations.toList
res5: List[List[Int]] = List(List(1, 1, 3), List(1, 3, 1), List(3, 1, 1))
答案 1 :(得分：9)
在此处考虑不同之处：您的版本
scala> permutations(List(1,1,2)) foreach println
List(1, 1, 2)
List(1, 1, 2)
List(1, 2, 1)
List(1, 2, 1)
List(2, 1, 1)
List(2, 1, 1)
参考版本：
scala> List(1,1,2).permutations foreach println
List(1, 1, 2)
List(1, 2, 1)
List(2, 1, 1)
答案 2 :(得分：6)
我认为标准库中已经存在这样的函数：Seq.permutations。那又为什么要重新发明轮子呢？
答案 3 :(得分：6)
也许这个帖子已经饱和了，但我想我会把我的解决方案放到混合中：
假设没有重复元素：
def permList(l: List[Int]): List[List[Int]] = l match {
case List(ele) => List(List(ele))
case list =>
for {
i <- List.range(0, list.length)
p <- permList(list.slice(0, i) ++ list.slice(i + 1, list.length))
} yield list(i) :: p
}
使用重复元素，防止重复（不那么漂亮）：
def permList(l: List[Int]): List[List[Int]] = l match {
case List(ele) => List(List(ele))
case list =>
for {
i <- List.range(0, list.length)
val traversedList = list.slice(0, i)
val nextEle = list(i)
if !(traversedList contains nextEle)
p <- permList(traversedList ++ list.slice(i + 1, list.length))
} yield list(i) :: p
}
它可能不是最“list-y”，因为它在列表中使用了切片和索引，但它相当简洁并且看起来略有不同。它的工作原理是挑选出列表中的每个元素并计算剩余内容的排列，然后将单个元素连接到每个排列。如果有一种更惯用的方式来做到这一点，我很乐意听到它。
答案 4 :(得分：5)
以下是基于span的版本。
def perms[T](xs: List[T]): List[List[T]] = xs match {
case List(_) => List(xs)
case _ => for ( x <- xs
; val (l, r) = xs span { x!= }
; ys <- perms(l ++ r.tail)
) yield x :: ys
}
答案 5 :(得分：1)
我猜你正在练习你的Scala编程技巧。这是另一个，其中的想法是将不同的元素作为序列的头部，并通过filter删除重复。代码的复杂性应该很好，因为O（n）+ O（n或者n ^ 2）+ O（n）* P（n-1）由O（n）* P（n-1）支配，其中P（n）是排列数，无法改进，
def permute(xs:List[Int]):List[List[Int]] = xs match {
case Nil => List(List())
case head::tail => {
val len = xs.length
val tps = (0 to len-1).map(xs.splitAt(_)).toList.filter(tp => !tp._1.contains(tp._2.head))
tps.map(tp => permute(tp._1:::tp._2.tail).map(tp._2.head :: _)).flatten
}
}
答案 6 :(得分：1)
我认为我的解决方案比其他人更好
def withReplacements(chars: String, n: Int) {
def internal(path: String, acc: List[String]): List[String] = {
if (path.length == n) path :: acc else
chars.toList.flatMap {c => internal(path + c, acc)}
}
val res = internal("", Nil)
println("there are " + res.length + " " + n + "-permutations with replacement for " + chars + " = " + res)
} //> withReplacements: (chars: String, n: Int)Unit
def noReplacements(chars: String, n: Int) {
//val set = chars.groupBy(c => c).map {case (c, list) => (c -> list.length)}.toList
import scala.collection.immutable.Queue
type Set = Queue[Char]
val set = Queue[Char](chars.toList: _*)
type Result = Queue[String]
// The idea is that recursions will scan the set with one element excluded.
