本着现有的"what's your most useful C/C++ snippet" - 主题精神:
你们有没有(通常)使用的简短的单功能Python片段,并希望与StackOverlow社区分享?请保持小项目(25岁以下) 这些线可能?)并且每个帖子只给出一个例子。
我将从一个简短的片段开始,我不时使用它来计算python项目中的sloc(源代码行):
# prints recursive count of lines of python source code from current directory
# includes an ignore_list. also prints total sloc
import os
cur_path = os.getcwd()
ignore_set = set(["__init__.py", "count_sourcelines.py"])
loclist = []
for pydir, _, pyfiles in os.walk(cur_path):
for pyfile in pyfiles:
if pyfile.endswith(".py") and pyfile not in ignore_set:
totalpath = os.path.join(pydir, pyfile)
loclist.append( ( len(open(totalpath, "r").read().splitlines()),
totalpath.split(cur_path)[1]) )
for linenumbercount, filename in loclist:
print "%05d lines in %s" % (linenumbercount, filename)
print "\nTotal: %s lines (%s)" %(sum([x[0] for x in loclist]), cur_path)
答案 0 :(得分:34)
我喜欢使用any
和生成器:
if any(pred(x.item) for x in sequence):
...
而不是像这样写的代码:
found = False
for x in sequence:
if pred(x.n):
found = True
if found:
...
我首先从Peter Norvig article了解到这种技术。
答案 1 :(得分:21)
我知道的唯一'技巧',当我学会它时,真的让我惊叹的是枚举。它允许您访问for循环中元素的索引。
>>> l = ['a','b','c','d','e','f']
>>> for (index,value) in enumerate(l):
... print index, value
...
0 a
1 b
2 c
3 d
4 e
5 f
答案 2 :(得分:21)
初始化2D列表
虽然这可以安全地完成以初始化列表:
lst = [0] * 3
同样的技巧不适用于2D列表(列表列表):
>>> lst_2d = [[0] * 3] * 3
>>> lst_2d
[[0, 0, 0], [0, 0, 0], [0, 0, 0]]
>>> lst_2d[0][0] = 5
>>> lst_2d
[[5, 0, 0], [5, 0, 0], [5, 0, 0]]
运算符*复制其操作数,并且使用[]构造的重复列表指向同一列表。正确的方法是:
>>> lst_2d = [[0] * 3 for i in xrange(3)]
>>> lst_2d
[[0, 0, 0], [0, 0, 0], [0, 0, 0]]
>>> lst_2d[0][0] = 5
>>> lst_2d
[[5, 0, 0], [0, 0, 0], [0, 0, 0]]
答案 3 :(得分:16)
为当前目录中的文件启动一个简单的Web服务器:
python -m SimpleHTTPServer
用于共享文件。
答案 4 :(得分:16)
zip(*iterable)
转换一个可迭代的。
>>> a=[[1,2,3],[4,5,6]]
>>> zip(*a)
[(1, 4), (2, 5), (3, 6)]
它也适用于dicts。
>>> d={"a":1,"b":2,"c":3}
>>> zip(*d.iteritems())
[('a', 'c', 'b'), (1, 3, 2)]
答案 5 :(得分:12)
“进度条”,如下所示:
|#############################---------------------|
59 percent done
代码:
class ProgressBar():
def __init__(self, width=50):
self.pointer = 0
self.width = width
def __call__(self,x):
# x in percent
self.pointer = int(self.width*(x/100.0))
return "|" + "#"*self.pointer + "-"*(self.width-self.pointer)+\
"|\n %d percent done" % int(x)
测试功能(对于Windows系统,将“清除”更改为“CLS”):
if __name__ == '__main__':
import time, os
pb = ProgressBar()
for i in range(101):
os.system('clear')
print pb(i)
time.sleep(0.1)
答案 6 :(得分:11)
展平列表列表,例如
[['a', 'b'], ['c'], ['d', 'e', 'f']]
到
['a', 'b', 'c', 'd', 'e', 'f']
使用
[inner
for outer in the_list
for inner in outer]
答案 7 :(得分:10)
嵌套列表和词典的巨大加速:
deepcopy = lambda x: cPickle.loads(cPickle.dumps(x))
答案 8 :(得分:8)
假设您有一个项目列表,并且您想要一个包含这些项目的字典作为键。使用fromkeys:
>>> items = ['a', 'b', 'c', 'd']
>>> idict = dict().fromkeys(items, 0)
>>> idict
{'a': 0, 'c': 0, 'b': 0, 'd': 0}
>>>
fromkeys的第二个参数是要授予所有新创建的键的值。
答案 9 :(得分:7)
要查明line是否为空(即大小为0或仅包含空格),请在条件中使用字符串方法条,如下所示:
if not line.strip(): # if line is empty
continue # skip it
答案 10 :(得分:5)
我喜欢这个在目录中压缩所有内容。热键用于instabackups!
