如何确定重音的编码？

时间：2011-07-14 20:36:27

标签： string r locale diacritics xtable

此问题与之前的one有关如何使用等效的México代码Latex替换M\'{e}xico等重音字符串。

我的问题略有不同。我正在使用带有字符串变量的第三方数据库，如上所述。但是，编码看起来很奇怪，因为这是我得到的行为：

> grep("México",temp$dest_nom_ent)
integer(0)
> grep("Mexico",temp$dest_nom_ent)
integer(0)
> grep("xico",temp$dest_nom_ent)
[1] 18 19 20
> temp$dest_nom_ent[grep("xico",temp$dest_nom_ent)]
[2] "México" "México" "México"

其中temp$dest_nom_ent是状态名称为México的变量。

那么，我的问题是如何将第三方数据库中的字符串变量转换为标准R函数将识别的编码。请注意：

> Encoding(temp$dest_nom_ent)
 [1] "unknown" "unknown" "unknown" "unknown" "unknown" "unknown" "unknown"
 [8] "unknown" "unknown" "unknown" "unknown" "unknown" "unknown" "unknown"
[15] "unknown" "unknown" "unknown" "unknown" "unknown" "unknown" "unknown"
[22] "unknown" "unknown" "unknown" "unknown" "unknown" "unknown" "unknown"
[29] "unknown" "unknown" "unknown" "unknown" "unknown" "unknown" "unknown"
[36] "unknown" "unknown" "unknown" "unknown" "unknown" "unknown" "unknown"
[43] "unknown" "unknown"

有关详细信息，我使用的是Windows 7 64.另请注意：

> charToRaw(temp$dest_nom_ent[18])
[1] 4d e9 78 69 63 6f

此source中的哪一个与Windows西班牙语（繁体排序）区域设置一致。

M=4d
é=e9
x=78
i=69
c=63
o=6f

还要注意：

> charToRaw("México")
[1] 4d c3 a9 78 69 63 6f
> Encoding("México")
[1] "latin1"

我尝试了以下失败的成功（例如，意思是grep("é",temp$dest_nom_ent)返回null vector）：

Encoding(temp$dest_nom_ent)<-"latin1"
temp$dest_nom_ent <- iconv(temp$dest_nom_ent,"","latin1")
temp$dest_nom_ent  <- enc2utf8(temp$dest_nom_ent)
...

我使用iconvlist()检查了支持的字符集，并支持"WINDOWS-1252"。但是，以下内容不起作用：

> temp1 <- temp$dest_nom_ent[grep("xico",temp$dest_nom_ent)]
> temp1
[1] "México" "México" "México"
> Encoding(temp1)<-"WINDOWS-1252"
> temp1 <- iconv(temp1,"WINDOWS-1252","latin1")
> temp1
[1] "México" "México" "México"
> Encoding(temp1)
[1] "latin1" "latin1" "latin1"
> charToRaw(temp1[1])
[1] 4d e9 78 69 63 6f
> grep("é",temp1)
integer(0)

与之相比：

> temp2 <- c("México","México","México")
> temp2
[1] "México" "México" "México"
> Encoding(temp2)
[1] "latin1" "latin1" "latin1"
> charToRaw(temp2[1])
[1] 4d c3 a9 78 69 63 6f
> grep("é",temp2)
[1] 1 2 3)

试图通过蛮力找出编码，如：

try(for(i in 1:length(iconvlist())){
    temp1 <- temp$dest_nom_ent[grep("xico",temp$dest_nom_ent)]
    Encoding(temp1)<-iconvlist()[i]
    temp1 <- iconv(temp1,iconvlist()[i],"latin1")
    print(grep("é",temp1))
    print(i)
        },silent=FALSE)

我对try函数并不熟悉，但它仍然存在错误而不是忽略它，因此无法检查整个列表：

...
[1] 17
integer(0)
[1] 18
integer(0)
[1] 19
integer(0)
[1] 20
Error in iconv(temp1, iconvlist()[i], "latin1") : 
  unsupported conversion from 'CP-GR' to 'latin1' in codepage 1252

最后：

> Sys.getlocale()
[1] "LC_COLLATE=English_United States.1252;LC_CTYPE=English_United States.1252;LC_MONETARY=English_United States.1252;LC_NUMERIC=C;LC_TIME=English_United States.1252"
> d<-c("México","México")
> for(i in 1:7){d1 <- str_sub(d[1],i,i); print(d1)}
[1] "M"
[1] "Ã"
[1] "©
[1] "x"
[1] "i"
[1] "c"
[1] "o"
> print(grep("é",d))
[1] 1 2

所以我似乎必须按照建议here更改计算机的语言环境。另请参阅here

PS：如果您想知道如何使用English_United States.1252语言环境我设法键入d<-c("México","México")，方法是使用Control Panel > Clock, Language and Region > Region and Language > Keyboards and Languages > Change Keyboards并在{{installed services下设置辅助西班牙语键盘（传统排序） 1}}单击添加并导航到西班牙传统排序。然后在advanced key settings下，您可以创建一个快捷方式来切换键盘。就我而言Shit+Alt。因此，如果我想在英语默认语言环境中键入ñ，我会Shift+Alt后跟;，然后Shift+Alt返回英语键盘。

3 个答案:

答案 0 :(得分：1)