// Queue was chosen to implement the set to enable excluded element to bubble through it.
def internal(set: Set, path: String, acc: Result): Result = {
if (path.length == n) acc.enqueue(path)
else
set.foldLeft(acc, set.dequeue){case ((acc, (consumed_el, q)), e) =>
(internal(q, consumed_el + path, acc), q.enqueue(consumed_el).dequeue)
}. _1
}
val res = internal(set, "", Queue.empty)
println("there are " + res.length + " " + n + "-permutations without replacement for " + set + " = " + res)
} //> noReplacements: (chars: String, n: Int)Unit
withReplacements("abc", 2) //> there are 9 2-permutations with replacement for abc = List(aa, ab, ac, ba,
//| bb, bc, ca, cb, cc)
noReplacements("abc", 2) //> there are 6 2-permutations without replacement for Queue(a, b, c) = Queue(b
//| a, ca, cb, ab, ac, bc)
noReplacements("abc", 3) //> there are 6 3-permutations without replacement for Queue(a, b, c) = Queue(c
//| ba, bca, acb, cab, bac, abc)
withReplacements("abc", 3) //> there are 27 3-permutations with replacement for abc = List(aaa, aab, aac,
//| aba, abb, abc, aca, acb, acc, baa, bab, bac, bba, bbb, bbc, bca, bcb, bcc,
//| caa, cab, cac, cba, cbb, cbc, cca, ccb, ccc)
// you can run with replacements (3 chars, n = 4) but noReplacements will fail for obvious reason -- you cannont combine 3 chars to produce 4
withReplacements("abc", 4) //> there are 81 4-permutations with replacement for abc = List(aaaa, aaab, aaa
//| c, aaba, aabb, aabc, aaca, aacb, aacc, abaa, abab, abac, abba, abbb, abbc,
//| abca, abcb, abcc, acaa, acab, acac, acba, acbb, acbc, acca, accb, accc, baa
//| a, baab, baac, baba, babb, babc, baca, bacb, bacc, bbaa, bbab, bbac, bbba,
//| bbbb, bbbc, bbca, bbcb, bbcc, bcaa, bcab, bcac, bcba, bcbb, bcbc, bcca, bcc
//| b, bccc, caaa, caab, caac, caba, cabb, cabc, caca, cacb, cacc, cbaa, cbab,
//| cbac, cbba, cbbb, cbbc, cbca, cbcb, cbcc, ccaa, ccab, ccac, ccba, ccbb, ccb
//| c, ccca, cccb, cccc)
(1 to 3) foreach (u => noReplacements("aab", u))//> there are 3 1-permutations without replacement for Queue(a, a, b) = Queue(a
//| , a, b)
//| there are 6 2-permutations without replacement for Queue(a, a, b) = Queue(a
//| a, ba, ba, aa, ab, ab)
//| there are 6 3-permutations without replacement for Queue(a, a, b) = Queue(b
//| aa, aba, aba, baa, aab, aab)
这些是相同的3行代码，但支持可变置换长度并消除列表连接。
我已经使第二个更加理想化（这样可以防止累加器的平面映射合并，这也使它更加尾递归）并扩展到多集排列，这样你就可以说“aab”，“aba”和“baa”是（彼此）的排列。这个想法是字母“a”可以无限替换两次（有替换案例）或只有一次可用（没有替换）。所以，你需要一个计数器，告诉你每个字母可以替换多少次。
// Rewrite with replacement a bit to eliminate flat-map merges.
