我对 C# 和依赖注入非常陌生。目前我正在从事一个新项目,并希望在技术上向前迈进。
在这个项目中,我遇到了三种导致循环依赖的情况。
我已经阅读了很多关于此的内容并找到了诸如 Lazy<T>
和 IServiceProvider
之类的解决方案,但我想为这个问题学习一个干净的解决方案,并希望遵循最常见的建议来重构代码。
在这个例子中我们有四个服务:
AccountService
-> 登录、注销等
HttpService
-> 做 API 工作
LogService
-> 做一些日志记录
LogRepository
-> 用于 EF 的日志记录表/包装器的 CRUD
AccountService
使用 HttpService
通过 API 进行身份验证。后来,我想使用 HttpService
通过 API 获取更多数据。 HttpService
现在需要 AccountService
来获取令牌以验证请求。这会导致循环依赖错误。
账户服务
public interface IAccountService
{
Identity Identity { get; }
Task Login(Credentials Credentials);
Task Logout();
}
public class AccountService : IAccountService
{
public Identity Identity { get; private set; }
private readonly IHttpService _httpService;
private readonly ILogService _logService;
public AccountService(
IHttpService HttpService, ILogService LogService)
{
_httpService = HttpService;
_logService = LogService;
}
public async Task Login(Credentials Credentials)
{
Identity = await _httpService.Post<Identity>(
"api/rest/v1/user/authenticate", Credentials);
}
}
HttpService
public interface IHttpService
{
Task<T> Get<T>(string uri);
Task Post(string uri, object value);
Task<T> Post<T>(string uri, object value);
}
public class HttpService : IHttpService
{
private readonly HttpClient _httpClient;
private readonly IAccountService _accountService;
private readonly ILogService _logService;
public HttpService(
HttpClient HttpClient,
IAccountService AccountService,
ILogService ILogService)
{
_httpClient = HttpClient;
_accountService = AccountService;
_logService = LogService;
}
private async Task AddAuthentication(HttpRequestMessage Request)
{
Request.Headers.Authorization = new AuthenticationHeaderValue(
"bearer", _accountService.Identity.SystemToken);
}
}
解决或正确重新设计此问题的最佳实践是什么?
我有更多的循环依赖,例如在 LogService
中使用 LogRepository
或在 LogService
中使用 HttpService
(因为 HttpService
将日志条目发送到服务器)。
非常感谢您的帮助!
答案 0 :(得分:3)
尽管您的对象图是循环的(AccountService
-> HttpService
-> AccountService
),但您的调用图不是。电话可能是这样的:
AccountService.Login
-> HttpService.Post
-> HttpService.AddAuthentication
-> AccountService.Identity
带有非循环调用图的循环对象图经常发生在违反Single Responsibly Principle的组件上。类获得的功能(方法)越多,它们的对象图变得循环的机会就越大。将类拆分为更小、更集中的部分,不仅可以解决循环依赖问题,而且通常还可以改进应用程序的设计。
我认为您的案例实际上与我在 section 6.3 的 DIPP&P 中讨论的示例非常相似。该部分专门讨论修复循环依赖。
长话短说,我认为最好的办法是将 AccountService
拆分为(至少)两个服务:
这两个服务都有自己的接口,与 IAccountService
相比,这些新接口现在的范围更小。这会提高您遵守 Interface Segregation Principle 的机会。
这是一个示例:
让我们从新的接口定义开始:
// Contains Login and Logout methods of old IAccountService
public interface IAuthenticationService
{
Task Login(Credentials Credentials);
Task Logout();
}
// Contains Identity property of old IAccountService
public interface IIdentityProvider
{
// For simplicity I added a setter to the interface, because that keeps
// the example simple, but it is possible to keep Identity read-only if
// required.
Identity Identity { get; set; }
}
// This interface is kept unchanged.
public interface IHttpService
{
Task<T> Get<T>(string uri);
Task Post(string uri, object value);
Task<T> Post<T>(string uri, object value);
}
接下来让我们看看实现,从 IAuthenticationService
实现开始:
// Old AccountService, now depending on IIdentityProvider
public class AuthenticationService : IAuthenticationService
{
private readonly IHttpService _httpService;
private readonly ILogService _logService;
private readonly IIdentityProvider _identityProvider;
public AccountService(
IHttpService HttpService,
ILogService LogService,
IIdentityProvider IdentityProvider)
{
_httpService = HttpService;
_logService = LogService;
_identityProvider = IdentityProvider;
}
public async Task Login(Credentials Credentials)
{
_identityProvider.Identity = await _httpService.Post<Identity>(
"api/rest/v1/user/authenticate", Credentials);
}
}
这个“新的”AuthenticationService
包含 AccountService
的部分代码,而旧的 AccountService
逻辑的其余部分隐藏在新的 IIdentityProvider
抽象之后,即注入 AuthenticationService
。这种重构与 Facade Service refactoring 非常相似(有关 Facade Service 重构的详细讨论,请参阅 DIPP&P 的 section 6.1)。
IdentityProvider
实现新的 IIdentityProvider
接口并包含来自 AccountService
的旧逻辑:
public class IdentityProvider : IIdentityProvider
{
public Identity Identity { get; set; }
}
最后,HttpService
现在依赖于 IIdentityProvider
而不是 IAccountService
:
// Now depends on IIdentityProvider instead of IAccountService
public class HttpService : IHttpService
{
private readonly HttpClient _httpClient;
private readonly IIdentityProvider _identityProvider;
private readonly ILogService _logService;
public HttpService(
HttpClient HttpClient,
IIdentityProvider IdentityProvider,
ILogService ILogService)
{
_httpClient = HttpClient;
_identityProvider = IdentityProvider;
_logService = LogService;
}
private async Task AddAuthentication(HttpRequestMessage Request)
{
// Now uses the new IIdentityProvider dependency instead
// of the old IAccountService, which caused the cycle.
Request.Headers.Authorization = new AuthenticationHeaderValue(
"bearer", _identityProvider.Identity.SystemToken);
}
}
使用这种新设计,对象图不再是循环的,可以构造如下:
var identity = new IdentityProvider();
var logger = new LogService();
new AccountService(
new HttpService(
new HttpClient(...),
identity,
logger),
logger,
identity);