使用temp$dest_nom_ent查看Encoding(x)和“México”的编码内容。您可能需要使用enc2native或enc2utf8进行转换。

答案 1 :(得分：0)

尝试将字符串的编码设置为“ISO_8859-1”“ISO_8859-15”之一。

还有两个建议......然后我放弃了：“UTF-16”“UTF-16LE”。第二个是UTF little-endian我相信并且已经读到它是Windows 7实际使用的。不妨尝试“UTF-16BE”。 （材料来自另一个stackexchange发布; https://superuser.com/questions/221593/windows-7-utf-8-and-unicode）

答案 2 :(得分：0)

好吧，我无法确定重音的编码，但以下内容可以实现我想要的效果。诀窍是转换为UTF-8，将sub()选项useBytes=TRUE和Joran的suggestion设置为sanitize.text.function=function(x){x}使用xtable()。这是示例代码。易于遍历所有重音元音：

> temp1 <- unique(temp$dest_nom_ent)
> temp1
 [1] "Aguascalientes"                  "Baja California"                
 [3] "Baja California Sur"             "Campeche"                       
 [5] "Coahuila de Zaragoza"            "Colima"                         
 [7] "Chiapas"                         "Guanajuato"                     
 [9] "Guerrero"                        "Hidalgo"                        
[11] "Jalisco"                         "México"                         
[13] "Michoacán de Ocampo"             "Morelos"                        
[15] "Nayarit"                         "Oaxaca"                         
[17] "Puebla"                          "Querétaro"                      
[19] "Quintana Roo"                    "San Luis Potosí"                
[21] "Sinaloa"                         "Tabasco"                        
[23] "Tlaxcala"                        "Veracruz de Ignacio de la Llave"
[25] "Zacatecas"                      
> temp1 <- iconv(unique(temp1),"","UTF-8")
> temp1
 [1] "Aguascalientes"                  "Baja California"                
 [3] "Baja California Sur"             "Campeche"                       
 [5] "Coahuila de Zaragoza"            "Colima"                         
 [7] "Chiapas"                         "Guanajuato"                     
 [9] "Guerrero"                        "Hidalgo"                        
[11] "Jalisco"                         "México"                         
[13] "Michoacán de Ocampo"             "Morelos"                        
[15] "Nayarit"                         "Oaxaca"                         
[17] "Puebla"                          "Querétaro"                      
[19] "Quintana Roo"                    "San Luis Potosí"                
[21] "Sinaloa"                         "Tabasco"                        
[23] "Tlaxcala"                        "Veracruz de Ignacio de la Llave"
[25] "Zacatecas"                      
> Encoding(temp1)
 [1] "unknown" "unknown" "unknown" "unknown" "unknown" "unknown" "unknown"
 [8] "unknown" "unknown" "unknown" "unknown" "UTF-8"   "UTF-8"   "unknown"
[15] "unknown" "unknown" "unknown" "UTF-8"   "unknown" "UTF-8"   "unknown"
[22] "unknown" "unknown" "unknown" "unknown"
> temp2 <- sub("é", "\\\\'{e}", temp1, useBytes = TRUE)
> temp2 <- data.frame(temp2)
> print(xtable(temp2),sanitize.text.function=function(x){x})
% latex table generated in R 2.13.1 by xtable 1.5-6 package
% Fri Jul 15 13:52:44 2011
\begin{table}[ht]
\begin{center}
\begin{tabular}{rl}
  \hline
 & temp2 \\ 
  \hline
1 & Aguascalientes \\ 
  2 & Baja California \\ 
  3 & Baja California Sur \\ 
  4 & Campeche \\ 
  5 & Coahuila de Zaragoza \\ 
  6 & Colima \\ 
  7 & Chiapas \\ 
  8 & Guanajuato \\ 
  9 & Guerrero \\ 
  10 & Hidalgo \\ 
  11 & Jalisco \\ 
  12 & M\'{e}xico \\ 
  13 & Michoacán de Ocampo \\ 
  14 & Morelos \\ 
  15 & Nayarit \\ 
  16 & Oaxaca \\ 
  17 & Puebla \\ 
  18 & Quer\'{e}taro \\ 
  19 & Quintana Roo \\ 
  20 & San Luis Potosí \\ 
  21 & Sinaloa \\ 
  22 & Tabasco \\ 
  23 & Tlaxcala \\ 
  24 & Veracruz de Ignacio de la Llave \\ 
  25 & Zacatecas \\ 
   \hline
\end{tabular}
\end{center}
\end{table}

实际上是在循环中实现的：

temp$dest_nom_ent <- iconv(
        temp$dest_nom_ent,"","UTF-8")
temp$dest_nom_mun <- iconv(
        temp$dest_nom_mun,"","UTF-8")
accents <-c("á","é","í","ó","ú")
latex <-c("\\\\'{a}","\\\\'{e}","\\\\'{i}","\\\\'{o}","\\\\'{u}")
for(i in 1:5){
    temp$dest_nom_ent<-sub(accents[i], latex[i], 
            temp$dest_nom_ent, useBytes = TRUE)
    temp$dest_nom_mun<-sub(accents[i], latex[i], 
            temp$dest_nom_ent, useBytes = TRUE)
}
capture.output(
        print(xtable(temp),sanitize.text.function=function(x){x}),
        file = "../paper/rTables.tex", append = FALSE)

然而，答案是不完整的，因为我无法解释到底发生了什么。通过反复试验找到它。

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