def norep2(chars: String, n: Int/* = chars.length*/) {
import scala.collection.immutable.Queue
type Set = Queue[Char]
val set = Queue[Char](chars.toList: _*)
type Result = Queue[String]
def siblings(set: (Char, Set), offset: Int, path: String, acc: Result): Result = set match {case (bubble, queue) =>
val children = descend(queue, path + bubble, acc) // bubble was used, it is not available for children that will produce combinations in other positions
if (offset == 0) children else siblings(queue.enqueue(bubble).dequeue, offset - 1, path, children) // siblings will produce different chars at the same position, fetch next char for them
}
def descend(set: Set, path: String, acc: Result): Result = {
if (path.length == n) acc.enqueue(path) else siblings(set.dequeue, set.size-1, path, acc)
}
val res = descend(set, "", Queue.empty)
println("there are " + res.length + " " + n + "-permutations without replacement for " + set + " = " + res)
} //> norep2: (chars: String, n: Int)Unit
assert(norep2("abc", 2) == noReplacements("abc", 2))
//> there are 6 2-permutations without replacement for Queue(a, b, c) = Queue(a
//| b, ac, bc, ba, ca, cb)
//| there are 6 2-permutations without replacement for Queue(a, b, c) = Queue(b
//| a, ca, cb, ab, ac, bc)
assert(norep2("abc", 3) == noReplacements("abc", 3))
//> there are 6 3-permutations without replacement for Queue(a, b, c) = Queue(a
//| bc, acb, bca, bac, cab, cba)
//| there are 6 3-permutations without replacement for Queue(a, b, c) = Queue(c
//| ba, bca, acb, cab, bac, abc)
def multisets(chars: String, n: Int/* = chars.length*/) {
import scala.collection.immutable.Queue
type Set = Queue[Bubble]
type Bubble = (Char, Int)
type Result = Queue[String]
def siblings(set: (Bubble, Set), offset: Int, path: String, acc: Result): Result = set match {case ((char, avail), queue) =>
val children = descend(if (avail - 1 == 0) queue else queue.enqueue(char -> {avail-1}), path + char, acc) // childern can reuse the symbol while if it is available
if (offset == 0) children else siblings(queue.enqueue((char, avail)).dequeue, offset - 1, path, children)
}
def descend(set: Set, path: String, acc: Result): Result = {
if (path.length == n) acc.enqueue(path) else siblings(set.dequeue, set.size-1, path, acc)
}
val set = Queue[Bubble]((chars.toList groupBy (c => c) map {case (k, v) => (k, v.length)}).toList: _*)
val res = descend(set, "", Queue.empty)
println("there are " + res.length + " multiset " + n + "-permutations for " + set + " = " + res)
} //> multisets: (chars: String, n: Int)Unit
assert(multisets("abc", 2) == norep2("abc", 2)) //> there are 6 multiset 2-permutations for Queue((b,1), (a,1), (c,1)) = Queue(
//| ba, bc, ac, ab, cb, ca)
//| there are 6 2-permutations without replacement for Queue(a, b, c) = Queue(a
//| b, ac, bc, ba, ca, cb)
assert(multisets("abc", 3) == norep2("abc", 3)) //> there are 6 multiset 3-permutations for Queue((b,1), (a,1), (c,1)) = Queue(
//| bac, bca, acb, abc, cba, cab)
//| there are 6 3-permutations without replacement for Queue(a, b, c) = Queue(a
//| bc, acb, bca, bac, cab, cba)
assert (multisets("aaab", 2) == multisets2("aaab".toList, 2) )
//> there are 3 multiset 2-permutations for Queue((b,1), (a,3)) = Queue(ba, ab,
//| aa)
//| there are 3 multiset 2-permutations for Queue((b,1), (a,3)) = List(List(a,
//| a), List(b, a), List(a, b))
multisets("aab", 2) //> there are 3 multiset 2-permutations for Queue((b,1), (a,2)) = Queue(ba, ab,
//| aa)
multisets("aab", 3) //> there are 3 multiset 3-permutations for Queue((b,1), (a,2)) = Queue(baa, ab
//| a, aab)
norep2("aab", 3) //> there are 6 3-permutations without replacement for Queue(a, a, b) = Queue(a
//| ab, aba, aba, aab, baa, baa)
作为一般化，你可以使用multisets功能获得/不使用替换。例如，
//take far more letters than resulting permutation length to emulate withReplacements
assert(multisets("aaaaabbbbbccccc", 3) == withReplacements("abc", 3))
//> there are 27 multiset 3-permutations for Queue((b,5), (a,5), (c,5)) = Queue
//| (bac, bab, baa, bcb, bca, bcc, bba, bbc, bbb, acb, aca, acc, aba, abc, abb,
//| aac, aab, aaa, cba, cbc, cbb, cac, cab, caa, ccb, cca, ccc)
//| there are 27 3-permutations with replacement for abc = List(aaa, aab, aac,
//| aba, abb, abc, aca, acb, acc, baa, bab, bac, bba, bbb, bbc, bca, bcb, bcc,
//| caa, cab, cac, cba, cbb, cbc, cca, ccb, ccc)
//take one letter of each to emulate withoutReplacements
assert(multisets("aaaaabbbbbccccc", 3) == noReplacements("abc", 3))
//> there are 27 multiset 3-permutations for Queue((b,5), (a,5), (c,5)) = Queue
//| (bac, bab, baa, bcb, bca, bcc, bba, bbc, bbb, acb, aca, acc, aba, abc, abb,
//| aac, aab, aaa, cba, cbc, cbb, cac, cab, caa, ccb, cca, ccc)
//| there are 6 3-permutations without replacement for Queue(a, b, c) = Queue(c
//| ba, bca, acb, cab, bac, abc)
If you are more interested about permutations, you may look at
答案 7 :(得分：1)
def permutator[T](list: List[T]): List[List[T]] = {
def _p(total: Int, list: List[T]): List[List[T]] = {
if (total == 0) {
// End of the recursion tree
list.map(List(_))
} else {
// Controlled combinatorial
// explosion while total > 0
for (i <- list;
j <- _p(total - 1, list))
yield { i :: j }
// It is a recursion tree to generate the
// permutations of the elements
// --------------------------------------
// total = 0 => _p returns 3 elements (A, B, C)
// total = 1 => _p returns 3 * 3 List(List(A, A)...