import zipfile
z = zipfile.ZipFile('my-archive.zip', 'w', zipfile.ZIP_DEFLATED)
startdir = "/home/johnf"
for dirpath, dirnames, filenames in os.walk(startdir):
for filename in filenames:
z.write(os.path.join(dirpath, filename))
z.close()
答案 11 :(得分:4)
对于需要当前的列表理解,下一步:
[fun(curr,next)
for curr,next
in zip(list,list[1:].append(None))
if condition(curr,next)]
对于循环列表zip(list,list[1:].append(list[0]))
。
对于之前的,当前:zip([None].extend(list[:-1]),list)
通告:zip([list[-1]].extend(list[:-1]),list)
答案 12 :(得分:4)
当前目录中的硬链接相同文件(在unix上,这意味着它们共享物理存储,意味着更少的空间):
import os
import hashlib
dupes = {}
for path, dirs, files in os.walk(os.getcwd()):
for file in files:
filename = os.path.join(path, file)
hash = hashlib.sha1(open(filename).read()).hexdigest()
if hash in dupes:
print 'linking "%s" -> "%s"' % (dupes[hash], filename)
os.rename(filename, filename + '.bak')
try:
os.link(dupes[hash], filename)
os.unlink(filename + '.bak')
except:
os.rename(filename + '.bak', filename)
finally:
else:
dupes[hash] = filename
答案 13 :(得分:3)
我认为这些是值得了解的,但在日常生活中可能没用。 他们中的大多数是一个衬垫。
从列表中删除重复项
L = list(set(L))
从字符串中获取整数(空格分隔)
ints = [int(x) for x in S.split()]
寻找因子
fac=lambda(n):reduce(int.__mul__,range(1,n+1),1)
找出最大公约数
>>> def gcd(a,b):
... while(b):a,b=b,a%b
... return a
答案 14 :(得分:2)
模拟switch语句。例如switch(x){..}:
def a():
print "a"
def b():
print "b"
def default():
print "default"
apply({1:a, 2:b}.get(x, default))
答案 15 :(得分:2)
和上面的另一个人一样,我说'Wooww !!'当我发现 enumerate()
当我发现 repr()时,我对Python赞不绝口,这让我有可能准确地看到我想用正则表达式分析的字符串的内容
我非常满意地发现,使用'\ n'.join(...)比print '\n'.join(list_of_strings)
显示for ch in list_of_strings: print ch
更快p>
splitlines(1)保留换行符
这四个“技巧”组合在一个片段非常有用,可以快速显示网页的代码来源,一行一行,每行都有编号,所有特殊字符如'\ t'或换行符都没有被解释,以及出现换行符:
import urllib
from time import clock,sleep
sock = urllib.urlopen('http://docs.python.org/')
ch = sock.read()
sock.close()
te = clock()
for i,line in enumerate(ch.splitlines(1)):
print str(i) + ' ' + repr(line)
t1 = clock() - te
print "\n\nIn 3 seconds, I will print the same content, using '\\n'.join(....)\n"
sleep(3)
te = clock()
# here's the point of interest:
print '\n'.join(str(i) + ' ' + repr(line)
for i,line in enumerate(ch.splitlines(1)) )
t2 = clock() - te
print '\n'
print 'first display took',t1,'seconds'
print 'second display took',t2,'seconds'
我的计算机速度不是很快,我得到了:
first display took 4.94626048841 seconds
second display took 0.109297410704 seconds
答案 16 :(得分:2)
import tempfile
import cPickle
class DiskFifo:
"""A disk based FIFO which can be iterated, appended and extended in an interleaved way"""
def __init__(self):
self.fd = tempfile.TemporaryFile()
self.wpos = 0
self.rpos = 0
self.pickler = cPickle.Pickler(self.fd)
self.unpickler = cPickle.Unpickler(self.fd)
self.size = 0
def __len__(self):
return self.size
def extend(self, sequence):
map(self.append, sequence)
def append(self, x):
self.fd.seek(self.wpos)
self.pickler.clear_memo()
self.pickler.dump(x)
self.wpos = self.fd.tell()
self.size = self.size + 1
def next(self):
try:
self.fd.seek(self.rpos)
x = self.unpickler.load()
self.rpos = self.fd.tell()
return x
except EOFError:
raise StopIteration
def __iter__(self):
self.rpos = 0
return self
答案 17 :(得分:1)
对于Python 2.4+或更早版本:
for x,y in someIterator:
listDict.setdefault(x,[]).append(y)
在Python 2.5+中,有另外一种使用defaultdict。
答案 18 :(得分:1)
通过x个元素块迭代任何大小(包括未知大小)的任何可迭代(列表,集合,文件,流,字符串等):
from itertools import chain, islice
def chunks(iterable, size, format=iter):
it = iter(iterable)
while True:
yield format(chain((it.next(),), islice(it, size - 1)))
>>> l = ["a", "b", "c", "d", "e", "f", "g"]
>>> for chunk in chunks(l, 3, tuple):
... print chunk
...