// total = 2 => _p returns 3 * 3 * 3 elements List(List(A, A, A)...
}
}
_p(list.length - 1, list)
}
permutator(List("A", "B", "C"))
// output:
List(A, A, A),List(A, A, B),List(A, A, C),List(A, B, A),List(A, B, B),
List(A, B, C),List(A, C, A),List(A, C, B),List(A, C, C),List(B, A, A),
List(B, A, B),List(B, A, C),List(B, B, A),List(B, B, B),List(B, B, C),
List(B, C, A),List(B, C, B),List(B, C, C),List(C, A, A),List(C, A, B),
List(C, A, C),List(C, B, A),List(C, B, B),List(C, B, C),List(C, C, A),
List(C, C, B),List(C, C, C)
答案 8 :(得分：1)
我从SICP获得了以下方法。我花了很多时间才能理解它。但是值得一看，很美。递归如何在后台工作。
def permutations(list: List[Int]): List[List[Int]] = list match {
case Nil => Nil
case List(x) => List(List(x))
case _ => list
.flatMap(x =>
permutations(list.filterNot(_==x))
.map(p => x :: p))
}
上述解决方案可以如下翻译为for循环：
def perms(list: List[Int]): List[List[Int]] = {
if (list.size == 1) List(list)
else for {
x <- list
y <- perms(list.filterNot(_ == x))
} yield x :: y
}
答案 9 :(得分：1)
def perms(in:List[Int]):List[List[Int]] = {
def perms0(in: List[Int], tmp: List[Int]): List[List[Int]] =
if (in.isEmpty) List(tmp)
else in.foldLeft(Nil: List[List[Int]])((acc, el) => perms0(in.filter(en => en != el) , el :: tmp) ++ acc)
perms0(in, Nil)
}
我通过下图所示的想法启发了解决方案，该图显示了从空（图根）到所有排列（图叶）开始的部分排列的构建图：https://medium.com/algorithms-and-leetcode/backtracking-e001561b9f28
答案 10 :(得分：0)
这是一个基于循环概念的实现，以及具有两个元素的permute的简单实现。 它不处理permute方法中的重复和堆栈溢出方面
object ImmuPermute extends App {
def nextCycle(nums: List[Int]): List[Int] = {
nums match {
case Nil => Nil
case head :: tail => tail :+ head
}
}
def cycles(nums: List[Int]): List[List[Int]] = {
def loop(l: List[Int], acc: List[List[Int]]): List[List[Int]] = {
if (acc.size == nums.size)
acc
else {
val next = nextCycle(l)
loop(next, next :: acc)
}
}
loop(nums, List(nums))
}
def permute(nums: List[Int]): List[List[Int]] = {
nums match {
case Nil => Nil
case head :: Nil => List(List(head))
case first :: second :: Nil => List(List(first, second), List(second, first))
case _ => {
val cycledList = cycles(nums)
cycledList.flatMap { cycle =>
val h = cycle.head
val t = cycle.tail
val permutedList = permute(t)
permutedList map { pList =>
h :: pList
}
}
}
}
}
val l = permute(List(1, 2, 3, 4))
l foreach println
println(l.size)
}