("a", "b", "c")
("d", "e", "f")
("g",)
答案 19 :(得分:1)
我实际上刚创建了这个,但我认为它将是一个非常有用的调试工具。
def dirValues(instance, all=False):
retVal = {}
for prop in dir(instance):
if not all and prop[1] == "_":
continue
retVal[prop] = getattr(instance, prop)
return retVal
我通常在pdb上下文中使用dir(),但我认为这会更有用:
(pdb) from pprint import pprint as pp
(pdb) from myUtils import dirValues
(pdb) pp(dirValues(someInstance))
答案 20 :(得分:1)
一个自定义列表,当乘以其他列表时返回一个笛卡尔积...好的是笛卡尔积可以索引,而不是像itertools.product那样(但是被乘数必须是序列,而不是迭代器)。 / p>
import operator
class mylist(list):
def __getitem__(self, args):
if type(args) is tuple:
return [list.__getitem__(self, i) for i in args]
else:
return list.__getitem__(self, args)
def __mul__(self, args):
seqattrs = ("__getitem__", "__iter__", "__len__")
if all(hasattr(args, i) for i in seqattrs):
return cartesian_product(self, args)
else:
return list.__mul__(self, args)
def __imul__(self, args):
return __mul__(self, args)
def __rmul__(self, args):
return __mul__(args, self)
def __pow__(self, n):
return cartesian_product(*((self,)*n))
def __rpow__(self, n):
return cartesian_product(*((self,)*n))
class cartesian_product:
def __init__(self, *args):
self.elements = args
def __len__(self):
return reduce(operator.mul, map(len, self.elements))
def __getitem__(self, n):
return [e[i] for e, i in zip(self.elements,self.get_indices(n))]
def get_indices(self, n):
sizes = map(len, self.elements)
tmp = [0]*len(sizes)
i = -1
for w in reversed(sizes):
tmp[i] = n % w
n /= w
i -= 1
return tmp
def __add__(self, arg):
return mylist(map(None, self)+mylist(map(None, arg)))
def __imul__(self, args):
return mylist(self)*mylist(args)
def __rmul__(self, args):
return mylist(args)*mylist(self)
def __mul__(self, args):
if isinstance(args, cartesian_product):
return cartesian_product(*(self.elements+args.elements))
else:
return cartesian_product(*(self.elements+(args,)))
def __iter__(self):
for i in xrange(len(self)):
yield self[i]
def __str__(self):
return "[" + ",".join(str(i) for i in self) +"]"
def __repr__(self):
return "*".join(map(repr, self.elements))
答案 21 :(得分:0)
调试时,您有时希望看到带有基本编辑器的字符串。用于显示带记事本的字符串:
import os, tempfile, subprocess
def get_rand_filename(dir_=os.getcwd()):
"Function returns a non-existent random filename."
return tempfile.mkstemp('.tmp', '', dir_)[1]
def open_with_notepad(s):
"Function gets a string and shows it on notepad"
with open(get_rand_filename(), 'w') as f:
f.write(s)
subprocess.Popen(['notepad', f.name])